 | COVID-19 inligting: Australië het sy grense onbepaald gesluit in reaksie op die Covid-19-pandemie. Daar is uitsonderings vir Australiese burgers, permanente inwoners, hul onmiddellike gesinne, passasiers wat minder as 72 uur reis, mense wat van Nieu-Seeland af terugkeer en sekere ander kategorieë. Australiese burgers en permanente inwoners wat Australië weer binnekom, sal gekontroleer word en moet voor vertrek registreer en hulle 14 dae by hul aankoms in Australië in 'n aangewese hotel onder polisiebewaking afsonder, moontlik op eie koste. Die versuim om isoleringsmaatreëls te volg, kan lei tot die aanhouding in kwarantyn, aansienlike boetes en / of strafregtelike vervolging. Vanaf April 2021 is die enigste staatsgrense wat gesluit is, Wes-Australië tot Queenslanders, terwyl Brisbane as 'n rooi sone in die Victoriaanse verkeersligstelsel verklaar word. Reise vanaf Nieu-Seeland is nou hervat met reisigers wat toegelaat word om sekere state binne te gaan.
As u hiertoe toegelaat word, het die Australiese owerheid 'n baie onbeduidende benadering om uitbrake te hanteer, en kan hulle op kort kennisgewing hele stede of state toesluit as gevolg van die vorming van infeksiegroeperings, wat beteken dat u weke lank op 'n plek kan vassit einde. |
| (Inligting laas opgedateer 09 April 2021) |
Daar is nêrens anders soos nie Australië, die enigste land wat 'n hele kontinent vir homself het. Met 'n inheemse kultuur van meer as 60.000 jaar en 'n wêreldwye immigrasie uit Europa, die Midde-Ooste, Asië en Afrika, is die vasteland bekend vir sy natuurwonders, oop ruimtes, strande, woestyne, 'die bos' en 'die OutbackDit is egter ook baie verstedelik met 'n verskeidenheid kosmopolitaanse stede - die grootste en bekendste wese Sydney, geleë op een van die bekendste hawens ter wêreld.
Streke
| Nieu-Suid-Wallis en Australiese hoofstadgebied(NSW) & (WET) Australië se mees bevolkte deelstaat het ook Sydney, die oudste en grootste stad, en omring die doelgerigte hoofstad van Canberra. Die kus van Nieu-Suid-Wallis is gevoer met gemeenskappe aan die strand; 'n bietjie binneland is die bergreekse van die Blou en Sneeu berge; verder in die binneland is daar steeds vallende landbouvlaktes wat plek maak vir die buiteland. |
| Noordelike Gebied(NT) Van die rooi woestyne rondom Uluru en Alice Springs tot by die trope van Darwin en Kakadu Nasionale Park, die Northern Territory is ongelooflik mooi en makliker toeganklik as wat jy sou dink. |
| Queensland(QLD) Queensland is bekend vir sy sonnige, warm weer en bied kusverkenning aan uit die atmosfeer van die Gouekus na die trope van die Groot Koraalrif na die bruisende stad van Brisbane. Dit is ook die tuiste van tropiese reënwoude van die Daintree Nasionale Park, en die eilandoorde van die Whitsundays. In die binneland lê die streke van die binneland, en verder op die uitgestrekte en skoonheid van die buitelandse Australië. |
| Suid-Australië(SA) Bekend vir die uitstekende wyne van die Barossa-vallei, die skoonheid van die Flinders Reekse en die buitewyke en gebeure en kultuur van die Stad van Kerke, Adelaide. |
| Tasmanië(TAS) Geskei van die vasteland deur Bass Strait, het die bergagtige staat Tasmanië die ruwe skoonheid van Cradle Mountain in die weste, die strande van die ooste en die wildernis van die suide. Hobart was die tuiste van die tweede Europese nedersetting in Australië, en baie historiese terreine is goed bewaar. |
| Victoria(VIC) Klein, lewendig en met iets vir almal, het Victoria dramatiese brandstrande langs die suidwestelike en sentrale kus, groen golwende landerye en fotogeniese nasionale parke. Australië en Victoria se hoofstad vir sport, inkopies, mode en voedsel is Melbourne. |
| Wes-Australië(WA) 'N Uitgestrekte staat. Die suidweste bevat die hoofstad en die grootste stad van Perth. Die wynbou en skilderagtige bestemmings van Margaretrivier en Albany is na die suidelike streek. In die verre noorde is die trope en die bestemming aan die strand Broome. Klein townships, padhuise, myngemeenskappe en nasionale parke is versprei oor die lang afstande tussen. |
Eilande
Tasmanië is die belangrikste eiland van Australië en 'n staat op sy eie. Daar is meer as 800 eilande in Australië, ander hoofeilande sluit in:
- 1 Lord Howe Island - 'n Vertoonvenster vir die natuur van twee uur vlieg vanaf Sydney, geadministreer as deel van die staat Nieu-Suid-Wallis.
- 2 Norfolk-eiland - Halfpad na Nieu-Seeland, met die natuur en strande, geadministreer as deel van die staat Nieu-Suid-Wallis.
- 3 Kerseiland - Bekend vir sy migrasie van rooi krap. Vlugte vanaf Perth en Kuala Lumpur.
- 4 Cocos-eilande - Koraalatolle, bevolk, toeganklik per vlug vanaf Perth.
- 5 Torres-seilande - Inheemse kultuur tussen Cape York en Papoea-Nieu-Guinea, en benodig toestemming van die tradisionele eienaars om dit te besoek. Vlugte vanaf Cairns.
- 6 Kangaroo Island van Suid-Australië, die derde grootste eiland in Australië wat wildlewe, natuurskoon, wynplase en strande bevat.
- 7 Rottnest-eiland - 'n natuurreservaat met 63 strande en 20 baaie, naby Perth en die tuiste van die berugte Quokka
- 8 King Island - in die Bass Straight bokant Tasmanië.
- 9 Pinkster-eilande is 'n beroemde toeristebestemming
Daar is 'n hele paar onbewoonde eilande, insluitend die Koraalsee-eilande, Houtman Abrolhos, die Ashmore- en Cartier-eilande en die afgeleë Antarktiese gebiede van Heard Island en McDonald Islands en Macquarie-eiland.
Stede
- 1 Canberra - die betreklik klein, doelgerigte nasionale hoofstad van Australië is die tuiste van talle museums
- 2 Adelaide - die "City of Churches", 'n ontspanne Suid-Australiese alternatief vir die groot oostelike stede
- 3 Brisbane - hoofstad van die sondeurdrenkte Queensland en toegang tot pragtige sandstrande
- 4 Cairns - poort na die Great Barrier Reef, Port Douglas, Daintree Nasionale Park, en vele pragtige strande en oorde; 'n wonderlike plek vir mense om weg te kom en te ontspan
- 5 Darwin - Die tropiese hoofstad van Australië, aan die bopunt van die Noordelike Gebied
- 6 Hobart - skilderagtige en stil hoofstad van Tasmanië, die plek waar die tweede veroordeelde nedersetting in Australië plaasgevind het
- 7 Melbourne - Australië se tweede grootste stad, Melbourne, is die land se sport-, winkel-, voedsel- en kulturele hoofstad, terwyl dit ook beskou word as Australië se mees Europese stad.
- 8 Perth - die mees afgeleë kontinentale stad op aarde, aan die suidwestelike rand van Wes-Australië
- 9 Sydney - Australië se oudste en grootste stad, bekend vir sy skilderagtige hawe en natuurskoon
Ander bestemmings
- 10 Blouberge - 'n bergagtige streek in Nieu-Suid-Wallis, met die natuurlike kenmerk "Three Sisters"
- 11 Dandenong-reekse - hierdie pragtige reekse bied tuine van wêreldgehalte en skilderagtige dorpies
- 12 Groot Koraalrif - sien eerstehands hierdie natuurwonder, aan die kus van Queensland en maklik bereikbaar vanaf Cairns
- 13 Groot Oseaanweg - 'n skouspelagtige kusrit in Victoria verby baie skilderagtige ikone, waaronder die "Twelve Apostles" -rotse wat in die see staan
- 14 Kakadu Nasionale Park - buitelandse avontuurlike reis, inheemse kultuur en natuuraktiwiteite in die Noordelike Gebied
- 15 Nitmiluk Nasionale Park - sluit die ongelooflike Katherine Gorge in, naby die stad Katherine
- 16 Sneeubergte - byna heeltemal beskerm binne nasionale parke en die tuiste van 'n aantal ski-oorde
- 17 Uluru-Kata Tjuta Nasionale Park - Uluru (ook bekend as Ayers rock) en Kata Tjuta (Die Olgas) is ikoniese rotsformasies in die "Red Centre" in die middel van die Australiese woestyn
- 18 Watarrka Nasionale Park - die bekendste vir Kings Canyon, 'n magtige kloof wat tot 270 meter diep is
Verstaan
- "Ons is een, maar ons is baie en uit al die lande van die aarde kom ons. Ons sal 'n droom deel en met een stem sing: ek is, jy is, ons is Australies." - The Seekers - Ek is Australiër
Die sesde grootste land ter wêreld per gebied, Australië, het 'n relatief klein (maar groeiende) bevolking van 25 miljoen. Dit is 'n G20-lid en het hoë lewenstandaarde en lewensgehalte. Dit is 'n belangrike speler in die ekonomiese en politieke sfeer van die Stille Oseaan-streek.
Aardrykskunde
Die landmassa van Australië is sowel die kleinste kontinent ter wêreld as die grootste eiland ter wêreld; maak die meeste van Oseaniëse grondgebied.
Die land Australië bevat die Australiese vasteland en enkele kleiner eilande (soos Tasmanië). Dit is die sesde grootste land ter wêreld, met 'n oppervlakte van 7,682,300 km² (2,966,152 vierkante myl). Die grootte is vergelykbaar met die 48 aangrensende Verenigde State hoewel dit minder as een tiende van die bevolking het, is die afstande tussen stede en dorpe maklik om te onderskat. Australië word in die weste begrens deur die Indiese Oseaan, in die suide deur die Suidelike Oseaan en in die ooste aan die Stille Oseaan. Die Tasmansee lê in die suidooste en skei dit van Nieu-Seeland, terwyl die Koraalsee in die noordooste lê. Papoea-Nieu-Guinea, Oos Timor en Indonesië is die noordelike buurlande van Australië, almal baie nader aan Nieu-Seeland, en word deur die Arafura-see en die Timorsee van Australië geskei.
Australië is sterk verstedelik met die grootste deel van die bevolking wat sterk aan die oostelike en suidoostelike kus geleë is. Die meeste binnelandse gebiede van die land is halfdroog. Die meeste bevolkte state is Nieu-Suid-Wallis, Victoria en Queensland, maar die oppervlakte is die grootste Wes-Australië.
Groot dele van Australië is ontbos om plek te maak vir landbou, maar baie inheemse bosgebiede oorleef in uitgebreide nasionale parke en ander onontwikkelde gebiede. Omgewingsbekommernisse op lang termyn in Australië sluit in waterbestuur, soutgehalte, besoedeling, bedreigings vir biodiversiteit deur indringerspesies en die bewaring van kusgebiede, veral die Great Barrier Reef.
Klimaat
As 'n groot kontinent het Australië 'n wye verskeidenheid klimaatstowwe. Die grootste deel van die land ontvang meer as 3000 uur sonskyn per jaar. Oor die algemeen is die noorde warm en tropies, terwyl die suide geneig is tot subtropies en gematig. Die meeste reënval is rondom die kus, en 'n groot deel van die sentrum is dor en semi-ariede. Die dag se maksimum temperature in die tropiese stad Darwin daal selde onder die 30 ° C (86 ° F), selfs in die winter, terwyl die nagtemperature in die winter gewoonlik tussen 15-20 ° C (59-68 ° F) lê. Australiese winters is geneig om milder te wees as dié op soortgelyke breedtegrade in die noordelike halfrond en sneeu val nooit in die meeste dele van die land nie. In sommige suidelike streke kan temperature in hoë gebiede in die winter (en soms selfs in die somer) onder vriespunt daal, en die sneeubergte in die suidooste ervaar meters wintersneeu. Dele van Tasmanië het 'n temperatuurreeks wat meer soos die noordelike is Kalifornië en dit is nie ongehoord dat sneeu in sommige bergagtige streke van die staat val nie.
Aangesien Australië in die suidelike halfrond is, is die winter Junie-Augustus terwyl Desember-Februarie somer is. Die winter is die droë seisoen in die trope en die somer is die nat. In die suidelike dele van die land is die seisoenale temperatuurvariasie groter. Die reënval word eweredig deur die jaar versprei in die suidelike dele van die Ooskus, terwyl dit in die res van die suide anderkant die Ooste voorkom Groot verdelingsreeks, is die somers droog met die grootste hoeveelheid reënval in die winter.
Geskiedenis
Inheemse mense woon al minstens 65 000 jaar in Australië. Hulle het in opeenvolgende golwe van Suid- en Suidoos gekom Asië. Met die stygende seevlak na die laaste ystydperk het Australië grootliks geïsoleer van die res van die wêreld en het die Aboriginale stamme 'n verskeidenheid kulture ontwikkel, gebaseer op 'n noue geestelike verhouding met die land en die natuur, en uitgebreide verwantskap. Australiese aboriginale mense het duisende jare 'n jagter-versamelaarskultuur, of (in sommige gebiede) 'n semi-sittende kultuur, gehandhaaf in samewerking met 'n ingewikkelde artistieke en kulturele lewe, insluitend 'n baie ryk tradisie van verhaal en sang.
Die moderne indruk van Australiese Aboriginal-mense is grotendeels gebaseer op 'n beeld van die "woestynmense" wat aangepas is by sommige van die moeilikste toestande op die planeet (gelykstaande aan die boesmans van die Kalahari), maar baie ander het in beboste en goed gewoonte gewoon. natgemaak streke. Australië het die grootste deel van die Aboriginale mense gemaklik gebly onder die oorvloedige flora en fauna aan die Australiese kus - tot die aankoms van die Europeërs.
Alhoewel 'n winsgewende Chinees mark vir skulpe en bêche de mer (seekomkommer) het Indonesiese vissers aangemoedig om Noord-Australië vir eeue te besoek, dit was vir die Europeërs onbekend tot in die 1600's, toe Nederlands handelaars na Asië het aan die Noord-Weskus begin 'stamp'. Vroeë Nederlandse indrukke van hierdie uiters harde, droë land was ongunstig, en Australië het vir hulle 'n bietjie teken gebly wat noord wys na die baie ryker (en winsgewender) Oos-Indië (moderne Indonesië). Opsetlike verkenning van die Australiese kus is toe grotendeels deur die Franse en die Britte oorgeneem. Gevolglik weerspieël plekname van baaie, koppe en riviere rondom die kuslyn 'n reeks Nederlandse, Franse, Britse en inheemse tale.
