Engelse variëteite - English language varieties

Engels is op baie plekke die hooftaal, 'n belangrike taal in ander, en word in die grootste deel van die res van die wêreld as tweede taal gepraat. Daar is egter 'n paar beduidende verskille in die uitspraak, spelling en woordgebruik regoor die wêreld. Hierdie artikel is daarop gemik om 'n lys te gee van sommige van hierdie verskille wat nuttig vir reisigers kan wees.

Lande ter wêreld waar Engels die meeste moedertaal is (blou) of 'n amptelike minderheidstaal (turkoois)

Engels het baie variasies regoor die wêreld, en selfs binne dieselfde land. Ons het probeer om die belangrikste verskille wat reisigers gereeld teëkom, te dek tydens praktiese reëlings en terme wat waarskynlik verwarring in tipiese gesprekke kan veroorsaak. Aangesien dit 'n onderwerp is wat maklik honderde bladsye lank kan word, word bydraers versoek om toevoegings op die besprekingsblad te bespreek voordat hulle verander.

Standbeeld van die Engelse nasionale bard William Shakespeare in die Central Park in New York

Die duidelikste onderskeid is tussen wat losweg die genoem kan word Brits (of 'Commonwealth', afgekort 'UK' in hierdie gids) en Amerikaans (afgekort "U.S." in hierdie gids) soorte Engels.

• Baie voormalige Britse kolonies (nie almal lede van die Statebond nie) volg gewoonlik die Britse eerder as die Amerikaanse gebruik: Ierland, Australië, Nieu-Seeland, Suid-Afrika en ander voormalige Britse besittings in Afrika, Hongkong, Singapoer, Indië, Pakistan, Bangladesj, Maleisië, en huidige en voormalige Britse besittings in die Karibiese Eilande en Oseanië.
• 'N Paar gebiede word sterk beïnvloed deur die VSA en volg gewoonlik die Amerikaanse gebruik, insluitend die Filippyne, Liberië, Israel, Taiwan, Japan, Suid-Korea, Viëtnam, die Arabiese state van die Golf, dele van Latyns-Amerika en huidige en voormalige Amerikaanse besittings in die Karibiese Eilande en Oseanië.
• Die Europese Unie het die Britse Engels (nie letterlik "Brits" nie, maar eerder die verskeidenheid Engels wat in Ciprus, Ierland, Malta en die Verenigde Koninkryk gebruik word) as 'n amptelike taal van die EU opgedra, en dit is oor die algemeen standaard Britse Engels wat geleer word. as 'n vreemde taal in Europese skole, hoewel die Amerikaanse kulturele invloed ook in Europa sterk is. Sommige Amerikaanse terme is miskien beter bekend as hul Britse eweknieë (byvoorbeeld "vragmotor" teen "vragmotor", of "patat" teenoor "skyfies"), en sommige taalskole in Europa werf Amerikaanse en Kanadese. Engelse onderwysers. Oor die algemeen is daar 'n neiging om van Britse spelling en uitspraak na Amerikaanse spelling en uitspraak te beweeg, veral onder jongmense, wat in geen enkele mate aangevuur word deur die toenemende beskikbaarheid van Amerikaanse media in die oorspronklike weergawe nie.
• Engelssprekendes sonder 'n Britse agtergrond en mense in gebiede sonder 'n geskiedenis van direkte koloniale of militêre invloed deur Engelssprekende lande is dikwels meer bekend met die Amerikaanse gebruik as gevolg van die gewildheid van Amerikaanse films, TV-reekse, musiek en speltoetsers. In die besonder, as gevolg van die wêreldwye ekonomiese en militêre oorheersing van die VSA, buite die Statebond en die Europese Unie, is dit meestal Amerikaans-Engels wat in skole as 'n vreemde taal geleer word.
• Kanada volg meestal Britse spellingkonvensies ("arbeid", nie "arbeid"), maar volg meestal Amerikaanse woordeskatkeuses ("lift", nie "lift") en uitspraak. Die mees algemene Kanadese aksent is baie naby aan 'n Amerikaanse Westerse aksent.
• Vanweë die wêreldwye gewildheid van Hollywood-films en Amerikaanse popkultuur, is dit meer waarskynlik dat sprekers van Britse Engels Amerikaanse Engelse terme verstaan ​​as andersom.
• Internasionale organisasies waarby die VSA en die Verenigde Koninkryk lid is (soos die Verenigde Nasies) volg die Britse gebruik gewoonlik as hulde aan die "senior" verskeidenheid Engels.

Enkele uitsonderings op die suiwer tweespaltige behandeling van Engels word in die onderstaande tabelle opgemerk, maar hierdie gids is 'n praktiese hulpmiddel vir reisigers, en nie 'n volledige versameling van Engelse gebruike nie.

Spelling

Afhangend van die verskeidenheid Engelse wat gebruik word, is dit 'n 'grys vragmotor' of ''n grys vragmotor'.

Noah Webster, die samesteller van die eerste belangrike woordeboek van Amerikaans-Engels in die vroeë 19de eeu, het 'n aantal vereenvoudigings in die spelling gemaak. Sommige hiervan is nou standaard in Amerikaanse Engelse variëteite, maar word gewoonlik nie in ander gebruik nie.

Kyk Wikivoyage: Spelling vir bespreking van watter variante in artikels gebruik moet word.

Brits-Engels verdubbel die finale konsonant in sommige woorde wanneer 'n einde bygevoeg word, byvoorbeeld in "traveller". Amerikaanse Engels spel dit gewoonlik as 'reisiger'.