In 1770 het die ekspedisie van die Endeavour onder bevel van Kaptein James Cook het die ooskus van Australië opgevolg en in kaart gebring en die eerste land geloop om Plantkunde Baai op 29 April 1770. Cook het noordwaarts voortgegaan, en voordat hy vertrek op 22 Augustus 1770 aan die Possession Island in die Torres-seestraat, buite Cape York, aan wal gesit. Hier het hy die oostelike kuslyn wat hy vir die Britse kroon ontdek het, formeel opgeëis en dit New South Wales genoem. Aangesien Cook se ontdekkings tot die eerste Europese nedersetting van Australië sou lei, word hy in die volksmond as die Europese ontdekker beskou, hoewel hy al meer as 160 jaar voorafgegaan het.
Na die verkenningstydperk is die eerste Britse nedersetting in Australië in 1788 gestig op wat vandag is Sydney, gelei deur kaptein Arthur Philip wat die eerste goewerneur van die kolonie Nieu-Suid-Wallis geword het. Die koloniseringsproses het gelei tot konflik met inheemse Australiërs sowel as siektes waarteen hulle geen immuniteit gehad het nie. Hul bevolking het in baie (hoewel nie die hele land) land afgeneem nie en is deur die Britse setlaars verplaas. Die kolonie Nieu-Suid-Wallis, wat oorspronklik uit die oostelike tweederdes van die kontinent bestaan, is later in verskeie afsonderlike kolonies verdeel. Tasmanië (toe bekend as Van Diemen's Land) het in 1825 'n aparte kolonie geword, wat gevolg is deur Suid-Australië in 1836, Nieu-Seeland in 1841, Victoria in 1851 en Queensland in 1859. Die westelike derde van die kontinent is eers deur die Europeërs gevestig totdat die Britte 'n vlootbasis in Albany, toe bekend as King George Sound in 1826. Die Swan River Colony is formeel in 1829 gestig op wat vandag is Perth. Die Swanrivierkolonie is herdoop tot "Wes-Australië"in 1832.
Terwyl Australië sy moderne geskiedenis as 'n Britse strafkolonie begin het, was die meeste mense wat na 1788 na Australië gekom het, vrye setlaars, hoofsaaklik uit Brittanje en Ierland, en in 'n mindere mate ander Europese lande soos Frankryk en wat tans Duitsland is. Veroordeelde nedersettings was meestal langs die ooskus, met verspreide sakke gevangenesettings in Wes-Australië. Die deelstaat Suid-Australië, daarenteen, is heeltemal deur vrye setlaars gevestig. Baie Asiatiese en Oos-Europese mense het ook in die 1850's na Australië gekom tydens die Gold Rush wat Australië se eerste hulpbron-oplewing begin het. Alhoewel sulke uiteenlopende immigrasie baie afgeneem het gedurende die xenofobiese jare van die Wit-Australië-beleid, het Australië vanaf die naoorlogse tydperk 'n opeenvolgende reeks immigrasie uit die vasteland van Europa, die Middellandse See en later Asië en die res van die wêreld verwelkom en 'n hoogs diverse en multikulturele samelewing geword. teen die laat 20ste eeu.
Die stelsel van afsonderlike kolonies is in 1901 saamgevoeg om die selfregerende Britse heerskappy van Australië te vorm, en elke kolonie word nou 'n deelstaat van Australië, met Nieu-Seeland wat die federasie verkies. Die nuwe land het van sy natuurlike hulpbronne gebruik gemaak om sy landbou- en vervaardigingsbedrywe vinnig te ontwikkel en het 'n beduidende bydrae gelewer (as gevolg van sy klein bevolking) tot die Geallieerde oorlogspoging in Eerste Wêreldoorlog en Tweede Wêreldoorlog in Europa as deel van die Britse magte van die Statebond. Australië is direk aangeval in die Stille Oseaanoorlog. Australiese troepe het ook 'n waardevolle, indien soms kontroversiële bydrae tot die land gelewer Koreaanse oorlog, die Viëtnam-oorlog, en die Irak Oorlog. Australiese delwers behou 'n reputasie as van die hardste vegtroepe saam met 'n groot sosiale gees.
Australië en Brittanje het die Wet op Australië in 1986 deurgevoer en sodoende 'n einde gemaak aan die oorblywende mag wat die Britse parlement mag hê om wette vir Australië te aanvaar. Die Britse koningin bly as staatshoof met 'n (Australiese) aangestelde goewerneur-generaal as haar verteenwoordiger in Australië.
In die tweede helfte van die 20ste eeu was daar groei in die inheemse aktivisme, gepaardgaande met 'n groter bereidwilligheid van die algemene gemeenskap om erkenning te gee aan die inheemse kulturele erfenis (veral in die visuele kunste) en die donkerder kant van die koloniale geskiedenis. Aansienlike gebiede van die land is as gevolg van die grondregtebeweging weer inheemse besit gegee. In 2008 het die destydse premier Kevin Rudd 'n amptelike verskoning aan die Aboriginal mense in die parlement gelewer vir die gruweldade wat die wit meerderheid teen hulle gepleeg het. 'N Inheemse seremonie is ook sedert 2008 opgeneem in die Australiese staatsopening van die parlement as hulde aan sy inheemse erfenis.
Ekonomie
Australië het 'n welvarende kapitalistiese ekonomie in Westerse styl, met 'n BBP per capita op dieselfde vlak as ander gevorderde ekonomieë.
Die diensbedrywe, insluitend toerisme, onderwys en finansiële dienste, beslaan net meer as die helfte van die Australiese bruto binnelandse produk - ongeveer 60%. Binne die dienstesektor is toerisme een van die belangrikste bedrywe in Australië, aangesien dit werk verskaf, elke jaar $ 73 miljard tot die ekonomie bydra en verantwoordelik is vir minstens 11% van die totale uitvoer.
Primêre nywerheid - mynbou en landbou - het die grootste deel van Australië se uitvoer in die 20ste en 21ste eeu uitgemaak. Ystererts en steenkool is verreweg die grootste uitvoer, tesame met koring, beesvleis en wol. Die mynbousektor is sensitief vir die wêreldwye vraag na ystererts, met gebeure in die Chinese en Indiese ekonomieë wat direkte gevolge het.
Australië het 'n omvattende stelsel vir sosiale sekerheid en 'n minimum loon hoër as die Verenigde State of die Verenigde Koninkryk. As gevolg van 'n gebrek aan aanbod, word werkers en ambagsmanne goed betaal in Australië, dikwels meer as professionele mense in witboordjies.
Politiek
Australië het 'n federale regeringstelsel, met ses staats- en twee grondregerings, sowel as 'n nasionale regering. Dit het ook verskeie oorsese gebiede in die Indiese en die Stille Oseaan, wat aansienlike outonomie kry, en wat dikwels nie volledig met die res van Australië geïntegreer is nie. Wette wissel effens van staat tot staat, maar is meestal redelik eenvormig.
Die nasionale parlement is gebaseer op die Britse Westminster-stelsel, met enkele elemente uit die Amerikaanse kongresstelsel. Op federale vlak bestaan dit uit 'n Senaat en 'n Huis van Verteenwoordigers. Elke lid van die huis van verteenwoordigers (in die volksmond bekend as 'n parlementslid (LP)) verteenwoordig 'n verkiesingsafdeling, met meer bevolkte state wat meer kiesafdelings het en dus meer parlementslede. Aan die ander kant, soortgelyk aan die Amerikaanse Senaat, het elke Australiese staat 'n gelyke aantal senatore, met 12 senatore wat direk deur die mense in elke staat verkies word, en 2 senatore elk uit die Northern Territory en Australian Capital Territory. Die premier is hoof van die nasionale regering en is die leier van die politieke party (of koalisie van partye) wat die meeste lede in die Huis van Verteenwoordigers het.
Koningin Elizabeth II van die Verenigde Koninkryk is ook koningin van Australië en die staatshoof, en word in Australië verteenwoordig deur die goewerneur-generaal. Die rolle van die koningin en die goewerneur-generaal is grotendeels seremonieel, en die premier het die meeste gesag in die regering. 'N Referendum om Australië na 'n republiek te verander, is in 1999 verslaan (die idee om die koningin deur 'n politieke aanstelling te vervang, was nie na die smaak van die meeste Australiërs nie). Republikeinisme in Australië bly 'n gereelde gesprekspunt, hoewel dit laag is op die lys van werklike prioriteite.
Die kabinet van Australië dien as uitvoerende gesag en word gelei deur die premier, wat sy kabinetsministers uit die lede van albei huise van die parlement aanstel. Die regterlike tak word aangevul deur die hooggeregshof in Australië, wat die UK Privy Council as die hoogste appèlhof in 1986 vervang het.
Staats- en gebiedsregerings is soortgelyk aan die nasionale regering georganiseer met 'n staatsparlement wat as wetgewer dien, 'n premier (hoofminister in die gebiede) wat as hoof van die staatsregering dien en sy eie regbank. Daar is ook 'n goewerneur vir elke staat wat as koningin se verteenwoordiger dien in 'n meestal seremoniële rol.
Die twee belangrikste politieke partye in Australië is die Australiese Arbeidersparty (ALP of net 'Arbeid') en die Liberale Party, wat in samewerking met die Nasionale Party werk (die 'Koalisie' genoem). Daar is kleiner partye soos die Groenes en onafhanklikes. Die Liberale Party is 'n sentrum-regse konserwatiewe party, met die term 'liberaal' wat verwys na 'n vrye markekonomie. Die Arbeidersparty is middel-links.
Kultuur
Australië het 'n multikulturele bevolking wat byna elke godsdiens en lewenstyl beoefen. Meer as 'n kwart van die Australiërs is buite Australië gebore, en 'n ander kwart het ten minste een ouer wat in die buiteland gebore is. Feitlik elke groot Australiese stad en dorp weerspieël die immigrasie uit Europa, Asië, die Midde-Ooste en die Stille Oseaan wat na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog plaasgevind het en in die 1970's voortgeduur het. In die halwe eeu na die oorlog het die bevolking van Australië toegeneem van ongeveer 7 miljoen tot net meer as 20 miljoen mense. Die stede Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane en Perth is kultureel baie uiteenlopend en die tuiste van gemeenskappe van alle uithoeke van die wêreld.
In al die groot stede is daar 'n verskeidenheid wêreldwye voedsel wat in baie restaurante beskikbaar is. Melbourne bevorder homself veral as 'n sentrum vir kunste, terwyl Brisbane homself bevorder deur verskillende multikulturele stedelike dorpies. Adelaide is bekend daarvoor dat sy 'n sentrum vir feeste en Duitse kulturele invloede is, terwyl Perth bekend is vir sy kos- en wynkultuur, pêrels, edelstene en edelmetale en die internasionale byeenkomsfees. Kleiner landelike nedersettings weerspieël oor die algemeen steeds 'n meerderheid Anglo-Keltiese kultuur, dikwels met 'n klein inheemse bevolking. Die meeste plattelandse sentrums verwelkom steeds besoekers en het oor die algemeen 'n geskiedenis en plaaslike produkte om mee te deel.
Daar is ongeveer 'n halfmiljoen Australiërs wat hulle as Aboriginal mense identifiseer wat dwarsdeur die land in stede en in die plattelandse Aboriginal-gemeenskappe woon. Alhoewel dit nie vir 'n nuwe besoeker baie duidelik is nie, is daar baie geleenthede en kulturele aktiwiteite vir mense wat die Aboriginale kultuur wil verken.
In teenstelling met die populêre mitologie, is die afstammelinge van die oorspronklike vloot van Britse veroordeeldes 'n minderheid, en selfs gedurende die jare van vervoer het vrye setlaars minstens vyf tot een meer as gevangenes. Dit word nietemin gesien as 'n eerbewys vir iemand om 'Australiese koninklikes' te wees omdat hy van 'n veroordeelde afstam, hoe gering die verband ook al mag wees.
Australiërs kan sosiaal konserwatiewer wees as sommige Europese kulture, maar is geneig om ontspanne te wees in hul godsdienstige nakoming. Die manier van adres is gemaklik en bekend, en die meeste Australiërs is geneig om u vanaf u eerste kontak op u voornaam te spreek en sal verwag dat u dieselfde aan hulle sal doen.
Vakansies
Die nasionale vakansiedae in Australië is:
- 1 Januarie: Nuwejaarsdag
- 26 Januarie: Australiese dag, met die herdenking van die landing van die Eerste Vloot in Sydney Cove in 1788.
- Paasnaweek ('Goeie Vrydag', 'Paassaterdag', 'Paassondag' en 'Paasmaandag'): 'n vierdaagse langnaweek in Maart of April, volgens die Westerse Christelike datums. Baie Australiërs reis gedurende die Paasnaweek, dus verwag dat hotelkamers en vliegtuigkaartjies maande voor die tyd uitverkoop.
- 25 April: ANZAC Day (Australiese en Nieu-Seelandse weermagkorps), ter ere van militêre veterane
- Tweede Maandag in Junie: Koningin se verjaardagvakansie (in Wes-Australië in September gevier, met WA waarneming Stigtingsdag 'n week vroeër)
- 25 Desember: Kersdag
- 26 Desember: Boksdag
Baie state neem waar Werkersdag, maar op verskillende dae. Die meeste state het een of twee bykomende vakansies in die hele land, met Victoria en Suid-Australië 'n dag af vir 'n perdewedren (The Melbourne Cup en The Adelaide Cup). Wes-Australië het meestal die eerste Maandag in Junie met die stigtingsdag (wat die stigting van die staat sedert 1829 erken), maar vier ook die koningin se verjaardag op 'n ander datum as die res van die land, hetsy aan die einde van September of vroeg in Oktober, as gevolg van die gewone Junie-datum is so naby aan die stigtingsdag.
Wanneer 'n openbare vakansiedag op 'n Saterdag of Sondag val, word die volgende Maandag (en Dinsdag indien nodig) gewoonlik as vakansiedae verklaar, hoewel die vieringe en die sluiting van die kleinhandel op die dag self plaasvind. Die meeste toeriste-aantreklikhede is gesluit op Kersdag en Goeie Vrydag. Supermarkte en ander winkels kan op sekere openbare vakansiedae en op vakansiedae in plaas van beperkte ure oopgaan, maar is amper altyd gesluit op Kersdag (25 Desember), Goeie Vrydag, Paassondag en ANZAC-dagoggend.
Afgesien van amptelike vakansiedae, is daar ook dae van nasionale of streeks-kulturele betekenis, wat net sowel vakansiedae kan wees soos:
- AFL Grand Final: Die kampioenskapswedstryd van die Australiese sokkerliga, en die mees gekykte byeenkoms wat ewig op die Australiese sportkalender plaasvind. Verwag dat alle kroeë vol mense is wat die speletjie kyk, terwyl baie mense groot kykpartytjies in hul huise sal hou. Gehou op die laaste Saterdag van September of eerste Saterdag van Oktober.
- NRL Grand Final: Die kampioenskapwedstryd van die National Rugby League. Veral gewild in Queensland en Nieu-Suid-Wallis. Gewoonlik gehou op die laaste Sondag van September of eerste Sondag in Oktober.
Piek vakansie tye
Die meeste besienswaardighede in Australië bly die hele jaar oop, en sommige werk minder of minder korter tydens die laagseisoen. Baie besienswaardighede (maar nie almal nie) is op Kersfees en Oujaarsdag gesluit.
Somer skoolvakansie begin voor Kersfees en duur die hele Januarie, en dit word beskou as die besigste en duurste besoektyd. Vakansiehuise op strande word dikwels maande vantevore bespreek, asook 'n aansienlike premie. Die lang Paasnaweek kan ook besig wees as ouers hul kinders vir oulaas uithaal voor die winter aanbreek.
Australiese tieners vier die einde van die skool einde November en begin Desember vir die drie weke bekend as schoolies. Die hoeveelheid tiener-onthullers kan die aard van sommige van die stede en dorpe wat hulle kies om te besoek, veral kusdorpe, verander Byronbaai in Nieu-Suid-Wallis, die Gouekus in Queensland en verskillende plekke langs die Mornington-skiereiland in Victoria.
Tyd
Australië kan tot vyf verskillende tydsones gedurende die daglig besparingsperiode hê, en vier op ander tye. Tydsone se grense volg nie altyd die staatsgrense nie. Byvoorbeeld, die stad Broken Hill, hoewel dit in Nieu-Suid-Wallis die tyd van Suid-Australië volg, en Norfolk-eiland het sy eie tydsone ondanks die feit dat hy deel uitmaak van Nieu-Suid-Wallis.
In die ooste het Tasmanië, Nieu-Suid-Wallis en Victoria altyd dieselfde tyd. Queensland neem nie dagligbesparing waar nie, dus is dit 'n uur agter die ander oostelike state gedurende daardie tydperk.
In die middel, Broken Hill (NSW), Suid-Australië en die Noordelike Gebied is 'n halfuur agter in die winter, maar die Noordelike Gebied neem nie dagligbesparing waar terwyl Suid-Australië en Broken Hill dit wel doen nie. In die dagligbesparing bly Suid-Australië 'n halfuur agter Nieu-Suid-Wallis, Victoria en Tasmanië, maar beweeg 'n halfuur voor Queensland. Die Northern Territory bly 'n halfuur agter Queensland, maar beweeg anderhalf uur agter Nieu-Suid-Wallis, Victoria en Tasmanië.
In die weste is Wes-Australië in die winter twee uur agter die oostelike deelstate en neem dit ook nie daglig dop nie. Dit beweeg drie uur agter die oostelike state wat dagligbesparing waarneem (twee uur agter Queensland).
Daar is geen amptelike afkortings of name vir Australiese tydsones nie, en u kan 'n paar variasies sien. EST, CST, WST en EDT, CDT word soms gebruik. Soms AEST, ens., Met die voorvoegsel 'A' wat hulle onderskei van die Noord-Amerikaanse tydsones met dieselfde name.
In die lande waar dit dagligbesparing volg, begin dit op die eerste Sondag in Oktober en eindig op die eerste Sondag in April.
| Staat / gebied | Standaardtyd | Dagligbesparingstyd |
|---|---|---|
| Heard- en McDonald-eilande | UTC 5 | Nvt |
| Cocos (Keeling) Eilande | UTC 6.5 | Nvt |
| Kerseiland | UTC 7 | Nvt |
| Wes-Australië | UTC 8 | Nvt |
| Suid-Australië en Broken Hill | UTC 9.5 | UTC 10.5 |
| Noordelike Gebied | UTC 9.5 | Nvt |
| Queensland | UTC 10 | Nvt |
| Nieu-Suid-Wallis, Victoria, Tasmanië, die DAAD en Gebied Jervisbaai | UTC 10 | UTC 11 |
| Lord Howe Island | UTC 10.5 | UTC 11 |
| Norfolk-eiland | UTC 11 | Nvt |
Krag
Die netspanningstandaard is 230 V met 'n tipe I-stekker (hoekige lewendige / neutrale penne met 'n reguit aarde). Dit word in die algemeen 'n 'twee-en-veertig volt-sok' genoem. Hotelbadkamers het dikwels 'n tipe C- en A-sok wat gemerk is "slegs vir skeerders" wat na 110 V vir 'n Noord-Amerikaanse styl-sok vir skeerders sal omskakel. Spanning is verenigbaar met Europa, en u benodig net 'n omskakelingsprop wat u by supermarkte en geriefswinkels (sowel as die lughawe) kan kry. Kontroleer u toestel vir spanningstoleransies uit Noord-Amerika of ander 110 V-lande voordat u 'n omskakelaar gebruik.
Sien ook
Onderwerpe in Australië |
Praat
- Sien ook: Engelse variëteite
Die Engels taal word algemeen in Australië gepraat en verstaan. Australiese Engels, soos gewoonlik gesproke, is kenmerkend in aksent en idioom. Dit het meestal ontwikkel uit die toespraak van die Verenigde Koninkryk in die laat 18de en vroeë 19de eeu.
Aangesien Australië 'n wêreldwye smeltkroes is, veral in die groot stede, sal u kulture teëkom en tale van regoor die wêreld hoor, en u sal dikwels gebiede en voorstede vind wat hoofsaaklik die taal van hul onderskeie immigrantegemeenskappe weerspieël. Vreemde tale word op skool geleer, maar studente kom selde verby die basiese beginsels.
Australiese Engels volg gewoonlik Britse spellingkonvensies en woordeskatkeuses, hoewel dit ook bekend is vir sy eie kleur en omgangstaal. People in rural areas may have a broader accent, using some of the slang words that have become outmoded in metropolitan areas, while highly educated urban dwellers sometimes use a cultivated accent similar to that of their British equivalents. Australiese sleng should not present a problem for tourists except possibly in some isolated outback areas. Australians understand different varieties of English, and you may look foolish in your attempts at the local slang.
There is little regional variation in Australian English, although accents tend to be broader outside of the large cities, and the pronunciation of certain words like "dance" and "chance" varies between regions. Most regional differences come down to word usage. For example, swimming clothes are known as cossies or swimmers in New South Wales, togs in Queensland, and bathers in Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia. Many indigenous communities around Australia and the Torres Strait Islands speak English as a second language.
It is rare to find signs in a second language, except in urban areas with a high population of Asian immigrants and students, where signs and restaurant menus in Viëtnamese en Chinees are a common sight; and also around Cairns en die Gold Coast in Queensland where some signs (but not road signs) are written in Japannees or Chinees, due to the large number of tourists. Some warning signs at beaches are written in several foreign languages.
Visitors who do not speak basic English will find communicating with Australians difficult, and should do some advance planning. Some tour companies specialise in offering package deals for Australian tours complete with language guides.
Fewer than 150 Aboriginal languages are still in daily use, spoken by as little as 42,300 people, particularly those living in rural outback communities, and those in the Torres Strait Islands. There are initiatives to revive the languages within Australia's large Aboriginal community, however given the significant differences between the languages (many can't be proven to relate to one another) that continues to prove a challenge. Learning an Aboriginal language will be useful only in specific local areas. Almost all Aboriginal people speak English as well, although residents of some remote communities may not be fluent in the language.
The standard sign language is Auslan (standing for Australian Sign Language). When a sign interpreter is present for a public event, he or she will use Auslan. Users of British and New Zealand Sign Languages will be able to understand much, though not all, of the language. Auslan and NZSL are largely derived from BSL, and all three languages use the same two-handed manual alphabet. Users of sign languages that have different origins (such as the French Sign Language family, which also includes American and Irish Sign Languages) will not be able to understand Auslan.
Gaan in
Toelatingsvereistes
All visitors - apart from citizens of New Zealand - require a visum in advance of travel.
If you are visiting for a holiday of less than 90 days, there are three types of visas you may apply for, depending on your nationality.
- Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) subclass 601 is available on-line to nationals of Brunei, Canada, Hong Kong (SAR or BN(O)), Japan, Maleisië, Singapore, Suid-Korea (ROK) and the United States. In addition, citizens of Taiwan are also eligible for an ETA, but must apply through an approved Taiwanese travel agent, or by e-mail through the relevant Australian diplomatic mission if living abroad. A service fee of $20 applies. This fee can sometimes be avoided if you obtain your ETA through a travel agent when booking your travel with them. Some online agents may also sell ETAs.
- eVisitor (subclass 651) for citizens of the Europese Unie, Norway, Iceland, Switzerland, the United Kingdom (British Citizens only, other types of British nationality not eligible) and a few European microstates. These visas are free, but otherwise effectively identical to the ETA. You must apply on-line.
- Visitor Visa (subclass 600). Passport holders of 55 countries, including all the ETA and eVisitor eligible countries and Argentina, Bahrein, Brazil, Chile, Koeweit, Maledive, Oman, Katar, Saudi Arabia en die UAE can make applications online. Other nationalities must apply using the paper form, and may need to visit an embassy or visa processing centre.
- Like the ETA and eVisitor, a Visitor 600 is by default issued for a three month stay. Unlike the other options however, a 600 visa kan be issued for a longer stay of up to one year. For more than a three month stay, you will likely be asked for supporting documentation about the reason for your visit and your ties to your country of origin and may need to attend an interview. Depending on your nationality, the embassy or visa processing centre may also require you to have an Australian sponsor before issuing the visa. The fee is $140. ETAs and eVisitors are valid for multiple entries within a 12-month period. If you're eligible for either, it may be easier to stay the three months you're allowed, go to New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand or some other country reachable by a low cost airline for a few days and come back - restarting the 90-day clock. Doing this more than once, however, may cause immigration authorities to become suspicious, so proceed with caution if you pursue this route.
- There is a special arrangement for parents of Australians, including Australian permanent residents. The 600 visa can be valid for 18 months, three years, or five years and allow a maximum stay of 12 months during an 18-month period, depending on the circumstances.
In most cases, ETAs and eVisitors are approved instantly and the visa will be issued and available for use immediately. If further enquiries are needed you may be asked to return to the application system later to see if you've been approved. Over 90% are processed the same day. In the worst-case scenario your application can be diverted for manual checks that can take months. if you have a complex national history, or any criminal record (including minor offences) you should allow plenty of time for the application.
If you are visiting Australia to work, study or for medical treatment, check to make sure you have the right kind of visa, as a tourist visa may not be sufficient. Breaching the conditions or planning to breach the conditions of your visa will result in visa cancellation, deportation, and/or a period of exclusion.
For all tourist visa classes you must be able to demonstrate your ability to support yourself financially for the time you intend to spend in Australia and meet character requirements. If you have a criminal conviction, contact an Australian Embassy or visa processing centre before applying or making travel arrangements.
New Zealand citizens may travel to Australia without a pre-arranged visa. They may apply for a Special Category New Zealand Citizen visa (subclass 444) when they arrive and it will be granted on the spot if they have no criminal conviction or tuberculosis. This visa allows them to live, work and study in Australia for as long as they like. New Zealand citizens with criminal convictions or tuberculosis may be denied this visa and should seek advice from an Australian diplomatic mission before travel. Non-citizen permanent residents of New Zealand are not eligible for this visa and should apply for a visa based on the passport they hold.
Inorganic powder limitation Passengers on transit through Australia are prohibited to carry more than 350 ml or 350 grams of inorganic powder into aircraft's cabins. |
If you are transiting through Australia, remain airside for a maximum of 8 hours, have a confirmed onward booking, have the correct entry documentation for the onward destination and are a citizen of New Zealand, the Europese Unie, Andorra, Argentina, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fidji, Iceland, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Maleisië, Mexico, Monaco, Nauru, Norway, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, South Africa, the Republic of Marshall Islands, Samoa, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Suid-Korea (ROK), Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom (regardless of nationality status), the United States, Vanuatu or Vatikaanstad, you do not need to apply for any advance visa. All other passengers who transit through Australia must apply for a free-of-charge Transit Visa (subclass 771) before travel.
At selected airports, visitors who are citizens of Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, the United Kingdom en die United States may make use of the SmartGate for automated immigration clearance when entering Australia. Being able to use SmartGate does not exempt you from visa requirements.
Customs and quarantine
Australia has strict quarantine requirements regarding importing animal and plant derived products (any food, wooden products, seeds, etc.) You must declare all such material, even if the items are permitted. Baggage is frequently scanned and may be examined by dogs. You may be fined $220 on-the-spot if you accidentally fail to declare, or even prosecuted in serious cases. Declared material will be examined and, depending on the circumstances, may be retained, disposed of, returned to you, or treated by quarantine at your expense. (You may have to pick the item up at a later time.) Processed and sealed chocolates and other confectionery are usually permitted after being declared and examined, as are reasonable quantities of infant formula with an accompanying infant. Different rules apply depending on the origin country of foods, and the state in which you are entering Australia. Check with the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources for more details.
Travellers who are 18 years old or older are allowed to bring up to 2.25 litres of alcoholic beverages and up to 25 cigarettes or 25 grams of other tobacco products (including cigars) into Australia duty-free. These items may not be imported by anybody under the age of 18, and travellers who exceed their duty free allowance are liable to tax on all goods of that category, not just the amount in excess of the limit.
Some shells, coral and items made from a protected species are also prohibited to discourage the trade in items that may originate from a threatened ecosystem or species.
While there are no restrictions on the amount of geld that can be brought in or out, Australian customs also requires you to declare if you are travelling with $10,000 or more (AUD or its equivalent in foreign currency) and you will be asked to complete some paperwork. Not declaring may expose you to a fine, possible seizure of the cash, or in the worst case even arrest.
Met die vliegtuig
Australia is a long way from anywhere else in the world, so for most visitors the only practical way of getting into Australia is by air.
Australia's major points of entry, in decreasing order of importance, are the airports in Sydney (SYD IATA), Melbourne (MEL IATA), Brisbane (BNE IATA) and Perth (PER IATA). There are also limited international services into Adelaide, Cairns, Canberra, Darwin and the Gold Coast.
Sydney is a 3-hour flight from Auckland, New Zealand, a 7-11 hour flight from many countries in Asia, a 14-hour flight from the west of the United States and Canada, a 14-hour flight from Johannesburg, a 13-16 hour flight from Suid-Amerika, and up to a 24-hour flight from western Europa (including a stopover). On account of long journey times from some destinations, most travellers from Europe must have a stop-over, commonly in Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai, Doha, Bangkok or Kuala Lumpur. Since March 2018, Qantas operates a nonstop flight from Londen Heathrow to Perth taking "only" 17 hours — the first ever regular nonstop route between Europe and Australia, and plans to start a flight from Brisbane to Chicago in April 2020. Qantas also has plans to introduce more ambitious non-stop routes from Sydney to London and New York later.
If you have to change to a domestic flight in a gateway city, Sydney, Brisbane and Perth all have separate domestic terminals, requiring some time and complexity to transit: check the guides. Melbourne, Adelaide, Darwin, Cairns and the Gold Coast all have gates in the een terminal building or within easy walking distance of each other.