Amerikaanse Engels laat die "U" in "-ons"eindes:

Die woord "glans" word egter altyd met die "U" gespel.

Woorde wat uit Frans geleen word, hou die Franse "-re"eindig in Britse Engels, maar word verander na die meer fonetiese"-er"in Amerikaanse Engels:

Britse Engels verander 'n 'C' na '' S 'om 'n selfstandige naamwoord van 'n werkwoord te onderskei. James Bond het 'n 'lisensie'ce "om dood te maak, en was" lisensiesed "nadat hy as spioen gekwalifiseer het. Die Amerikaanse vorm gebruik altyd die" S "in die meeste sulke pare, maar het altyd 'n" C "in" praktyk ". In enkele gevalle, soos" advies "/" adviseer ", is die onderskeid word in alle soorte Engels behou.

Amerikaanse Engels gebruik in sommige woorde 'n 'S', terwyl Britse Engels 'C' gebruik.

Die byvoeglike vorms, "verdedigend" en "aanstootlik", word altyd met 'n 'S' gespel.

Sommige soorte Engels verander die "S" in "Z" in sommige "-is"en"-yse"eindes. Amerikaans Engels doen dit universeel, terwyl die Britse spellingkeuse per woordeboek wissel; die Oxford English Dictionary beveel aan om die Z te gebruik, terwyl die meeste ander woordeboeke kies vir die S:

Kanadese Engels volg gewoonlik Britse spelkonvensies vir die gevalle hierbo genoem.

In sommige woorde met Griekse of Latynse wortels, hoofsaaklik mediese en wetenskaplike terme, behou die Britse Engels "ae"en"oe"(deesdae selde as ligaturasies geskryf)æ"en"œ"aangesien dit nie op Engelse sleutelborde verskyn nie), terwyl Amerikaanse Engels gewoonlik beide vereenvoudig tot net 'n"e".

Amerikaanse Engels laat die stille val-ue"letters van sommige woorde met 'n"-gue"eindig:

Wanneer 'n agtervoegsel bygevoeg word vir sommige woorde wat eindig met 'n stille 'E', laat Amerikaans-Engels soms die 'E' val terwyl Britse Engels die 'E' behou:

Sommige woorde, soos "bad" en "bruikbaar", laat die "E" oral val, terwyl ander, soos "verf" en "veranderlik" die "E" oral behou.

Sommige woorde bevat stille letters wat in Amerikaans Engels neergesit word of word net anders gespel:

En 'n paar woorde word beide anders uitgespreek en gespel:

Kanadese gebruik is geneig om in die laaste twee kategorieë gemeng te word, met die Britse spelling vir woorde soos 'tjek', 'verdieping', 'ondersoek' en soms 'program', maar Amerikaanse spelling word gevolg vir woorde soos 'aluminium'. en "band".

Terloops, die gebruik van leestekens verskil ook effens, maar volg nie dieselfde verdeling tussen Britse en Amerikaanse Engels nie. Aanhalings word gekenmerk deur dubbele aanhalingstekens (“…”) in die VSA, Kanada, Australië en Nieu-Seeland, terwyl enkele aanhalingstekens (‘…’) word in die Verenigde Koninkryk en Suid-Afrika gebruik.

Grammatika

Daar is enkele klein verskille in grammatika en gebruik, wat interessant kan wees as u studeer of Engels onderrig; hulle is egter byna nooit 'n rede tot verwarring nie.

Werkwoordvorms

Sommige werkwoorde neem verskillende vorme aan in verskillende soorte Engels.

Vir vroeëre vorms van sommige werkwoorde kom die ouer onreëlmatige spellings meer voor in Britse Engels, maar die gewone "-ed"vorms oorheers in Amerikaans Engels. Die werkwoorde" duik "en" sluip "het egter die teenoorgestelde patroon.

Sommige werkwoorde behou die ouer vorm in alle dialekte, byvoorbeeld "geslaap" en "gehuil".

Die vorm van die deelwoord uit die verlede "gotten" is nog steeds algemeen in Amerikaans-Engels, maar in die Britse Engels het dit byna heeltemal verdwyn; die deelwoord is net "gekry".

Uitspraak

Die historiese U.S. Roete 66. 'Roete' rym gewoonlik met 'skiet', maar in Noord-Amerika kan dit alternatiewelik rym met 'skree'.

Opgeleide mense van byna oral in die Engelssprekende wêreld kan sonder probleme met mekaar praat. Oorweeg 'n internasionale bemanning op 'n olieboorplek êrens. Die ingenieurs en bestuurders sou met sekerheid met mekaar kon praat sonder enige werklike probleme, of hulle nou in Edinburgh of Edmonton studeer het. Twee werkende ouens van dieselfde twee lande, sê die werkersklas Glasgow en 'n vissersdorpie in Newfoundland, sal waarskynlik kommunikasie 'n bietjie moeilik vind as gevolg van sterker streeksaksente en die gebruik van dialektiese woorde.

'N Belangrike verskil in Engelse dialekte is of' R 'na 'n vokaal uitgespreek word. Woorde soos "fork "," word "of" mother"is heeltemal verskillend in die twee soorte, alhoewel almal die" R "in ander kontekste uitspreek, byvoorbeeld in" konyn "of" gebied ". Taalkundiges noem dialekte met die" R " rhoties en diegene sonder nie -hoties.