Australia's national carrier is Qantas, which together with its low-cost subsidiary Jetstar operate many flights into Australia from all 6 inhabited continents of the world. Maagd-Australië flies several routes from North America, south-east Asia and the Pacific islands into Australia. For those coming from Europe, Singapore Airlines and Hong Kong's Cathay Pacific make good alternatives to Qantas, British Airways or the Gulf airlines for flights into Australia. Some routes into Australia are operated by discount airlines such as AirAsia X, AirAsia Indonesia, Scoot and Jetstar Airways.
Privaat lugvaart
Private aviation companies such as Australia Jet Charter en JetCorpAustralia offer direct private flights year-round using a variety of aircraft. Popular airports for charter jets include Sydney Bankstown Airport, Gold Coast Airport, and Melbourne Essendon Airport.
By boat
Cruise ships are available mostly in the November to February cruising season, and there are usually about 10 ships that arrive in Australia from other countries during this time. You can cruise to Australia, and then fly home. Holland America Line, Princess Cruises and Royal Caribbean all offer cruises to Australia across the Pacific.
You may sail to Australia in your own yacht, just make sure you submit the right paperwork to Border Force, and arrive at an approved port of entry.
There are no international ferry services operating.
By overland transport
There was a time when a couple of tour operators offered overland trips from London to Sydney, with only a short hop by air from South East Asia to North Western Australia while the bus went by barge. The only such tour operator is Madventure which runs 4 different routes: 26 weeks through Iran, Pakistan, and India; 26 weeks through the Caucasus & Central Asia; 64 weeks around Africa, the Middle East, & South Asia; and 64 weeks through Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, & Central Asia.
For those determined to travel overland as much as possible from Europe, you can travel independently to Singapore from Europe by train and/or bus on scheduled services, and fly from there to Perth (3,500 flight kilometres). For the truly determined overland traveller, you can get a ferry from Singapore to Indonesia and make your way across to Bali, where you can fly to Darwin (2,000 flight kilometres). For the intrepid, ferries to West Timor, a bus to Dili and a flight to Darwin will mean only 700 km in the air.
Travel to Darwin by cargo ship/ barge by ANL and Swire (the only two routine cargo haulers between Dili and Darwin) is not permitted (June 2016). For determined travellers, you may be able to obtain passage from Singapore by freighter vessel, organized through a travel agent.
Kry rond
Australia is huge but sparsely populated over much of its area, and you can sometimes travel many hours before finding the next trace of civilisation, especially once you leave the south-eastern coastal fringe.
Almost all modern Australian maps, including street directories, use the Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) as their grid reference, which is for all purposes identical to the WGS84 used by the GPS. You can locate most things on an Australian map or street directory if you just have the "GPS coordinates".
Quarantine
There are restrictions on carrying fruit and vegetables (including honey) between states and even between regions of states that are involved in fruit growing. If you are driving long distances or interstate, or flying between states, don't stock up on fruits and vegetables.
Met die motor
- See also: Ry in Australië
Australia has a generally well-maintained system of roads and highways, and cars are a commonly used method of transport. All the mainland state capitals are linked to each other by sealed highways. Some parts are dual carriageway but many sections are one lane each way with occasional overtaking lanes around every 5-20 km depending on the state. Roads linking minor centres (or what can look like short-cuts on the map) can be narrow or gravel roads.
Major hazards on Australian roads are wildlife and large trucks. Be sure to take extra care when driving at dusk or in the dark, as the risk of animal collisions increases significantly. Major regional areas have sealed (paved) dual-lane roads, but isolated areas may have poorly maintained dirt roads or even tracks. Distances and speeds are specified in kilometres and fuel is sold by the litre. There are no tolls on roads or bridges outside of the urban areas of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. While public transport is usable in the cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth, a car is handy, sometimes even essential, to get around anywhere else.
Australia drives on the left. Overseas visitors who are used to driving on the right should take care when they first drive, and again when they are driving on country roads with little traffic.
Generally, overseas licenses are valid for driving in Australia for three months after arrival. If the licence is not in English, an International Driving Permit (IDP) is required in addition to your licence. Licensing regulations and road rules vary slightly from state to state.
Australia's low population density and large size makes for long driving times between major centres.
The maximum speed limit on most rural Australian roads is 100 km/h. Sometimes this is increased to 110 km/h especially in WA, NT and NSW. Average speed is seldom above 80 km/h due to the poor road conditions and limited overtaking opportunities. On some national highways that traverse mountain ranges and travel through small towns, even averaging 60 km/h can be a challenge.
While major highways are well serviced, anyone leaving sealed (paved) roads in inland Australia should take advice from local authorities, check weather and road conditions, and carry sufficient spare fuel, spare parts, spare tyres, matches, food and water. Some remote roads might see one car per month or less.
Cellular coverage is non-existent outside of national highways and towns and you should take some precautions in case of emergency.
Heat and dehydration at any time of year can kill you. If stranded, stay with your vehicle and do what you can to improve your visibility from the air. Do not take this advice lightly; even local people die out there when their car breaks down and they are not reported missing. If you do have to abandon your car (say you break down and then get a lift), call in quickly to the local police station, to avoid the embarrassment and cost of a search being started for you.
Motorhuur
Major cities around Australia have multiple outlets providing a wide range of rental vehicles from major international rental companies. In smaller towns car rental can be difficult to find. One-way fees often apply from smaller regional outlets.
Smaller cars you can hire can be manual (stick-shift), whereas anything larger will mostly be automatic.
If you do not hold an Australian driving licence, some rental vehicle companies will require you to take a free driver knowledge test, aimed at tourists, that covers the basic road rules, or will take you on a short drive to assess whether you are competent behind the wheel.
Campervans
A campervan is a vehicle, usually a minivan, converted into a motorhome (recreational vehicle), most often catering to the vast number of young European and American backpackers traversing the country. The East Coast from Sydney to Cairns is especially abundant with happy, hungover youths travelling around in these vehicles. Ry in Australië has more information on renting or buying a campervan.
Met die taxi
Larger towns and cities have taxi services. Uber, DiDi and Ola are available in major cities. There are several smartphone taxi booking applications such as myDriver, GoCatch that make finding a licensed taxi simple.
Outside of cities, towns may have a limited taxi service. Maybe one or two drivers who may be part time. Smaller or remote towns may have no service at all.
When travelling alone, it is customary for a passenger to sit in the front passenger seat, next to the driver, rather than in the back. However, if you prefer to sit in the back then it isn't really a problem.
Met die vliegtuig
Due to the large distances involved, flying is a well-patronised form of travel in Australia. Services along the main business travel corridor (Melbourne-Sydney-Brisbane) are run almost like a bus service, with flights leaving every 15 minutes during the day.
The best fares are almost always available on the most competitive routes, whereas routes to remote destinations with fewer flights tend to be more expensive. Qantas actually do often offer competitive prices, so don't ignore that option just because they are the national carrier. There are only a handful of main airlines in Australia, so it won't take long to compare their prices on domestic routes:
- Qantas, the full-service national carrier, flying to major cities and some larger regional towns;
- Maagd-Australië, a nationwide full-service airline, flying to major cities and a few larger regional towns;
- Jetstar, Qantas's discount arm with limited service and assigned seating.
Several airlines service regional destinations. Expect discounts on these airlines to be harder to come by, and for standard airfares to be above what you would pay for the same distance between major centres.
- Qantaslink, the regional arm of Qantas, covering the smaller cities in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia;
- Regional Express, covering larger towns & cities on the eastern seaboard and in country South Australia;
- Skywest, covering regional Western Australia, Bali and Darwin;
- Airnorth, covering the Northern Territory;
- Skytrans Airlines, covering regional Queensland.
- Sharp Airlines, covering several regional towns in Victoria and South Australia.
Charters
- See also: Algemene lugvaart
Scheduled aviation only flies to a handful of the thousands of airports around Australia. There are numerous options to charter aircraft that may take you direct to smaller country towns or even offshore islands. The costs can be comparable to scheduled airlines if there are 3 or more people flying in a group. The Australian Private Pilots Licence permits private pilots to carry passengers and to recover the cost of the plane hire and fuel from passengers, but not to advertise for passengers or fly commercially. That said, if you check the web pages of local flying clubs, there are always private pilots willing to fly on a fine weekend if someone is willing to put in for the cost of the plane and fuel.
Met die trein
Visitors from areas with well-developed long distance rail systems such as Europe and Japan may be surprised by the lack of high-speed, inter-city rail services in Australia. A historical lack of cooperation between the states, combined with sheer distances and a relatively small population to service, have left Australia with a national rail network that is relatively slow and used mainly for freight. Nevertheless, train travel between cities can be very scenic and present opportunities to see new aspects of the country, and can be a cost-effective way to get to regional towns and cities, which tend to have more expensive flights than those between the state capitals.
The long-distance rail services that do exist are mainly used to link regional townships with the state capital, such as Bendigo to Melbourne, or Cairns to Brisbane. In Queensland, a tilting train operates from Brisbane to Rockhampton and Brisbane to Cairns (Spirit of Queensland). Queensland also has passenger services to inland centres including Longreach (The Spirit of the Outback), Mount Isa (The Inlander), Charleville (The Westlander) and Forsayth (The Savannahlander). There are also inter-city train services operated by Great Southern Railways on the Melbourne-Adelaide (Die Overland), Sydney-Adelaide-Perth (Indian Pacific) and Adelaide-Alice Springs-Darwin (The Ghan). However, these are not "high-speed" services and actually cost more than flying, so if you do not enjoy train travel as part of your holiday then this is probably not for you.
Tasmania has no passenger rail services. The Northern Territory has the rail line linking Darwin to Adelaide through Alice Springs only, and the Australian Capital Territory has a single railway station close to the centre of Canberra.
Long distance train operators
- Great Southern Railways - A private train operator running luxury tourist train services, The Ghan, The Indian Pacific and The Overland between Sydney, Broken Hill, Adelaide, Alice Springs, Darwin, Perth and Melbourne.
- NSW Trainlink Regional - Links Sydney to Melbourne, Brisbane and Canberra, and regional connections to most New South Wales towns, including Dubbo, Coffs Harbour, en Wagga Wagga.
- V / lyn - Train & coach services in Victoria, including combined Train and Coach services between Melbourne and Adelaide, Melbourne and Canberra.
- Queensland Rail - Long distance passenger train services in Queensland, including its flagship Spirit of Queensland service between Brisbane and Cairns.
- The Savannahlander - A privately-run train service that links Cairns with the outback town of Forsayth, using old heritage trains, and providing overnight accommodation and tours on the way.
- TransWA - State government run, operating train services to Kalgoorlie en Bunbury. TransWA also operates coach services to much of the state where former rail services operated in the past, especially the South West of the state.
Rail passes
No rail pass includes all train travel throughout Australia. However, if you are a train buff that intends travelling extensively by rail, there are some passes that may save you money. Plan your trip carefully before investing in a rail pass. Country train services are infrequent and can arrive at regional destinations at unsociable hours.
- Discovery Pass. Use any NSW Trainlink services (trains and coaches). Get anywhere in NSW, and north to Brisbane and south to Melbourne.
- Queensland Rail Coastal Pass and Queensland Rail Explorer Pass.
Local public transport
Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Wollongong en Newcastle have train and bus services integrated into the city public transport, with trams also running in Melbourne, Adelaide, and Sydney, and ferries in Sydney, Brisbane and Perth. The remaining capital cities have bus services only. See those city guides articles for public transport details.
Some regional cities and towns have local bus services, but see the destination guides for service information, as frequency can be poor and weekend and evening services non-existent.
By motorail
Australia had a tradition of motorail, allowing you to carry carry your car with you on special car carriages attached to the back of the train. This service is now only available on Great Southern Railways between Adelaide, Perth, and Darwin. You cannot remove your car at any of the intermediate stations.
Met die bus
Bus travel in Australia is cheap and convenient, although the distances involved for interstate connections are daunting. Greyhound has the largest bus route network. There are no bus services from the other capital cities to Perth.
- Firefly Express, ☏1300 730 740 (local rate), 61 3 8318 0318 (international callers), ✉[email protected]. Firefly Express has services connecting Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney.
- Greyhound, ☏1300 473 946 (local rate), ✉[email protected]. Greyhound travels to over 1100 destinations in Australia daily every day of the year. It has a variety of ticketing options allow you to travel at your own pace, hopping on and off as many times as your ticket allows.
- Murrays, ☏ 61 13 22 51, ✉[email protected]. Murrays has services connecting Canberra with Sydney, the NSW South Coast en snowfields.
By boat
Sydney, Brisbane, and Perth have ferries as part of their public transport system. Some smaller roads in the regional areas still have punts to carry cars across rivers and canals. The islands of the Barrier Reef have some scheduled services, and there are a few cruises that cross the top of Australia as well.
However, large inter city ferry services are not common.
- The Spirit of Tasmania. The only long distance ferry route connects Tasmania to the mainland and carries cars and passengers on the route across Bass Strait daily between Melbourne and Devonport.
- Sealink connects Kangaroo Island, Australia's second largest southern island to mainland South Australia with regular car ferries.
- Sea SA offers an short cut across the Spencer Gulf between Adelaide (Wallaroo) and the Lucky Bay on the Eyre Peninsula. The service has been suspended frequently, but is operating as of Dec 2018.
Deur duim
It is legal to hitch hike in some states in Australia, so long as certain guidelines are followed. However, it is less commonly done than in neighbouring New Zealand. In Australia hitch hiking is often frowned upon by locals and police, especially in metropolitan areas.
Hitch hiking is illegal in Victoria and Queensland. It is also illegal to stand on the verge or walk along freeways (often called "motorways" in New South Wales and Queensland) in all states (effectively making hitch hiking illegal in many practical places, in all states).
If forced to hitch hike due to an emergency you may find a motorist willing to take you to the nearest town to obtain help. (Many major inter-city highways and freeways have emergency telephone units to request help.)
It is common to see a tourist hitching in rural areas. The best time to hitch hike is early morning. The best location is near, but not on, the main exit from the town you are in.
By bicycle
Cycling the long distances between towns in Australia is not common, and most long distance highways in Australia have poorly developed facilities for cyclists. for example, to cycle between Sydney and Brisbane you would have to allow 2–3 weeks with around 80–100 km per day.
Intrepid travellers do manage to cover the longer distances by bicycle, and have a different experience of Australia. Long distance cyclists can be encountered on the Nullarbor and other isolated highways.
In some states, former railway lines have been changed into rail trails. Rail Trail Australia website has good material of routes off the main highways, with the Murray to the Mountains Train being the best quality trail with the most to see and do along the route. In Western Australia long distance cycle trails have been developed for mountain bikers. The Munda Biddi trail is many days through bushland, with huts provided for camping along the route.
Wherever you cycle - if you leave the urban sprawl of the capital cities, careful planning is required to ensure the correct supplies are carried.
Hiking
Walking through some parts of Australia is the only way to experience some particular landscapes. In Tasmania the Central Highland Overland Track and the South Coast Track are good examples of walking/hiking holiday to do items. The Bicentennial National Trail is one of the longest trails in the world, stretching from Cooktown in Northern Queensland, to Healesville.