• Dialekte met die "R": Sommige dele van Wes- en Noord-Engeland, Skotland, Ierland, sommige dele van Suid-Nieu-Seeland, die Filippyne, Kanada, die grootste deel van die VSA.
• Dialekte sonder "R": die grootste deel van Engeland, Wallis, Australië, die grootste deel van Nieu-Seeland, Suid-Afrika, Indië, Pakistan, Maleisië, Singapoer, dele van Nieu-Engeland, dele van die Suid-VS, sommige aksente in die stad New York, en Afro-Amerikaanse taalgebruik (deur baie Afro-Amerikaners gebruik deurmekaar met die standaard dialek van hul streek).

Mense wat nie ander dialekte as hul eie ken nie, knoop soms alle "R" -lose dialekte saam, soos wanneer 'n Amerikaner 'n Nieu-Seelandse aksent vir Britte neem, en ander die teenoorgestelde fout maak, soos 'n Engelse vrou wat 'n Kanadese aksent vir Amerikaners neem.

'N Ander opvallende verskil is die "A" -klank in woorde soos "bad", "lag", "gras" en "kans"; baie dialekte spreek hulle uit met die "kort A" soos in "val", maar Suid-Engeland, Suid-Afrika, Nieu-Seeland, sommige dele van Boston en sommige dele van Australië spreek hulle uit met die "lang A" of "breë A" soos in "palm".

Sekere woorde word baie anders uitgespreek:

Soms kan twee plekke waarvan die name dieselfde spelling het, eerder verskillend uitgespreek word. Byvoorbeeld, die dorpie van Berkeley in Engeland word uitgespreek BARK-lee maar die stad van Berkeley in Kalifornië word uitgespreek BURK-lee. Birmingham in Engeland word uitgespreek met 'n stille H en onbeklemtoonde einde (BUR-ming-um), terwyl Birmingham, Alabama het 'n uitgesproke H en beklemtoon einde (BUR-ming-HAM). 'Houston' word uitgespreek HOO-stun as dit die dorpie buite is Glasgow, HOE-verdoof as dit die straat in is New York Stad, en HYOO-stun as dit die stad in is Texas. Omgekeerd kan twee plekke met baie verskillende spellings soms dieselfde uitspraak hê. Byvoorbeeld, die uitspraak van 'n Amerikaner van Oakland en 'n Nieu-Seelander se uitspraak van Auckland is so soortgelyk dat daar 'n voorval was waar 'n passasier van die lugdiens aan die verkeerde kant van die Stille Oseaan beland het.

Woordeskat

Alle dialekte van Engels bevat woorde wat uit ander tale geleen is, en baie van die woorde soos 'bungalow' (Hindi), 'canoe' (Carib) of 'typhoon' (Chinees) is nou standaard in alle dialekte. Baie dialekte bevat egter ook leenwoorde wat nie standaard is nie. Kanadese gebruik meer terme van Franse oorsprong as ander dialekte en is meer geneig om dit uit te spreek soos Franssprekendes dit doen. Nieu-Seelanders meng soms Maori-terme in hul Engels, Indiese Engels het Hindi- of Oerdoe-woorde, ensovoorts.

Nie-moedertaal Engelssprekendes mag soms gebruik valse vriendewoorde wat sinvol is in hul ander taal, maar in Engels 'n ander betekenis het; een voorbeeld is dat Frans librairie beteken boekwinkel, nie biblioteek nie. Die omgekeerde geval van leenwoorde wat in 'n betekenis nader aan die oorsprongstaal gebruik word, is ook algemeen. In sommige gevalle, veral wanneer pseudo-Engelse woorde soos "Handy" (Duits vir selfone) gebruik word, kan verwarring ontstaan.

Kom in / om

Met die motor

Om historiese redes het motors en paaie baie verskillende terminologieë tussen Amerikaanse en Britse Engels ontwikkel.

Vir terme wat verband hou met motorvoertuie, gebruik Kanadese Engels Amerikaanse terminologie en spelling baie, aangesien die Kanadese en Amerikaanse motorbedryf nog altyd noue skakels gehad het.

Hierdie Toyota Hilux-bakkie / bakkie / ute / vragmotor het 'n 3.0 liter turbo-dieselenjin onder die enjinkap.

• rotonde: Die term "rotonde" is oral standaard, maar Massachusetts gebruik "roterende". Die staat New York onderskei rotondes van "verkeersirkels", wat gewoonlik groter is en waar verkeersreëls met betrekking tot die reg van weg, ens., Ietwat anders is.
• diensstasie:
  • VS - 'n vulstasie verbonde aan 'n motorhuis
  • UK - snelwegbedieningsarea, 'n dienssentrum of rusplek
  • Australië - 'n vulstasie of 'servo' is 'n vulstasie.
• vragmotor: Amerikaanse "vragmotor" kan na verskillende voertuie verwys:
  • 'N Bakkie
  • 'N SUV (sportnuts), elders bekend as 'n' veldvoertuig ',' 4x4 '/' vier-by-vier ', of onder handelsname soos' Jeep 'of' Land Rover '; soms bemark as 'n 'crossover' vir ligte voertuie sonder veldryvermoë
  • 'N Swaar voertuig om vrag te vervoer (insluitende opleggers [UK: "vragmotor"] en boks / reguit vragmotors) of gespesialiseerde werk (brandweerwaens, insleepvoertuie, vullisvragmotors, ens.)

In 'n informele gesprek verwys "vragmotor" meer waarskynlik na 'n bakkie, maar kan dit ook na 'n SUV verwys.