Sien
Wildlife
- See also: Australasian wildlife
Australian flora and fauna is unique to the island continent, the result of having been isolated from the rest of the world for millions of years. Amongst Australian animals are a large group of marsupials (mammals with a pouch) and monotremes (mammals that lay eggs). Just some of the animal icons of Australia are the kangaroo (national symbol) and the koala. A visit to Australia would not be complete without taking the chance to see some of these animals in their natural environment.
Wildlife parks and zoos
- Wildlife parks and zoos are in every state capital city, but also check out the animal parks if you are passing through smaller towns, like Mildura or Mogo, or staying on Hamilton-eiland. See the Warrawong Fauna Sanctuary if you are in South Australia, or visit the koalas with best view in the world, at Taronga Zoo in Sydney.
In the wild
- Kangaroos en wallabies are in national parks all around Australia. You won't see any kangaroos hopping down the street in Central Sydney, but they're common on the outskirts of most urban areas.
- Wombats en echidnas are also common, but harder to find due to their camouflage and tunnelling. See lots of echidnas on Kangaroo Island.
- Koalas are present in forests around Australia, but are notoriously very hard to spot, and walking around looking upwards into the boughs of trees will usually send you sprawling over a tree root. Best seen during the day, there is a thriving and friendly population on Raymond Island near Paynesville in Victoria. You have a good chance on Otway Coast, on the Groot Oseaanweg, or even in the National Park walk near Noosa on the Sunshine Coast.
- Emus are more common in central Australia. You will certainly see some if you venture into the outback national park at Currawinya
- Platypus are found in reedy, flowing creeks with soft river banks in Victoria, Southern New South Wales, and the very southern region of Queensland - seen at dusk and dawn - you have to have a bit of luck to see one. Try the platypus reserves in Bombala or Delegate in New South Wales, or in Emu Creek at Skipton just out of Ballarat.
Convict sites
Much of Australia's modern history was as a penal colony for convicts from the United Kingdom, and there are many historical sites that still stand as a reminder of the days of convict transportation. Perhaps the most famous of these sites are Port Arthur in Tasmania and Fremantle Prison in Fremantle, located near Perth, Wes-Australië. There are also many other sites scattered throughout the country.
Landmerke
Australia has many landmarks, famous the world over. Van Uluru in the red centre, to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Opera House in Sydney.
Small Australian towns have a tradition of making big sculptures as landmarks. Sien Big things in Australia.
Australia has thousands of heritage-registered sites, with 20 
UNESCO Wêrelderfenisgebiede.
Sport
Sport is an integral part of the Australian culture from the capital cities to country towns. As a testament to this, Australia has a track record of being one of the best performing teams at the Olympics despite its relatively small population. The majority of games are played over the weekend period (from Friday night to Monday night). Australian sports fans are generally well behaved, and it is not uncommon for fans of two opposing teams to sit together during a match, even if the teams are bitter rivals. While the cheering can get really passionate, actual crowd violence is extremely rare.
Sokker The term "football" can be ambiguous in Australia, and differs in meaning depending on where you are and who you are talking to. However, the term on its own is almost never used to refer to association football, which is known as "soccer" in Australia. In general, "football", or the slang term "footy", refers to rugby league in the states of Queensland and New South Wales, while it refers to Australian rules football anywhere else in Australia. |
- In the winter in Victoria Australiese reëlsvoetbal (Aussie Rules, or in some areas just "footy") is more than just a sport, it is a way of life. Catch a game at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Although originating from and most popular in the state of Victoria, the premier national competition, known as the Australian Football League (AFL), has teams from Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, and the Gold Coast as well. Die AFL Grand Final, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground either in late September or early October each year, is the most watched event on the Australian sporting calendar. The AFL now runs a women's league, known as AFL Women's, during the summer. While obviously not as popular as the men's game, it still enjoys a decent following. The next women's season in 2020 will feature 14 teams from all of the current men's AFL markets.
- In summer, international cricket is played between Australia and at least two touring sides. The games rotate around all the capital cities. To experience the traditional game catch the New Year's test match at the Sydney cricket ground played for 5 days starting from the 2nd of January, or the Boxing Day Test match in Melbourne. Or for a more lively entertaining form, that only takes a few hours, try a twenty-twenty match. The final form is "One Day" Cricket, international matches generally start at 13:00 and finish at 22:00 or 23:00 (a "Day-Nighter"), with most domestic and occasional international matches played from 11:00 to 18:00. Die Australia Day One Day International is held in Adelaide every 26 January. The Ashes is a series of five test matches played between the Australian and English national teams. It is held in Australia every three or four years, and is one of the highlights of the cricket calendar. Whenever Australia hosts the series, the five matches are held in the five largest cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.
- Die Australian Open, een van die tennis Grand Slams, is played annually at Melbourne Park, including the main stadium of Rod Laver Arena, naby die Melbourne middestad. Or the Medibank International in Sydney Olympic Park in January.
.
- Catch a rugby-unie Super Rugby game, with teams playing from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina and Japan in Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney during late Summer/Autumn. The Australian national team, the Wallabies, also host international teams during winter, including New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina for The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri Nations tournament).
- Rugby League is a winter game played mainly in New South Wales and Queensland, with the National Rugby League (NRL) competition being the premier competition. Teams include Melbourne in Victoria, Brisbane, North Queensland and the Gold Coast in Queensland, a team from New Zealand, with the rest of the teams coming from suburban areas in Sydney, and some in regional areas of New South Wales such as Newcastle and Canberra. The competition culminates in the NRL Grand Final, which is held every year in the Stadium Australia in Sydney. The biggest event in the rugby league calendar of Australia is the State of Origin series between teams representing the states of New South Wales and Queensland, which consists of an annual series of three matches of which two are are played in Sydney and Brisbane, and the third is played in either of those cities or sometimes, Melbourne or Perth. Many fans consider the level of play in the State of Origin series to be even higher than that in the Rugby League World Cup.
- Netball is Australia's largest female sport, and there are weekly games in the domestic Super Netball league (which replaced a previous transnational league that also included New Zealand sides). The Australian national team is arguably the strongest in the world, with England, New Zealand and Jamaica usually posing the biggest challenge to Australian dominance.
- Soccer is a growing sport that is aspiring to reach European levels. Many immigrants and second-generation Australians hail from European countries where passion for the sport is very high. The Australia national team (the Socceroos) won the Asia Cup for the first time in 2015 and have raised the sport's profile significantly. There is a national A-League, which is a fully professional league involving teams from Australia and one from New Zealand, with games played weekly during the summer. Most cities have a semi-professional "state league" played during winter, with most clubs being built around a specific ethnic/migrant community, for example a Newcastle league side Broadmeadow Magic, which was built around the cities' Macedonian population. While women's soccer is less popular as a spectator sport, it enjoys a decent following, with the national team (the Matildas) regularly participating in the World Cup. The women's counterpart to the A-League is the W-League.
- F1 Grand Prix The Melbourne Grand Prix in March takes place on a street circuit around Albert Park Lake, only a few kilometres south of central Melbourne. It is used annually as a racetrack for the Australian Grand Prix and associated support races.
- Die Superkar-kampioenskap is 'n gewilde motorwedrenwedstryd wat uniek is aan Australië met kragtige motors, wat vergelykbaar is met NASCAR-wedrenne in die Verenigde State, maar in teenstelling met NASCAR, wat amper uitsluitlik op ovale bane jaag, gebruik die Supercars-reeks padbane en straatbane. Daar word regdeur die land geleenthede gehou tussen Maart en begin Desember. Die beroemde Bathurst 1000 word tradisioneel in Oktober gehou.
- Perderesies is Australië se derde gewildste toeskouersport na die Australiese sokker- en rugbyliga, en wedrenne word gereeld in al die hoofstede van Australië gehou. Die eerste byeenkoms in Australië se perdewedrenkalender is die jaarlikse Melbourne Beker, wat ook onder die gesogste renne ter wêreld tel.
- Windhond resiesAlhoewel dit minder gewild is as perdewedrenne, het dit ook 'n belangrike aanhang in Australië, wat die wêreld se grootste windhondrenne-industrie het. Windhond-renbane is in al die hoofstede van Australië en in baie klein dorpies regoor die land te vinde.
Reisroetes
- Gibbrivierweg
- Grand Pacific Drive - 'n Skouspelagtige oseaanrit aan die NSW-Suidkus.
- Gunbarrel Highway
- Oodnadatta-baan
- Stuart snelweg: kruis Australië noord-suid
- Militêre museums en terreine in Australië
Doen
Swem
- in die branders. Australië het skynbaar eindelose sandstrande. Volg die skares na die wêreldbekende Bondi-strand in Sydney, of Surfers Paradise aan die Goudkus. Of vind u 'n entjie vir u (maar pasop vir gevaarlike skeure op strande, dit is aansienlik veiliger om 'n gepatrolleerde strand te vind). Die branders is kleiner en warmer in die Tropiese Noorde, waar die rif die deining breek, en groter en kouer in die suide met golwe wat vanuit die Suidelike Oseaan inrol. (En ja, in die middel is dit net reg).
- in kalm tropiese oseane. Kabelstrand in Broome word daagliks ongerep deur die gety gevee, het perfekte sand en warm water - gaan in die winter.
- in termiese swembaddens. Suid van Darwin is daar baie natuurlike termiese swembaddens soos Berry Springs en Mataranka, omring deur palms en tropiese blare. Die duurste oord ter wêreld kon nie droom om 'n swembad so goed te maak nie.
- in varswatermere. Binnelandse Australië is gewoonlik droog, maar daar is varswatermere waar u dit die minste sou verwag. Verken die binneland van Cairns by die Atherton Tablelands, of gaan uit na die Currawinya Nasionale Park. Pasop vir krokodille.
- in riviere. As dit warm is en daar water is, sal daar 'n plek wees om te swem. Waar u ook al is, vra net die gunsteling swemplek met 'n watergat en tou om op te swaai. Pasop vir krokodille.
- in mensgemaakte poele. Die plaaslike swembad is dikwels die middelpunt van die gemeenskapslewe op 'n somersondag in die plattelandse dorpe Nieu-Suid-Wallis en Victoria. Baie van die strandvoorstede van Sydney en Newcastle het rots- / betonpoele wat 'bad' genoem word, waar u langs die seestrande kan swem.
- op die strand! Vind u plek by die water en klim uit die handdoek. Tropiese noorde in die winter, in die suide in die somer. Soos altyd in Australië, moet u uself teen die son beskerm.
Boswandel
Bushwalking is 'n gewilde Australiese aktiwiteit. U kan boswandel in die vele nasionale parke en reënwoude.
Duik
- Snorkel neem 'n reis na die Groot Koraalrif aan die kus van Queensland, of die Ningaloo rif aan die kus van Wes-Australië. Of maak 'n draai by Julian Byronbaai, of duik net van die strand af om die tropiese visse in te sien Bundaberg.
- Skubaduik
Sport
- Gholf
- Rotsklim
- Bergfietsry. Probeer die roetes in die Sneeubergte of swart berg in Canberra, of fiets dae lank langs die Munda Biddi-bergfietsroete in Wes-Australië.
- Perdry. Die perd het 'n ryk tradisie in die nedersetting Australië sedert die eerste Europese setlaars se aankoms. Die vertroue op die perd om die groot afstande en moeilike omgewings van Australië te reis, was die grondslag van 'n sterk en blywende verhouding tussen Australiërs en hul perde. Vandag bevat perdry in Australië baie ontspannings- en beroepsaktiwiteite, van veemonsters op groot stasies tot die multimiljoen-dollar-resiesbedryf. Aan die buitewyke van dorpe en stede en in die plattelandse landskap, sien u die vele poniestoepe en baie geliefde perde wat getuig van die voortdurende passie en toewyding wat Australiese perde-eienaars het vir hul perde en die genot wat hulle meebring.
Ski
- Ski. Nieu-Suid-Wallis en Victoria het goed ontwikkelde ski-fasiliteite. Tasmanië kan ook 'n paar maande van die jaar ski, gegewe die regte weer.
Surf
- Branderplankry. As u dink dat Australië die mees onbevolkte en afgeleë plek op aarde is waarheen u kan gaan om enige spoor van menslike kontak te ontsnap, vind u net 'n goeie branderplank-weg in die mees afgeleë hoek van Australië, en u sal gewaarborg word dat iemand dit vind. Australiërs hou van branderplankry en oral waar daar branders is, is daar Aussie-branderplankryers, enige tyd en onder enige omstandighede. Feitlik elke kuslyn, behalwe aan die bopunt van Cairns tot by Karatha, het branders en branders daar om te ry.
Opwindende aktiwiteite
- Lugduikregoor Australië
- Warmlugballonne, in Canberra, Brisbane of in die Rooi Sentrum.
- Vlieër branderry en seilplankry in en om Geraldton, Wes-Australië en by Kroningsstrand, die hoof- en vlieërsurf-hoofstad van Australië
Waagstuk
Daar is gesê dat as daar twee vlieë teen 'n muur kruip, u net moet rondkyk om die Aussie te vind wat 'n boek gaan bestuur.
- Casino's. Crown Casino in Melbourne is die grootste van Australië, geleë in Southbank, maar daar is ander verspreid in elke hoofstad en in Cairns, Launceston, Alice Springs, die Goudkus en Townsville.
- Dag by die resies. Alle hoofstede het elke naweek perdewedrenne, met wedrenne op die baan en buite die baan beskikbaar. Dit is gewoonlik gesinsgeleenthede, en mode en siening is deel van die geleentheid. Byna elke kroeg in Nieu-Suid-Wallis het 'n oortjie waar jy 'n weddenskap kan plaas sonder om jou stoel by die kroeg te laat. Windhond jaag en draf gebeur saans, gewoonlik met kleiner skares, meer bier en minder mode. Kleiner plattelandse dorpe het elke paar maande of selfs jaarliks rasbyeenkomste. Dit is ware gebeure vir die plaaslike gemeenskappe, en die kleiner dorpe word lewendig. Gaan outback na die Birdsville wedrenne, of as u die strate verlate vind, is dit waarskynlik tien oor drie op die eerste Dinsdag in November (die hardloop van die Melbourne-beker).
- Die ongewone. Akkediswedrenne, rietpadrenne, kameelwedrenne, krapresies. Om op hierdie resies te wedden, is heeltemal onwettig, en u vind die TIB (heeltemal onwettige weddery) aan die agterkant van die skuur.
- Twee op. As u op die Anzac-dag (25 April) is, sal daar op u plaaslike RSL-klub, waar u ook al is, gewed word op muntstukke wat in die lug gegooi word.
- Australië het byna 'n kwart van al die slotmasjiene (plaaslik bekend as "pokies" of "pokermasjiene") in die wêreld, en meer as die helfte hiervan is in Nieu-Suid-Wallis, waar die meeste kroeë en klubs spelkamers het (om wetlike redes "VIP-sitkamers" aangedui). "het 'n klap" en kies die funksie.