• snelweg, snelweg, ens.:
  • Die tegniese term vir hierdie tipe pad is a snelweg met beheerde toegang, hoewel dit selde of ooit in die alledaagse spraak gebruik word.
  • VS - Kan 'n 'snelweg', 'snelweg' of 'snelweg' genoem word. Alhoewel daar tegniese regsonderskeid kan wees tussen die terme, afhangende van die staat, is dit in die alledaagse rede grootliks sinoniem. "Interstate" is die naam van 'n spesifieke Amerikaanse snelwegstelsel, nie 'n algemene term vir enige snelweg of genommerde pad nie. "Turnpike" is 'n ietwat outydse term wat in sommige state steeds gebruik word om spesifiek te verwys na snelweë waar tol gehef word, alhoewel u ook die woord (en die verkorte vorm "snoek") in die regte name van gewone paaie wat eens reisigers se tol gehef het.
  • UK - Bekend as 'n 'snelweg'. Sommige spesifieke snelweë gebruik die term "snelweg" in hul naam, bv. M6 snelweg Midland snelweg. "Snelweg" verwys na alle openbare paaie van enige grootte.
  • Australië - 'snelweg' is algemeen in Nieu-Suid-Wallis en Queensland, terwyl 'snelweg' die algemeenste term is. 'Snelweg' word ook in Suid-Australië gebruik.
  • Kanada - algemeen bekend as 'n 'snelweg' of 'snelweg'. "Autoroute" word in Quebec (in Engels en in Frans) gebruik.
  • Nieu-Seeland - 'snelweg' en 'snelweg' word gebruik.
  • Singapoer, Hongkong - Bekend as 'n 'snelweg'.
  • Maleisië - Kan in Engels 'n 'snelweg' of 'snelweg' genoem word. Op padtekens word die Maleise term "lebuhraya" gebruik.
  • Buite Noord-Amerika word die term "snelweg" dikwels gebruik om te verwys na enige groot verseëlde openbare pad.

Sien en doen

Vir sport volg die Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee en die meeste internasionale sportfederasies die Britse gebruik.

Die gewildste sport ter wêreld: "verenigingsokker", "voetbal" of "sokker".

• sokker verwys na die mees algemene spel in die betrokke land.
  • In die Verenigde Koninkryk sou dit wees vereniging sokker. Alhoewel "sokker" oorspronklik 'n Oxford-woord was wat gevorm is uit vereniging sokker, net soos "rugger" gevorm is rugby sokker, dring die meeste Britte vandag daarop aan dat 'sokker' die ware naam vir hierdie sport is.
  • In Australië wissel die gebruik per streek; "voetbal" of die slangterm "voetig" verwys na rugbyliga in die state van Nieu-Suid-Wallis en Queensland, maar verwys na Australiër regeer sokker oral anders.
  • In die VSA., Amerikaanse voetbal word bedoel as daar ongekwalifiseerd na "voetbal" verwys word. Ander lande ken dit miskien beter as 'gridiron football', waarvan Amerikaanse voetbal een variëteit is; in Noord-Amerika verwys "rooster" na die veld self.
  • In Kanada verwys "sokker" na die Kanadese of die Amerikaanse verskeidenheid sokkies (baie soortgelyk aan mekaar).
  • In Ierland kan 'sokker' verwys na verenigingsokker, Gaeliese voetbal of soms rugbyunie. Nasionale media vermy gewoonlik verwarring deur nie "sokker" op sigself te gebruik om na enige sportsoort te verwys nie, onderskeidelik "sokker", "Gaeliese sokker" en "rugby" om na die drie voormelde sportsoorte te verwys nie.
  • In Nieu-Seeland word 'sokker' histories verwys rugby-unie, maar sedert 2005 het dit dramaties verander, met 'sokker' wat nou byna uitsluitlik na verenigingsokker verwys.
  • In Suid-Afrika verwys "sokker" meestal na verenigingsokker. Die woord word egter selde buite amptelike kontekste gebruik (soos die naam van die nasionale beheerliggaam vir die sport, die Suid-Afrikaanse sokkervereniging). Alle kultuurgroepe in die land, as hulle Engels praat, verwys na die sport as 'sokker'; dit word weerspieël in die nasionale mediagebruik.
  • In Singapoer en Maleisië verwys 'sokker' na sokker, hoewel die term 'sokker' ook wyd gebruik en verstaan ​​word.
• Die ongekwalifiseerde woord rugby verwys gewoonlik na rugbyunie, maar verwys na rugbyliga in die noorde van Engeland.
  • Alhoewel "voetbal" verwys na rugbyliga in die Australiese deelstate Queensland en Nieu-Suid-Wallis, verwys die woord "rugby" altyd na rugbyunie in die hele Australië.
• Wanneer die wedstryde tussen twee spanne beskryf word, word die tuisspan gewoonlik eerste in die Verenigde Koninkryk genoem (bv. "Manchester United vs Liverpool" beteken Manchester United wat Liverpool aanbied), terwyl dit gewoonlik tweede in die Verenigde State genoem word (bv. "LA Lakers vs (of") @ ") Chicago Bulls" beteken LA Lakers wat die Chicago Bulls besoek).
• Biljart is soms 'n algemene benaming vir alle sportsoorte wat met biljartballe en stokkies gespeel word, maar verwys meer dikwels na spesifieke speletjies of groepe speletjies.
  • In die Verenigde Koninkryk en Australië verwys "biljart" gewoonlik na Engelse biljart.
  • In die VSA en Kanada verwys "biljart" gewoonlik na swembad.
  • Biljartballe word verdeel in 'kolle en strepe' in die Verenigde Koninkryk, 'vaste en strepe' in die VSA en 'klein en groot' in Australië.
• Rolbal, sonder verdere kwalifikasie, verwys dit gewoonlik na binnenshuise tien-pins bowling wêreldwyd, maar in die Verenigde Koninkryk en sommige lande van die Statebond kan dit ook verwys na grasperkbakke.
• Die strategie bordspel genoem Gaan in Japannees staan ​​as sodanig bekend deur die meeste Engelssprekendes wêreldwyd, maar is bekend onder sy Chinese naam "weiqi" in Singapoer en Maleisië.