- As niks hiervan aanklank vind nie, en u net te veel geld in u sak het, elke dorp en voorstad in Australië het 'n TAB. Kies u sport, kies 'n wenner en gee u geld aan die toonbank oor.
Dobbelary is onwettig vir jonger as 18 jaar. Dit kan dikwels toegang tot dele van kroeë, klubs en casino's vir kinders beperk.
Koninklike vertonings
Elk van Australië se deelstate en vastelandgebiede is die tuiste van a koninklike vertoning, wat landbouskoue is wat ook vermaakritte en ander vorme van vermaak bied, en dien as Australië se gelykstaande aan staatsbeurse in die Verenigde State. Hierdie skoue word in die onderskeie staats- en gebiedshoofstede gehou, gewoonlik gedurende die lente- of herfsmaande.
Koop
Geld
Wisselkoerse vir Australiese dollars Vanaf 4 Januarie 2021:
Wisselkoerse wissel. Huidige tariewe vir hierdie en ander geldeenhede is beskikbaar by XE.com |
Die Australiese geldeenheid staan bekend as die dollar, aangedui deur die simbool "$"of"A $"(ISO-kode: AUD). Dit is in 100 verdeel sent (¢). In hierdie gids dui die "$" -teken aan Australiese dollar, tensy anders vermeld.
Muntstukke is in denominasies van 5 ¢, 10 ¢, 20 ¢, die 12-kant 50 ¢, $ 1 en die klein $ 2. Die Nieu-Seelandse 5 ¢, 10 ¢ en 20 ¢ munte voor 2006 was feitlik identies aan hul Australiese eweknieë, behalwe vir 'n ander stertkant, so dit is nie ongewoon om dit onder u Australiese verandering teë te kom nie. Aantekeninge is in nominasies van $ 5, $ 10, $ 20, $ 50 en $ 100 (almal in kenmerkende kleure). $ 100-note is skaars en soms moeilik om in winkels te gebruik. Australiese note word eerder op plastiese polimeer as op papier gedruk. As die totaal van 'n transaksie nie 'n veelvoud van 5 sent is nie, sal die bedrag tot die naaste vyf sent afgerond word as u kontant betaal. Die presiese bedrag sal gehef word indien u per kaart betaal.
Die dollar is nie aan enige ander geldeenheid gekoppel nie en word op die buitelandse valutamarkte verhandel, veral deur valutaspekulante. Die wisselkoerswaarde daarvan teenoor ander geldeenhede kan redelik wisselvallig wees en 1-2% veranderinge per dag is redelik gereeld.
Valutawissel
Aangesien die Australiese dollar as 'n belangrike wêreldgeldeenheid beskou word, is dit wyd beskikbaar by geldwisselaars en banke regoor die wêreld.
Geldwisselaars in Australië werk in 'n vrye mark en vra 'n reeks vaste kommissies, persentasiegelde, onbekende fooie wat in die wisselkoers ingebou is, of 'n kombinasie van al drie. U kan afskakelingskoerse vermy deur banke in groot sentrums te gebruik en om van lughawens en toerismesentrums af weg te bly. Die beste en slegste tariewe kom egter van klein klein verkopers, en u kan beslis geld bespaar deur in die winkel te soek. Kry altyd 'n kwotasie voordat u geld verander. U moet gewoonlik foto-identifikasie by u hê, hoewel u wel vrygestel kan wees as u slegs 'n klein bedrag verander.
Toegewyde wisselkoerse is wyd beskikbaar in groot stede, en banke kan ook die meeste nie-beperkte geldeenhede ruil. Hierdie verkooppunte - veral dié op die lughawe - kan 10% vra vir die beste beurs wat u kan koop. Australiese banke bied gewoonlik 'n wisselkoers van ongeveer 2,5% vanaf die huidige middelpunt van die wisselkoers. 'N Vaste kommissie van $ 5-8 kan boonop gehef word. Sommige winkels adverteer kommissie gratis ruil, gewoonlik gepaard met 'n slegter wisselkoers. Moenie aanvaar dat elke bank dieselfde beurs sal aanbied nie. 'N Eenvoudige berekening laat u weet wat die beste prys bied vir die bedrag wat u wil verruil. Daar is geskenkbewyse vir kommissie gratis by American Express beskikbaar in die toeristebrosjure op die Sydney-lughawe.
Internasionale lughawe-terminale het tellermasjiene wat Australiese geldeenhede met Cirrus-, Maestro-, MasterCard- of Visa-kaarte kan afgee.
Bankdienste
Die opening van 'n Australiese bankrekening is redelik eenvoudig as u 'n woonadres in Australië het. U moet bewys lewer van u identiteit, soos 'n paspoort, aan die bank om u aansoek te kan verwerk. Die grootste kleinhandelbanke in Australië is Nasionale Australië Bank (NAB), Australië en Nieu-Seeland Banking Group (ANZ), Statebondbank en Westpac.
Kontantafleweringsmasjiene is in byna elke Australiese stad beskikbaar. Australiese kitsbanke is gedereguleer en kan 'n toeslag oplê oor wat deur u bank of kaartuitreiker gehef word. Die fooie kan wissel tussen instellings en tussen plekke, maar dit beloop gewoonlik ongeveer $ 2. Die kitsbank sal die heffings vertoon en u sal die opsie hê om die transaksie te stop voordat u gehef word. Vra by u bank watter bykomende fooie hulle hef vir onttrekkings in Australië.
Kostes
Valutawaardasies vinnig verander Die Australiese dollar is een van die meer dinamiese geldeenhede ter wêreld, deels vanweë die verhouding met kommoditeitspryse soos yster en steenkool. In die afgelope tien jaar het die 'Aussie' tussen 50 ¢ en $ 1,50 na die Amerikaanse dollar geswaai, wat die besoekskoste wissel van redelik tot baie duur, afhangende van presies waar u daar is. |
Australië is oor die algemeen 'n duur plek om te besoek, en sommige opnames het Australië as die derde duurste land ter wêreld beskou wat verbruikerspryse betref, net agter Noorweë en Switserland.
Dorm-akkommodasie in 'n hoofstad is ongeveer $ 30, maar kan tot $ 15 in Cairns of goedkoper rugsakreisigersentrums kos. 'N Basiese motel in die land of in die voorstede van die hoofstad kos ongeveer $ 100 vir 'n dubbelbed. City centre hotelverblyf in hoofstede kan vir ongeveer $ 150 vir 'n dubbele bedrag verkry word. Formule 1 / Motel 6-stylhotelle (wat nie algemeen voorkom nie) kan ongeveer $ 60-90 vir 'n dubbelbed wees.
Motorhuur kos ongeveer $ 65 per dag. Die dag vir openbare vervoer is afhanklik van die stad van $ 10-20 per dag.
'N Kafee-ete kos ongeveer $ 10-15, en 'n hoofgereg in 'n restaurant beloop ongeveer $ 17.
'N Basiese wegneem-ete - 'n burger, fyn toebroodjie of 'n paar snye pizza kos $ 5-10, 'n Big Mac kos $ 4,50, en u kan gewoonlik 'n pastei vir ongeveer $ 3 gryp, of 'n worsrolletjie vir $ 2,50. 'N Afneem-pizza van Pizza Hut wat groot genoeg is om twee kos te gee, kos ongeveer $ 10.
'N Middy / pot (285 ml) huisbier sal u ongeveer $ 4 kos, en 'n glas huiswyn ongeveer $ 6 in 'n lae kroeg. Om weg te neem, kos 'n houer van 24 blikkies bier ongeveer $ 40, of 'n bottel wyn ongeveer $ 8.
'N Vliegkaartjie tussen oostelike hoofstede in die omgewing is ongeveer $ 120 per rigting, maar dit kan tot $ 60 kos as u op die regte tyd bespreek, of ongeveer $ 350 om die land oor te steek as u aanvaarbaar is met datums en vooraf bespreek. 'N Treintog met staatstreine sal gewoonlik effens minder kos. 'N Busreis, weer 'n bietjie minder. 'N Treinreis met privaat treine is die duurste manier om te reis.
Daar is gewoonlik geen toegangsgeld tot strande of stadsparke nie. Sommige gewilde nasionale parke kos tussen $ 10 en $ 20 per dag (per motor, of per persoon, afhangende van die staat), terwyl meer uit die weg geruim is vir nasionale parke. Kunsgalerye en sommige besienswaardighede is gratis. Museums vra gewoonlik ongeveer $ 10 per toegang. Temaparke kos ongeveer $ 70 per persoon.
Belasting
Australië het 'n 10% Belasting op goedere en dienste (GST) wat van toepassing is op alle goedere en dienste, behalwe onverwerkte voedsel, onderwys en mediese dienste. GST is altyd ingesluit in die vertoonde prys van enige verbruikersaankope. Ontvangste (belastingfakture) bevat die BTW-bedrag.
Toeriste-terugbetalingskema
As u goedere van meer as $ 300 op een slag op een slag koop, kan u die BTW terugbetaal as u die items binne 60 dae uit Australië neem. Anders as in baie ander lande, is dit van toepassing op sowel Australiese burgers as buitelanders. Maak seker dat u 'n belastingfaktuur van die verskaffer ontvang (waarop die goedere aangedui word, die BTW betaal word en die ABN van die verskaffer). Pak die artikels in die handbagasie, en gee die item (s) en die ontvangsbewys aan by die TRS, na immigrasie en sekuriteit wanneer u Australië verlaat. As een van die items om watter rede ook al ingecheck moet word, moet u seker maak dat u die doeanekantoor opspoor en dat doeanebeamptes die goedere kan sien voordat u u tasse inboek. Laat minstens 30 minute voor vertrek ook toe, en voer die besonderhede aanlyn moontlik in voordat u op die lughawe aankom. Die terugbetaling kan met 'n tjek, krediet aan 'n Australiese bankrekening of met 'n kredietkaart betaal word. Daar is geen terugbetaling beskikbaar vir GST vir dienste nie. Onthou dat die goedere nou as belastingvry beskou word, en u moet GST daarvoor betaal as u dit terugbring in Australië en dit meer is as u belastingvrye toelaes.
Kredietkaarte
Kredietkaarte word algemeen aanvaar in Australië. Byna alle groot verskaffers soos supermarkte aanvaar kaartjies, net soos baie klein winkels. Visum en MasterCard is die mees algemeen aanvaarde kaarte, dan American Express, dan Diners Club met ander kaarte wat nooit of baie selde aanvaar word. American Express en Diners Club word aanvaar by groot supermark- en warenewinkels. Enige kaart waarop die Cirrus- of Maestro-logo's verskyn, kan op enige terminale gebruik word wat daardie logo's vertoon. Australiese debietkaarte kan ook gebruik word via 'n stelsel bekend as EFTPOS.
Apple Pay, Google Pay en kontaklose kredietkaarte word op feitlik alle terminale aanvaar. U hoef slegs 'n PIN in te voer as die aankoop meer as $ 200 is.
Alle Australiese kredietkaarte word met 'n PIN uitgereik. As u 'n oorsese kaart sonder 'n PIN het, kan u nog steeds teken vir aankope, maar winkeliers wat nie gebruik word om oorsese kaarte te hanteer nie, weet dit miskien nie. Probeer 'n PIN op u kaart hê as u bank dit toelaat. Indien nie, moet u dalk verduidelik dat u 'n oorsese kaart het en wag terwyl die winkelier 'n pen vind.
Kredietkaarttoeslaggeld word opgelê by alle motorhuuragentskappe, reisagente, lugdienste, en by sommige afslagkleinhandelaars en diensstasies. Aanvullings kom baie meer voor by American Express en Diners Club (gewoonlik 2% -4%) as vir Visa en MasterCard (gewoonlik 1,5%).
UnionPay-kredietkaarte, sowel as AliPay en WeChat Pay kom al hoe meer voor in toeristewinkels en restaurante weens die toenemende aantal Chinese besoekers. Dit is egter moeilik om dit in ander ondernemings te gebruik.
Kabbel
Onderhandelings is ongewoon in Australiese winkels, hoewel handelaars gewoonlik bereid is om 'n prys of 'n geadverteerde prys van 'n mededingende kleinhandelaar te ontvang. Dit is ook die moeite werd om 'n 'beste prys' te vra vir goedere met goeie waarde of aankope waarby verskillende items betrokke is. Dit sou byvoorbeeld nie ongewoon wees om 10% afslag te kry op 'n juweliersware wat nog nie in die prys verlaag is nie. Die persoon met wie u te make het, kan beperkte mag hê om items teen enigiets anders as die gemerkte prys te verkoop. Poging om sonder rede te onderhandel, sal waarskynlik in Australië as onbeskof beskou word en sal onsuksesvol wees.
Kantel
Kantel is nie gebruiklik in Australië, hoewel wenke aanvaar word as u vrylik kies om een te gee.
Daar word van restaurante verwag om die koste van diens en belasting in die geposte pryse in te sluit. U kan egter kies om 'n klein fooitjie agter te laat as die diens voorbeeldig was. As u per kredietkaart betaal, kan sommige restaurante met 'n hoër opsie die opsie gee om 'n fooi by u betaling te voeg, hoewel dit heeltemal opsioneel is. Ander plekke verskaf 'n muntpotjie deur die kassier met die naam 'Wenke', maar die restaurante verlaat meestal nie een nie. Bartenders word selde getip.
Ander soorte dienspersoneel, insluitend hotelpersoneel, portiers, toergidse, bestuurders van voedselaflewerings en haarkappers, verwag nie om wenke te ontvang nie.
Daar word ook nie 'n fooi in taxi's verwag nie, en bestuurders sal gewoonlik u kleingeld tot die laaste 5 sent terugbesorg, tensy u aandui dat hulle die tarief tot die naaste dollar moet afrond. Dit is nie ongewoon dat passasiers die bestuurder opdrag gee om die volgende dollar te voltooi nie.
Casino's in Australië verbied oor die algemeen die aflaai van dobbelpersoneel, aangesien dit as omkopery beskou word. Net so sal aanbiedings van regeringsamptenare gewoonlik as omkopery geïnterpreteer word en kan dit as 'n kriminele oortreding beskou word.
Handelsure
Australië s’n basis handelsure is Maandag tot Vrydag, 09: 00-17: 00. Winkels het gewoonlik 'n enkele aand van laataandhandel, en hulle bly oop tot 21:00 op Vrydae in die meeste stede en op Donderdae in Brisbane, Melbourne en Sydney. Sondaghandel is algemeen in die belangrikste stede, maar dit is nie in alle landelike gebiede nie. Die openingstye buite hierdie basisure wissel volgens die tipe winkel, per plek en volgens die staat. Raadpleeg ons gelokaliseerde gidse vir meer plaaslike inligting.
Groot supermarkkettings in hoofsentrums is gewoonlik op weeksdae (en dikwels tot middernag) minstens tot 21:00 oop, maar oor die algemeen het hulle naweke minder ure. Geriefswinkels soos 7/11 is 24 uur in groot sentrums oop.