Koop

• ATM, which stands for "automated teller machine", is the standard word in all English-speaking countries except the UK.
  • UK — "cash point / cash machine / hole-in-the-wall". Unrelatedly, U.S. "hole-in-the-wall" means a place lacking ambience that sells cheap (but not necessarily bad) food.
  • U.S. Midwest — Some areas also use "TYME machine" (an acronym for "Take Your Money Everywhere", the brand name of a former regional interbank network).
• Flip-flops go by various local names: Australia: "thongs"; New Zealand: "jandals" (short for "Japanese sandals"); South Africa: "slops"; Hawaii: "slippa" (the local pronunciation of "slippers"); Philippines/Singapore: "slippers". They're also just called "sandals", but this term can cause confusion since there are various other types of sandals.
• Senior [citizen] is a fairly universal term for elderly people, who are typically retired and on a fixed income, and consequently extended discounts at many restaurants and attractions.
  • UK, Ireland, Australia — "OAP" (which stands for "old age pensioner") is also used

Eet

• While breakfast, lunch en dinner refer to the morning, midday and evening meals respectively in most countries, parts of the UK refer to the midday meal as "dinner", and to the evening meal as "supper" or "high tea". Outside the UK, "supper" may be another name for the evening meal, or may be a small late-night meal after dinner.
• bacon — In English-speaking countries, the term refers to a type of cured pork product usually served in slices. However, countries differ on the meaning of the unqualified word:
  • U.S., Canada — "Bacon" by itself refers to a product prepared from the pork belly. In the UK and Ireland, this product is called "side bacon" or "streaky bacon", with the latter term coming from the streaks of fat across the strips of meat.
  • UK, Ireland — The unqualified term "bacon" refers to a different and much leaner product taken mainly from the loin, cut into "rashers" which include part of the belly or "medallions" which are just the trimmed eye of loin meat. North America calls this product "back bacon". In the U.S. only, "Canadian bacon" refers to a form of back bacon that is cut from the lean eye of the loin and sold ready to eat. In parts of Canada (mainly southern Ontario), a form of back bacon rolled in cornmeal known as "peameal bacon" (from the former use of dried peas as a coating) is popular.
  • Australia — Standard "bacon" is something of a cross between the above types, being prepared mainly from the belly, with a piece of loin attached.
• chips / crisps / fries:
  • UK — "chips" refers almost exclusively to deep fried, elongated strips of potatoes; crispy, thin slices of potatoes are referred to as "crisps".
  • U.S., Canada — "chips" refers almost exclusively to crispy, thin slices of potatoes, while deep fried elongated strips of potatoes are referred to as "fries" or "French fries". However, the British dish "fish and chips" is still referred to as such, and in Canada, "chip trucks" sell French fries.
  • Australia, New Zealand — Both the aforementioned fried-potato dishes are referred to as "chips"; the meaning is generally inferred from context.
  • Some Commonwealth nations use "fries" for the thinner style as typically found at McDonald's and "chips" for the thicker style as typically found in fish and chips.
• coriander: In the UK, refers to both the seeds and leaves of Coriandrum sativum. In North America, "coriander" refers only to the seeds; the leaves are called "cilantro".
• corn:
  • North America, Australia, New Zealand — A cereal that grows on tall stalks, with the edible grains (most often yellow or white, though other colors exist) forming "ears" growing from the stalk. This plant and its grain are called "maize" in the UK and Ireland, and by botanists worldwide (at least within a scientific context).
  • England and Wales — "Corn" can refer to any cereal, but most often to wheat.
  • Scotland and Ireland — Similar to England and Wales, except that the most common reference is to oats.
  • However, in culinary contexts, "corn" with an additional word (e.g. "popcorn", "sweet corn", or "corn flakes") always refers to maize, even in the UK and Ireland.
• flapjack: In the U.S., this is an informal word for a pancake. In the UK, it's a simple pastry made from oats.
• yam:
  • UK, Ireland, Australia — refers exclusively to true yams, a usually white-fleshed root vegetable.
  • North America — may also be used to refer to the orange-fleshed sweet potato.
  • New Zealand — refers to oca, a small, usually red-skinned root vegetable. Sweet potatoes are sold under their Māori name, kūmara.
  • Malaysia, Singapore — refers to taro, a small white- or slightly purple-fleshed root vegetable.
• The Chinese dish known as hot pot in most of the English-speaking world is known as steamboat in Singapore and Malaysia.

Drink

• pop, etc.
  • U.S., Canada:
    • In the U.S., "pop" is used in Western New York, western Pennsylvania, most of the Midwest, the Rocky Mountains, the Pacific Northwest, and most of Alaska. It is also the preferred term throughout most of English-speaking Canada.
    • "Soda" is used in New England, the coastal Mid-Atlantic, California, most of the Southwest, eastern Wisconsin, South Florida, Hawaii, and anywhere within a roughly 150-mile (240 km) radius of St. Louis.
    • "Coke" predominates in the southern tier of the U.S. between New Mexico and Florida. The word is used generically, not just in reference to Coca-Cola: the answer to the question "what kind of coke would you like?" could very well be Pepsi.
  • UK, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland — "Fizzy drink" is the most common term throughout all of these countries, though you might also hear "soft drink" in Australia and New Zealand, and "mineral" in Ireland. In the UK, "soft drink" more commonly refers to any non-alcoholic beverage.
  • South Africa — "Cooldrink" is the most commonly used term.
  • Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines — "Soft drink" is the most commonly used term.
  • Nigeria — "Mineral" is the most commonly used term.