Kitskosrestaurante is gewoonlik 24 uur of ten minste baie laat oop. Baie voedselhowe in middestede sluit gewoonlik om 16:00 en is oor naweke heeltemal gesluit as hulle op kantoorwerkers fokus, maar ander koshowe in winkelsentrums het langer ure.
Brandstof- / vulstasies is 24 uur in groot sentrums oop, maar sluit gewoonlik 18:00 en op Sondae in plattelandse dorpe.
Australië s’n naweek is op Saterdag en Sondag van elke week. Kleinhandel is nou byna universeel in groter stede oor naweke, alhoewel dit effens minder is. Weereens, Wes-Australië is 'n uitsondering met beperkings op groot winkels wat op Sondae open. In kleiner dorpe is winkels op Sondae en dikwels ook op Saterdagmiddae gesluit.
Toeristegerigte dorpe en winkels kan langer oopbly. Toeristegebiede binne stede, soos Darling Harbour in Sydney het elke aand langer handelsure.
Australiese banke is slegs van Maandag tot Vrydag 09: 00-16: 00 oop en sluit gereeld om 17:00 op Vrydae. Kontant is 24 uur beskikbaar via Automatic Teller Machines (ATM), en wisselkoerse het langer ure oop en is naweke oop.
Eet
Die Australiese kookkuns is hoofsaaklik beïnvloed deur sy Britse koloniale erfenis tot in die 1960's en 70's, maar met 'n geskiedenis van immigrasie uit ander dele van Europa soos Duitsland, Italië, Griekeland en Pole, het die invloed van hierdie kulture duideliker geword in die Australiese kookkuns as die Britse begin. Die groot toestroming van Asiatiese migrante het ook sy stempel op die Australiese kookkuns afgedruk, met baie Australiese sjefs wat Asiatiese invloede in die Westerse geregte insluit.
Die verskillende aboriginale stamme het hul eie kenmerke, alhoewel die gebruik van eksotiese bestanddele op groot skaal gebruik word, het dit meestal nie 'n deel van die Australiese kombuis geword nie.
Oor die algemeen stem tafelmaniere in Australië ooreen met Europese norme.
Eetplekke
BYO - Bring u eie BYO staan vir Bring u eie (alkohol). In baie van die stedelike gemeenskappe van Australië vind u klein goedkoop restaurante wat nie toegelaat word om te bedien nie, maar dit toelaat dat kosgangers hul eie bottel wyn saambring wat elders gekoop word. Dit is dikwels baie goedkoper as om 'n bottel wyn in 'n restaurant te bestel. Bier kan na sommige BYO-restaurante geneem word, ander laat slegs wyn toe. Verwag dat u 'n kurkfooi betaal wat van $ 2-15 kan wissel, of wat per hoof bereken kan word. BYO is gewoonlik nie toegelaat in restaurante met 'n lisensie om alkohol te verkoop nie. |
Daar is geen tekort aan eetplekke in die stede en dorpe nie. Benewens goeie restaurante wat kombuis van regoor die wêreld aanbied, is daar ook die volgende:
- Kroeë, die toonbank-middagete is die naam vir 'n middagete wat in die kroeg van 'n kroeg bedien word. Tradisioneel word dit slegs tydens die middagete in die sitkamer bedien. Vandag bied die meeste kroeë middag- en aandete aan, en baie het 'n aparte bistro of restaurant. Biefstuk, hoenderparmigiana en nacho's kom algemeen voor.
- Klubs, klubs, soos rolbalklubs, ligaklubs, RSL's is in baie dorpe en stede. Dit kom meestal voor in die deelstate Queensland en Nieu-Suid-Wallis. Die meeste laat besoekers toe en bied soms maaltye met 'n goeie waarde. 'N Ledegeld word dikwels vereis.
- Kafees, die meeste dorpe en voorstede het 'n kafee of koffiewinkel, wat bedags ontbyt en ligte maaltye en koeke bedien. Nie ongewoon dat hulle na 15:00 sluit nie.
- Bakkerye, gewoonlik 'n goeie plek om broodrolletjies, 'n pastei of 'n worsrolletjie te koop.
- Kitskosrestaurante, McDonald's (of Macca's), Subway en KFC is algemeen. Burger King word hier herbenoem as Hungry Jack's. Red Rooster is 'n Australiese ketting wat gebraaide hoender en ander produkte wat meestal op hoender gebaseer is, aanbied.
- Neem weg, melkbars, soesji-winkels en ander wegneem-winkels verkoop gewoonlik soesji, pasteie, gebraaide hoender, hamburgers, fish and chips, gyros en kebabs.
- Voedselhowe, die meeste winkelsentrums het 'n voedselhof, selfs in plattelandse dorpe.
- Piekniek, is die Australiese klimaat gewoonlik vatbaar vir die verkryging van voedsel wat u kan, en na die naaste park, rivier, meer of strand. Elektriese braaigeriewe is dikwels beskikbaar.
- Barbecue, is 'n gewilde Australiese tydverdryf en baie parke in Australië bied gratis braai vir openbare gebruik. In teenstelling met die stereotipe, Australiërs selde "Gooi 'n garnale op die barbie" (ook in Australië word meer gereeld na garnale verwys as garnale). Steaks, tjops, wors, hoenderfilette, vis en kebabs word algemeen gebraai.
- Wynkelders, baie van die wynkelders in Australië het restaurante wat moderne Australiese kookkuns bedien wat uitkyk oor hul wingerde, waar u ook hul wyne kan koop om saam met u ete te gaan eet. Gewoonlik is dit slegs oop vir middagete, maar 'n uitsondering is die Penfolds 'Magill Estate Restaurant in Adelaide, wat slegs vir aandete oopmaak.
Inheemse voedsel
Dit kan 'n teleurstelling wees dat inheemse voedsel eintlik nie soveel in Australiese restaurante beskikbaar is nie, en dat dit ook nie self deur Australiërs verbruik word nie. Dit is beskikbaar in supermarkte en in sommige van die afgeleë dele van die land. Tradisionele inheemse diëte kan bedreigde spesies insluit, waarvan die verbruik streng beperk is tot spesifieke gemeenskappe en waarskynlik nie vir u beskikbaar sal wees nie.
- Kangaroo, as u van lus is, is dit by baie supermarkte en slaghuise beskikbaar. Braai dit tot medium skaars, maar die beste is om nie te gaar te maak nie, want dit kan heeltemal raak taai. Dit smaak baie soos beesvleis. Dit kom af en toe op die spyskaart in restaurante, meestal in toeristegebiede. Kangoeroes is volop, doen die sensitiewe Australiese omgewing baie minder skade as hoefdiere en lewer ook baie minder koolstofvrystellings. Kangaroo is 'n uitstekende omgewingsverklaring om te braai tydens die braai.
- Krokodilvleis van plase in die Noordelike Gebied en Queensland is oral beskikbaar, en soms elders. In Rockhampton, die hoofstad van Australië, kan jy die antieke reptiel op 'n plaas sien terwyl jy aan 'n krokburger smul.
- Emoe, ja, jy kan ook die ander helfte van die Australiese wapen eet. Emoe bevat min vet en is beskikbaar in spesiale slagters. Probeer die wapen in 'n pastei in Maleny of op 'n pizza in The Rocks.
- Bos tucker, baie toere kan u die geleentheid bied om 'n bosbosser, die bessies, neute, wortels, miere en korrels uit Australië se oorspronklike bos te probeer. Makadamia neute is die enigste inheemse plant in Australië wat kommersieel gekweek word vir voedsel. Sommige van die ander bosvoedsel kan 'n aangename smaak wees, alhoewel inheemse geurmiddels beslis die moeite werd is, en dit word toenemend in Australiese fynrestaurante aangebied. Bosruier-roomys kan soms op boeremarkte en buitelugfeeste gevind word.
Behalwe kombuis
Australië het 'n groot hoeveelheid Britse geïnspireerde voedsel wat internasionaal nie bekend is nie. Beslis die moeite werd om te probeer.
Vegemiet, 'n sout smeer gebaseer op gis, smeer die beste dun op roosterbrood. As u nie 'n potjie wil koop nie, sal enige koffiewinkel met ontbyt vegemiet bedien. Dit is miskien nie eens op die spyskaart nie, maar die vegemiet sal agter in die pot langs die marmelade wees. As u 'n potjie koop, is dit die geheim om dit baie dun te smeer en die botter ook nie te vergeet nie. Dit smaak soortgelyk aan Marmite in die Verenigde Koninkryk of Cenovis in Switserland. Australiërs is nogal gewoond aan die smaak en kan die Vegemite baie dik versprei; maar dit word nie aanbeveel vir beginners nie.
Die Tim-Tam is 'n toebroodjie gevul met sjokolade, met twee sjokoladekoekies, almal in sjokolade gedoop. U kan 'n pakkie (of twee) by enige supermark of geriefswinkel koop. Daar word van Tim-Tams verwag om die Tim-Tam Slam maneuver. Dit vereis dat u albei punte van die Tim-Tam afbyt en dit dan as 'n strooitjie gebruik om u gunsteling warm drank, gewoonlik koffie, te drink. Die warm drank smelt die fudgesentrum en skep 'n ervaring wat moeilik is om te beskryf. Finesse is nodig om die hele beskuitjie in u mond te suig tussen die volle versadiging en die oplossing. Tim-Tams word in pakkette van 11 verkoop, dus maak seker dat u die reëlings voor die deel saamstem voordat u 'n pakkie met u reismaat koop, anders kan reisreëlings onderbreek word. Tydens die somer word Tim-Tams dikwels in die vrieskas gebêre en yskoud geëet.
Die lamington is 'n kubus sponskoek bedek met sjokoladeversiersel en gedoop in gedroogde klapper. Dit is vernoem na Lord Lamington, wat van 1896 tot 1901 as goewerneur van Queensland gedien het. Die tuisgebakte vorm kan gevind word by 'n plaaslike Saterdagoggendmark, of u kan een by 'n bakkery koop as u desperaat is. Vermy ten alle koste die plastiekverpakte soorte wat in supermarkte verkoop word.
Die pavlova is 'n meringue-koek met 'n roombolaag, gewoonlik versier met vars vrugte. Bedien tydens spesiale geleenthede, of na 'n middagmaalbraai. Dikwels is die bron van geskil met Nieu-Seeland oor die oorspronklike bron van die resep.
ANZAC beskuitjies is 'n mengsel van klapper, hawer, meel, suiker en gouestroop. Hulle is na bewering deur vrouens en versorgingsorganisasies in sorgpakkette na die Eerste Wêreldoorlog-soldate gestuur, maar die verhaal is waarskynlik apokrief. Dit is beskikbaar by bakkerye, kafees en supermarkte en is gewild voor die ANZAC-dag (25 April).
Demper is 'n tradisionele koeldrankbrood wat deur drovers en veeboere gebak is. Dit het basiese bestanddele (meel, water en miskien sout) en word gewoonlik in die vuurtjies gaargemaak. Dit is nie gereeld in bakkerye beskikbaar nie en word slegs gereeld gereël vir toeriste op georganiseerde toere. Die beste geëet saam met botter en konfyt of goue stroop, want dit is droog en vaal.
A Chiko rol is 'n diepgebraaide versnapering wat geïnspireer is deur die eierrolletjie of die springrolletjie. Ondanks die naam bevat dit geen hoender nie. Die vulling daarvan is ontbeende skaapvleis, groente, rys, gort en geurmiddels. Die dop is dikker as 'n eierrol, wat bedoel is om die hantering by sokkerwedstryde te oorleef. Oral beskikbaar waar u fish and chips kan koop.
Die Australiese vleispastei word deur baie as die nasionale gereg beskou. 'N Variasie is die tertdrywer van Adelaide wat 'n pastei is wat omgekeer is in 'n bak dik pap ertjiesop.
Ander kombuise
Koske wat algemeen in Australië beskikbaar is, wat gereeld deur lede van die betrokke kultuur voorberei word, sluit in:
- BritsAustralië se koloniale erfenis word miskien die beste verteenwoordig deur die alomteenwoordigheid van vis en skyfies, en feitlik elke woonbuurt en klein dorpie in 'n kusgebied sal 'n plaaslike vis-en-tjips-winkel hê. Algemene soorte vis wat in Australië gebruik word, is onder meer vlokkies (verskillende soorte kleinhaai), platkop, barramundi en King George-wittering. Anders as in die Verenigde Koninkryk word vis en skyfies in Australië gewoonlik saam met tamatiesous en tartaarsous bedien. Britse en Ierse kroeë is algemeen in die bevolkte gebiede van Australië, alhoewel hulle Australiese krammetjies bevat soos hoenderparmas, schnitzels en pasta.
- Chinees, synonymous with the term "takeaway" in the past generations. Many Chinese restaurants still cater to takeaway addicts today, mostly of the Australianised Chinese variety, but major cities have small "Chinatowns" or suburbs with a large number of ethnic Chinese residents, that have excellent restaurants serving authentic Chinese food. Cantonese Dim Sum is available in dedicated restaurants in most large shopping malls.
- Thai restaurants have exploded in number over the past decade. Sydney in particular is known as one of the best destinations for Thai food in the world.
- Italian, the Italian community is one of the largest ethnic communities of non Anglo-Saxon origin in Australia, and they have contributed greatly to the cafe culture that has flourished across the major cities over the past few decades. Restaurants either serve Italian food that has been adapted to suit Australian tastes, or authentic regional Italian food, with the latter tending to be pricier and in more upmarket surrounds. Head to Lygon street in Melbourne or Leichhardt in Sydney if you're a fan.
- Grieks is not quite as widespread as Italian above, but good options in every city and town.
- Lebanese and other Middle Eastern, especially in Sydney. A Manoosh is a tasty pizza variation that is somewhat more healthy as well.
- A fusion dish that's becoming increasingly popular nationwide is the halal snack pack (also known by many alternate names). It consists of halal-certified doner kebab meat (originating from Turkey) and chips, covered by any of a wide variety of sauces and often cheese. Typically served in styrofoam containers as a takeaway dish.
- Indiër is available in most cities, and often represent a good mid-range restaurant option.
- Japannees, including bento takeaway shops, udon restaurants and sushi trains. They are often operated by Koreans, whose own cuisine is also well represented in the major cities.
- Viëtnamese, Pho and Cha Gio (spring rolls) are easy to find in the major cities.
- German, South Australia and Queensland in particular have had a long history of German settlement, and German restaurants can be found in major cities and in country towns that were historically settled by Germans. Die schnitzel is a German dish that has been Australianised and is widely available in pubs and cafes throughout the country, though unlike German schnitzels, which are usually made of pork, Australian schnitzels are usually made of chicken or beef. A good selection of German or German-inspired sausages is also available at many butchers.
- Asian fusion refers generally to Asian-inspired dishes.
Modern Australian
Modern Australian is a recently developed cuisine that is often seen in fine dining establishments, analogous to Modern American cuisine in the United States. This cuisine mixes cooking styles and flavours from different parts of Europe and Asia, paying homage to the diverse origins of Australia's population, and often incorporates native Australian flavours from the bush as well.