Slaap

Leer

Sien ook: Studying abroad

Education is among the areas where differences between UK and U.S. English are most profound.

Balliol College, part of Oxford University

• college:
  • U.S. — Generic term for post-secondary undergraduate education. An American student will "go to college" regardless of whether his or her particular institution is formally called a "college", "university", or some other term, and whether or not the school awards bachelor's degrees. This usage of "college" does not extend to graduate education, which is usually called "grad school" (or for professional degrees, "law school", "med (medical) school", etc.).
  • Canada — Mainly refers to a technical, career, or community college (U.S.: "community college" or "junior college"). Canadians draw a sharp distinction between "going to college" (implying a community, technical or career college diploma) and "going to university" (studying for a bachelor's or postgrad degree). College mostly offers two or three-year programmes which prepare students for practical employment. A few exceptions:
    • Quebec inserts two years of community college, locally known as CÉGEP, between its secondary education and university. Quebec students graduate from high school after grade 11, as opposed to grade 12 in Anglophone North America. Undergraduate degrees from Quebec universities are completed in one less year than in Anglophone North America, as the first year will have been completed at a CÉGEP.
    • In Ontario, a "CVI" (Collegiate and Vocational Institute) is a secondary/high school facility (not a college) which offers technical or machine shops
  • UK — Can refer to any post-secondary institution that is not a university, or sometimes to a secondary school. Students studying for their bachelor's or postgraduate degree will say that they are "going to university" (or "uni") instead of U.S. "college", regardless of the formal title of their school.
  • Ireland — Similar to U.S. usage but slightly broader (i.e. includes postgraduate education) for historical reasons unique to that country. Before 1989, no Irish university provided teaching or research directly; they were instead offered by a constituent college of a university.
  • Australia — Usually refers to a private (i.e., non-government) primary, or especially secondary, school.
  • New Zealand — Normally refers to secondary schools; used interchangeably with "high school".
  • Singapore — Generally refers to government high schools. Short for "junior college".
  • In all countries, can also refer to a constituent college of a university.
• graduation / to graduate:
  • U.S. — Most commonly refers to having earned a high school diploma or an undergraduate (bachelor's or associate) degree.
  • UK — Only refers to the completion of a university degree programme (i.e. bachelor's, master's or doctorate).
• prep school:
  • U.S. — a secondary/high school that prepares students for college.
  • UK — a primary school that prepares pupils for fee-paying public (private) secondary schools

• public school:
  • U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand — A government-owned, publicly-funded school; most often used to refer to an elementary or secondary school open to all students within the geographic boundaries designated for that school.
  • UK — Can have several meanings:
    • "Public" education as opposed to "private" education by a tutor
    • Exclusive fee-paying secondary schools, typically boarding schools (which are "public" because they aren't restricted based on home location, religion, etc.)
    • Any independent school (also called "private schools" following U.S. usage); this usage of "public school" is rare in Scotland and Northern Ireland

The University of California in Berkeley, regarded as one of the top public universities in the world

• state school:
  • U.S. — Used exclusively to refer to publicly-funded universities operated by state governments.
  • UK — A publicly-funded school for students aged between 5 and 18. Universities are not called schools in the UK, although the term may be used for departments within a university ("School of Chemistry").
  • New Zealand – refers to publicly-funded primary and secondary schools, often to the exclusion of state integrated schools, i.e. former private schools that have become state schools while retaining their private school character.
• student:
  • UK, Ireland — Traditionally refers exclusively to those attending university-level institutions. Attendees of primary and secondary institutions are generally called "pupils". However, the North American sense of the term (see below) is beginning to see some use.
  • New Zealand — Broader than in the UK and Ireland; "pupils" refers only to children in primary school (years 1–6). "Student" is used for all higher levels, from intermediate to postgraduate.
  • Philippines — Likewise, formally "students" refer to learners in the secondary level (starting at grade 7) or higher, whereas "pupils" refer to learners in the elementary level. For most schools, "student" is more widespread although the word "pupil" is sometimes used.
  • U.S., Canada, Australia — Refers to all people attending educational institutions at any level, from primary to postgraduate. "Pupils" is generally understood in North America but considered something of an archaic term.
  • Singapore — Follows U.S. usage, but also used interchangeably with "pupils" up to the secondary school level.
• student union of students' union:
  • U.S. ("student union" only) — One of several terms used to describe a college/university building intended for student recreation and socializing. Synonyms include "student center" and "student activity center".
  • Other English-speaking countries — A college/university student organization devoted to representing the interests of the students before the administration. The recreational aspect is also looked after by the unions as in the U.S., but their political role is often emphasized. The most common U.S. equivalent is "student government", with "student senate" also seeing some use.

Stay safe and stay healthy

Hanteer

Verbind

• postal code:
  • Canada, Pakistan, Singapore — "postal code"
  • UK, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Malaysia — "postcode"
  • In many countries around the world they're known by the name of the local system:
    • U.S. and its former colonies — "ZIP code"
    • Ireland — "Eircode"
    • India — "PIN" (Postal Index Number), sometimes redundantly called a "PIN code"

Getalle

You might expect that numbers would be simple, since they always mean the same thing. Alas, differences in how they're spoken (or even written) can sometimes lead to confusion when you're not expecting it.

• The number 0 is spoken as "zero" or "oh" in all varieties of English, but Britons are also likely to use "nought" or "nil".
  • When used in the score of a sporting event, British uses "nil" and American may use "nothing" or informally "zip". Hardcore soccer fans and journalists in North America often use "nil" following British usage when discussing soccer (or rather, "football"). Tennis and cricket have unique readings ("love" and "duck", respectively).
  • For decimal numbers like 0.8 and 0.05, Britons would usually say "nought" as in "nought point eight" and "nought point nought five". Americans often omit the leading 0, saying "point eight" and "point oh five".
• Most varieties of English informally count in hundreds up to 1,900, which is "nineteen hundred" rather than "one thousand nine hundred"; this is common for money or counting things, or when the number is understood to be rounded to the next hundred. (Philippine English is an exception; they prefer the more formal "one thousand nine hundred"; "nineteen hundred" is only spoken in military contexts, e.g. 1900 hours.) But Americans often continue this trend for even large four-digit numbers above 2,000, so they're likely to read 9,500 as "ninety-five hundred" rather than "nine thousand five hundred".
• Similarly, all varieties of English group years into two-digit groups. But Americans also apply this to street addresses and sometimes phone numbers or other sequences of digits, as well as some three-digit sequences like road numbers (e.g. I-285 is "eye two eighty-five") and bus routes.
• Meanwhile, Britons tend to use "double" when reading sequences of digits such as phone numbers (which is why James Bond's 007 moniker is "double-oh seven" rather than "zero zero seven").
• Monetary amounts in the range of one or two major currency units may be spoken differently in the two main forms of English. An American would say that an item costing $1.50 costs "one-fifty", "a dollar fifty", or (slangily) "a buck fifty". In British English, £1.50 would most often be said "one pound fifty". For amounts over one major unit, Americans typically drop the currency unit; $2.40 would most often be said "two-forty". In British, "two-forty" and "two pounds forty" are both commonly used.

Price tag for an item costing $399.99 (not including sales tax, as the photo was taken in the U.S.). In smaller print, the sale dates are given as "3/9 – 3/13", which uses the U.S. month-first order, implying March 9–13.

• In British English, whole numbers of pounds (or other currency units) are spoken by their individual digits, especially in radio and TV advertising. "Three nine nine" implies a price of £399; "three ninety-nine" implies £3.99. American English never does this—"three ninety-nine" can mean either $399 or $3.99, with the context determining the meaning.
• The U.S. has always used the short scale, where a "billion" is 1,000,000,000 (a thousand million). But most other English-speaking countries formerly used the long scale, where a "billion" is 1,000,000,000,000 (a million million). (In that scale, 1,000,000,000 is either "a thousand million" or sometimes a "milliard".) In 1974 the UK formally adopted the short scale, and other countries followed suit, although some use of the long scale persists. Most other European languages continue to use the long scale (including in bilingual countries, e.g. among French speakers in Canada) so you may want to clarify the exact quantity when talking to a non-native English speaker.
  • Indian English follows the Indian numbering system; numbers are grouped completely differently, and spoken using words derived from Indian languages:
    • 100,000 is written "1,00,000" and read "one lakh"; it's sometimes abbreviated "L", as in "₹‍5L" for "rupees five lakh"
    • 1,000,000 is written "10,00,000" and read "ten lakh"
    • 10,000,000 is written "1,00,00,000" and read "one crore"; it may be written out, as in "₹6 crore" for "rupees six crore"

• In handwriting, numerals are written the plain way in North America: "1" is a vertical line, and "7" is two lines. European handwriting puts the introductory swash on the top of the "1", making it look more like a typeset "1" and avoiding confusion with the capital letter I and with the lower-case letter L. Since the "1" with a swash could be confused with a "7", the "7" often gets a horizontal slash through it, a form that's also common in Australia and Singapore.

Date and time

Most countries use DD/MM/YYYY or something similar as their short date format. The biggest exception is the United States, which almost exclusively uses the MM/DD/YYYY format. The Philippines, which was an American possession during the first four decades of the 20th century and is still heavily influenced by American norms, uses MM/DD/YYYY in English-language publications, but usually DD/MM/YYYY in Filipino-language contexts. In Canada, usage is mixed: English speakers use both formats interchangeably, with newspapers invariably choosing MM/DD, but French speakers exclusively use DD/MM. Therefore, a date written as "01/02/2000" stands for "January 2, 2000" in the United States, but would stand for "1 February 2000" in almost any other country, and could conceivably mean either in Canada and the Philippines. (Note that the long dates are also formatted differently, although with hardly any potential for confusion.) Due to their significance and American media influence, the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon are known internationally as "September 11" and "9/11" regardless of the actual date format in use.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommends YYYY/MM/DD, primarily because that is the only format that a computer can sort with a straight text-based sort (not a special date-sorting routine) and get the right result. That format is widely used in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, but not in English-speaking countries.

Britons in particular often use compact expressions for dates (e.g. "tomorrow week" or "a week [on] Tuesday") and times (e.g. "half eight") that aren't used elsewhere. Their meaning is a cultural convention that's not universal in English, let alone in other languages: for example, "half eight" means 8:30 in English but the equivalent in Dutch means 7:30, and could be taken as either in South Africa. Some of these can be made less ambiguous (for example, Americans usually say "quarter past eight" or "quarter till eight") but others will always have the potential for confusion. Be prepared to clarify, or simply use explicit dates and times.

Weights and measures

Sien ook: Metric and Imperial equivalents

Gas station in Florida, with prices given per U.S. gallon of fuel. (1 U.S. gal = 0.84 imperial gallons.) In the UK, this would be a filling station and the price would be given in pence per litre

Along with Liberië, the U.S. is one of the few countries that still use non-metric weights and measures (with a few exceptions including medicines, scientific work, and bottled wine, spirits, and soft drinks). The UK is partially metricated, using the metric system for some measures (such as temperature and fuel volume) but not for others (such as road distances and beer volume). The rest of the Anglosphere switched to metric beginning in the 1970s, though the imperial system still survives to varying extents in colloquial usage.

A "pint" of beer in many places is now 500 mL. The traditional British pint, which is still legally mandated in the UK, Ireland and Canada, is 568 mL (20 imperial fluid ounces). A U.S. pint is just shy at 473 mL (16 U.S. fluid ounces), although it's almost always sold in a conical glass that must be filled to the brim to contain 16 ounces. Beer in Australia comes in varying sizes with unique names. A "pint" of beer in Australia is 570 mL except in Suid-Australië, where it is 425 mL, and 570 mL is somewhat erroneously called an "imperial pint". A "pint" of beer is not standardised in New Zealand, but most commonly follows the South Australian pint at 425 mL.

UK and Ireland measure body weight in "stone" (always singular after a number) and pounds; 1 stone is 14 pounds (6.35 kg). Someone who weighs "11 stone 6 pounds" weighs 160 pounds (72.6 kg), and rough body weight is often given in stones only. The imperial ton, or "long ton", is defined to be 160 stone (2,240 pounds; 1016 kg), which is somewhat larger than the U.S. ton, or "short ton", at 2,000 pounds (907.2 kg). Both tons are distinct from the tonne, or "metric ton", which is defined as 1,000 kg (approximately 2,200 pounds).

Other

Same words, different meaning

• Asian, when used by itself to describe people, has different meanings across the English-speaking world.
  • UK — Refers typically to people from the Indian subcontinent, including Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. People from East en Southeast Asia are often referred to as "East Asians".
  • U.S., Canada — In U.S. and Canadian government usage, refers to a person having origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, including the Indian subcontinent. Popular Canadian usage generally mirrors government usage. However, popular U.S. usage often excludes South Asians, especially in areas where South Asian communities are less visible than those of East or Southeast Asian ethnicities. See notes on "Indian" below.
  • Australia, New Zealand — Refers typically to people from East Asia or Southeast Asia, but can include the Indian subcontinent as well.

North American moose

• elk: In the U.S. and Canada, refers to a very large deer similar to the red deer of Eurasia; this animal is also known by the Native American name "wapiti". In the UK and Ireland (and also second-language speakers in Europe), refers to an even larger deer whose males have flattened antlers; this animal is known as the "moose" in North America. There is also a smaller species found in India and known as either "Indian elk" or "Sambar deer".
• fag: A slang term for a cigarette in the UK; a derogatory term for a homosexual man in the U.S.
• faggots: A traditional dish of pork offal/bacon, herb and gravy meatballs in the UK; same offensive connotation as "fag" in the U.S.
• Indian:
  • South Asia — Refers only to people from the country of Indië. (The common North American usage of the word to refer to all South Asians, irrespective of nationality, is often considered offensive here.)
  • U.S., Canada — Can have several meanings:
    • Tradisioneel word daar verwys na inheemse bevolking van die Amerikaanse vasteland, alhoewel hierdie gebruik vinnig verdwyn ten gunste van "inheemse Amerikaners" in die VSA en "First Nations" in Kanada. (Die meer gebruikte en ietwat meer polities korrekte term "American Indian" altyd verwys na inheemse Amerikaners, nooit na Amerikaners met afkoms uit die land Indië nie, wat in plaas daarvan "Indiër-Amerikaners" genoem word.)
    • Mense uit Suid-Asië, nie altyd uit die land Indië in die besonder nie (alhoewel die onderskeid stadigaan begin wegspoel het in die alledaagse Noord-Amerikaanse Engelse toespraak). Die terme "Oos-Indiër" of "Asiatiese Indiër" sien nog steeds die gebruik as ondubbelsinniges ten opsigte van inheemse volke van die Amerikas, hoewel die ongekwalifiseerde term "Indiër" deesdae al meer en meer in die konteks van die Aziate verstaan ​​word. word al hoe minder gebruik vir inheemse Amerikaners.
• here se klub: Verwys na 'n deftige, eksklusiewe private klub in die Verenigde Koninkryk; 'n eufemisme vir 'n ontkleeklub in die VSA
• mal: UK "mal" beteken gewoonlik waansinnig of mal (soos in "blaf gek"), terwyl 'mal' (op iemand) in die VSA dikwels gebruik word om kwaad (vir iemand) te beteken.
• vies: UK "vies" beteken dronk. Amerikaanse "pissed" is afkorting vir "pissed off", wat in alle soorte Engels vererg of kwaad beteken.
• rubber: Verwys na 'n uitveër in die Verenigde Koninkryk; 'n slangwoord vir kondoom in die VSA
• na tafel: Het die teenoorgestelde betekenis in die VSA en die Verenigde Koninkryk
  • VS - Om iets uit te stel of van oorweging te verwyder
  • Verenigde Koninkryk, Kanada, Australië, Nieu-Seeland - Om iets te oorweeg.

Sien ook

• Australiese sleng
• Praat # Gebruik Engels

Amerikaanse en Britse Engelse spellingverskille