Vegetarian
Eating vegetarian is available in Australia and many restaurants offer at least one or two vegetarian dishes. Some will have an entire vegetarian menu section. Vegans may have more difficulty but any restaurant with a large vegetarian menu should offer some flexibility. In large cities and in the coastal backpacker-friendly towns along the east coast, you will find vegetarian and vegan restaurants. The market town of Kuranda or the seaside towns of Byronbaai are a vegetarian's paradise. In other regional areas especially in the Northern Territory, North Western Australia and north Queensland vegetarians are often poorly catered-for, but most towns will have a Chinese or Thai restaurant that will provide steamed rice and vegetables. Sydney and Melbourne in particular cater well for vegans and vegetarians with a lot of purely vegetarian restaurants, vegan clothing stores and vegan supermarkets.
Quick vegetarian options include:
- 'Smashed Avo' is a mix of avocado and feta cheese, served on toast and with an egg. A popular breakfast option and (unfairly) associated with free spending millennials.
- Sushi rolls and tofu pockets, available at sushi shops everywhere
- Vietnamese spring rolls (Bahn Mi) are also readily available with vegetarian fillings
- Korean restaurants offer rice bowls (such as Bibimbap) with no meat
- Pie shops of spinach rolls (filled with spinach and ricotta cheese)
- Most food halls have a dedicated salad counter
More remote outback areas may have very few vegetarian options (lots of processed meat pies and little else), so it is worth packing some vegetarian supplies before you go.
Religious diets
People observing kosher or halal will easily be able to find specialist butchers in the capital cities, and will also find a number of restaurants with appropriate menus and cooking styles. Outside the capital cities, it will be much more difficult to find food prepared in a strict religious manner. Fast food chains often offer Halal certified meals in areas with high Muslim populations in Western Sydney and Melbourne.
Allergies
Australian restaurants generally provide options for people with common allergies such as nuts and seafood. Ask the waitstaff if in doubt.
Die gluten free diet fad has spread to Australia, and there is no shortage of gluten free products in supermarkets, bakeries and restaurants, albeit often at higher price than the regular versions of those products.
Markets
All of the capital cities and many regional towns in Australia host a "farmer's market", which is generally held each week in a designated area on a Saturday or Sunday. These markets mostly sell fresh fruits and vegetables, as hygiene standards in Australia forbid the selling of meat directly from market stalls. Butchers who set up shop at a farmer's market would usually trade their wares from a display cabinet within their boot (trunk). The attraction of markets is the lower prices and freshness of the produce. The attraction for the traveller will be the cheap and excellent fruits on offer - depending on the region and season. In regional areas the market is usually held outside the town itself in an empty paddock or sports field, markets in capital cities are easier to reach but the prices are typically more in line with those you would find in supermarkets. See the destination guides for details.
Drink
Bier
Drinking beer is ingrained in Australian culture. Although Fosters is promoted as an Australian beer overseas, it is rarely consumed by Australians in Australia, and is almost impossible to find. Beers are strongly regional and every state has its own brews: Coopers and West End in South Australia, Carlton and VB in Victoria, Tooheys in NSW, XXXX (pronounced "fourex") in Queensland, Boags and Cascade in Tasmania, and Swan in Western Australia. There are also local microbrew choices, which can be harder to find, but are often worth seeking out. A range of imported European and American bottled beers are available in all but the most basic pub.
Light (Lite) beer refers to lower alcoholic content, and not lower calories. It has around half the alcohol of full strength beer, and is taxed at a lower rate, meaning it is also cheaper than full strength beer. Low calorie beer is sold as low carb.
Because Australians like their beer to stay cold while they drink it, draft beer glasses come in a multitude of sizes, so that you can drink a whole glass before it warms up in the summer heat. The naming of beer glasses varies widely from state to state, often in confusing ways: a schooner is 425mL everywhere except South Australia, where it's only 285mL, a size that's known elsewhere as a middy or pot, except in Darwin where it's a handle, but in Adelaide a "pot" means a 570mL full pint, and a pint means what a schooner does elsewhere, and... you get the idea. The local beers and the local descriptions are covered in detail in the state guides.
Bottle naming is a little easier: the standard sizes across Australia are the 375 ml stubby and the 750mL long neck, of tallie. Cans of beer are known as tinnies and 24 of them make up a slab, box, carton, or a case.
Wyn
Australia produces quality wine on a truly industrial scale, with large multinational brands supplying Australian bottleshops and exporting around the world. There are also a multitude of boutique wineries and smaller suppliers. Very good red and white wine can be bought very cheaply in Australia, often at less than $10 a bottle, and even the smallest shop could be expected to have 50 or more varieties to choose from.
The areas of the Barossa-vallei (near Adelaide), Hunter Valley (near Sydney), Yarra Valley (near Melbourne) and Margaretrivier (near Perth) are particularly renowned for their wineries and opportunities for cellar door sampling, but northern Victoria and Mudgee also have a large variety. You are never too far from a wine trail anywhere in southern Australia.
Try the local wines wherever you can find them, and ask for local recommendations. Try not to get taken in by the label, or the price tag. The best wine is rarely the one with the best artwork, or the most expensive price. However, it is probably wise to avoid the house wine if it comes straight from a cask (4-litre container). Wines at the cellar door are almost invariably sold at around 20% premium to the same wine in the shops in the local town.
If you still prefer overseas wines, the Marlborough region of New Zealand is usually well represented on wine lists and in bottle shops in Australia.
Sien ook Druiwe wei in Australië.
Geeste
Bundaberg Rum (Bundy) is an Australian dark rum particularly popular in Queensland and many Queenslanders will not touch any other brand of rum. It is probably the most famous Australian made spirit, mass-produced in Bundaberg and available everywhere.
For many years one had to search to find other Australian distilled spirits, mostly from niche players, but there are distilleries in every state of Australia if you look hard enough and more are popping up all the time–Adelaide gin distilleries 75° and the Adelaide Gin Company have grown in esteem over the past few years. The tiny Sullivan's Cove distillery in Tasmania made waves in 2014 when one of their whiskies was named the World's Best Single Malt, kicking off a mini-boom in Australian whisky, and they repeated the feat in 2018 and 2019. If $8,000 for a bottle of their 2014 French Oak is a bit steep, drop into the Lark Distillery on the scenic Hobart waterfront precinct, book a gin blending experience at Archie Rose in Sydney, pick up a bottle of 151 East Vodka in Wollongong or after a few days in Kununurra you are definitely going to need an Ord River Rum.
Mixed drinks are also available, particularly vodka, scotch, bourbon and other whiskey mixers. Spirits are also available as pre-mixed bottles and cans but are subject to higher taxation in this form, so it is cheaper to mix them yourself. Spirits are served in all pubs and bars, but not in all restaurants. A basic spirit and mixer (vodka and orange juice for example) will cost you about $7 at a bar or nightclub, but can vary ~$5–12.
Legal aspects
The legal drinking age throughout Australia is 18 years. It is illegal either to purchase alcohol for yourself if you are under 18 years of age or to purchase alcohol on behalf of someone who is under 18 years of age. The only legally acceptable proof-of-age is an Australian drivers licence, state-issued proof-of-age card or a passport, and it would be wise to carry one if you want to purchase alcohol or tobacco and look under 25. It is illegal to go into a gambling area of a pub or club when under 18.
Often there is a lounge, restaurant or bistro area in a pub or club that permits under-age people provided they are accompanied by a responsible adult over 18 and don't approach the bar or wander around. Some city pubs even have video games and playgrounds for children. Some country pubs have large open areas out in the back where kids can run and play.
In general, you can take alcohol (say a bottle of wine or beer) to consume at a park or beach. Alcohol consumption is banned in some public places as 'street drinking'. These are often indicated by signs and is particularly the case in parks and footpaths where public drunkenness has been a problem. However, if you are a family with your picnic basket and blanket out at lunchtime with a bottle of wine, you are unlikely to encounter any problems.
Alcohol can be purchased for consumption on premises only in licensed venues: pubs, clubs and many restaurants. You can purchase alcohol for private consumption in bottle shops, which are separate stores selling bottled alcohol. In some states you can buy alcohol in supermarkte. In those states where you can't, bottle shops and major supermarkets are often found in very close proximity. Although licensing laws and hours vary from state to state, and individual stores have different trading hours, as a rule of thumb, alcohol is generally available in towns to take-away seven days a week, 08:00-23:00, from bottle shops, supermarkets, licensed grocers/milk-bars and pubs. Outside of these hours though, it is almost impossible to buy alcohol to take home; unless you're in the middle of Sydney or Melbourne, so if you're planning on a party at home; it's a good idea to stock up and check on the local trading hours so you don't run out at 00:30 with no opportunity to buy more. Alcohol is not available at petrol stations or 24-hour convenience stores anywhere in Australia.
Public drunkenness varies in acceptability. You will certainly find a great deal of it in close proximity to pubs and clubs at night time but much less so during the day. Public drunkenness is an offence but you would only likely ever be picked up by the police if you were causing a nuisance. You may spend the night sobering up in a holding cell or be charged.
Driving while affected by alcohol is stigmatized, policed by random breath-testing police patrols in Australia, and inherently dangerous. Drink driving is a very serious offence in Australia, punishable by a range of mechanisms including loss of licence. The acceptable maximum blood alcohol concentration is 0.05% in most states and 0.01% in New South Wales, often lower or not allowed for operators of heavy vehicles and young or novice drivers. Police officers are also empowered to randomly test drivers for the recent use of prohibited drugs. Refusing any of these tests is a criminal offence. The operation of a motor vehicle while under the influence of prohibited drugs or alcohol will always result in arrest and a required court appearance many weeks from the date of arrest and it can comprehensively disrupt travel plans. Random breath-testing is common early Saturday and Sunday mornings, and many people are caught the morning after.
A shout
Buying a round of drinks is a custom in Australia, as in many corners of the world. It is generally expected in a pub that when you arrive and make your first trip to the bar that you will offer to buy a drink for others you are drinking with. Similarly this will likely be done to you when someone else joins the group. This is called a shout, and incurs an obligation that you will generally return the favour in a following round, and that also you will generally maintain the same drinking pace as your associates in the round throughout the evening. If someone in the same round as you has an empty glass, who is ahead of you in drinks bought, you should declare that it is your shout, and make your way to the bar. If someone offers to buy you a drink, but does not offer to buy for the person who already has bought you a drink, you should say you are already in a shout, and decline. If they buy you and the people in your round a drink, they have joined the shout. Its generally not polite to switch between shouts during an evening. It you are in a large shout, and you decline a drink, you still have to buy a drink for the round when it comes to your turn. You are well advised if you wish to skip a round, to do so on your shout. It is generally poorly received to buy a round, and then to refuse a drink when one is purchased for you. Often the drink will just be bought for you without even asking. Don't be surprised if someone who bought you a drink earlier in the night, later says that it is your shout. Not joining a shout can be awkward in some groups. The best way is to say you are driving, and you will buy your own drinks. This is also an acceptable way to drop out after one round, when the score is even.
Non-alcoholic
Milo is a malt and chocolate drink now made by Nestlé that was invented in Australia, and has since become immensely popular in parts of Southeast Asia. It can be found in any Australian supermarket.
Australia has a strong coffee culture, especially Melbourne, a city with extensive Italian immigration. The joke is that Italians visiting Melbourne think the coffee is worse than their home city's, but better than every other city in Italy. Even service stations and fast food places will sell decent coffee. However, because of the strong preference for local coffee shops, many of the major chains in other countries don't exist -- Starbucks has a tiny handful of stores in Melbourne and Sydney, and none elsewhere in the country. Don't be taken aback by the lack of chains; try the local flavour instead!
Learn
- Hoofartikel: Studying abroad#Australia
Australia is a popular destination for University students, especially from Oos Asië, Southeast Asia en Indië. Australia offers world class universities in an English speaking environment, along with potential opportunities to actually gain resident and work visas on a path to citizenship. If you are intending to study in Australia, you will need to be on a visa class that allows this. Students and academics invited to visit Australian universities will generally also need an appropriate visa, even if their visit is of a short enough period to be covered by a tourist electronic visa. For very short term or part-time courses, check with your Australian consulate or embassy.
Australia also happens to be a great place to get Barista certification, with graduates being maybe able to command higher wages in coffee shops back in their home countries. Such courses can usually be conducted on a standard tourist visa.
Slaap
Accommodation is readily available in most Australian cities and tourist destinations. As with everything else in Australia it tends to be on the expensive side by international standards.
Hotels
When is a hotel not a hotel? In Australian English, a hotel can also refer to what most of the rest of the world would call a pub. While country hotels (pubs) tend to have accommodation on site, most city hotels do not. A country hotel that does not have a public bar is typically called a motel. |
All state capitals have a number of 4 or 5 star standard hotels, often with upmarket restaurants, bars, room-service, and other premium hospitality services. Other 2 or 3 star hotels are scattered around the inner-cities and inner suburbs. Best to check local guides and reviews to know what you are in for. Most hotels offer internet connectivity, occasionally for an inflated fee. Most hotels (distinct from the country pubs known as hotels) have private bathroom facilities. It isn't unknown for all options to run out during major events in cities such as Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.
Kroeë
Most pubs in Australia offer some form of accommodation. It can vary from very basic shabby rooms, to newly renovated boutique accommodation. The price is usually a good reflection of what you are in for. It is still quite unusual to have a private bathroom, even in the nicer pubs. The rooms are often on the second floor directly above the bar area and can be noisy, particularly on Fri/Sat nights.
Outside of the major centres, the pub is called a Hotel. A motel won't have a public bar. A motel that does have a bar attached is called a Hotel/Motel.
In very small towns local pubs offer the only accommodation available to travellers. Accommodation in these pubs tends to be budget-style with shared bathrooms but private rooms.
Pub accommodation is even available in the centre of Sydney, making getting back to your room after a beer a simple endeavour.
If you travel as a single, and want a private room, pubs usually have single rooms at a discount over a double room. Most motels will charge the same price for one or two people sharing a room.
Motels
Typically, motel-style accommodation will have a private room with a bed or number of beds, and a private shower and toilet. Many motels have family rooms, that will usually have a double bed and two single beds in the one room.
Motel rooms in the cities will generally cost upwards from $80. Usually the cost is the same for one or two adults, with any extra people charged an additional fee. Prices for additional children can range from free to $20 per child. During quiet times its not unusual for motels to offer standby discounts.
Most motels will serve a cooked or continental breakfast to your room in the morning, for an additional charge. Some may have a restaurant or serve an evening meal. Some may have a toaster in the room and kettles are widely provided.
Hostels and backpackers
Budget hostel-style accommodation with shared bathrooms and often with dormitories is approximately $20–30 per person per night. Facilities usually include a fully equipped kitchen with adequate refrigeration and food storage areas. Most hostels also have living room areas equipped with couches, dining tables, and televisions.
There are several backpacker hostel chains in Australia. If you are staying many nights in the same brand of hostel, consider their discount cards, which usually offer a loyalty bonus on accommodation, and other attraction and tour discounts negotiated by the chain.
Holiday parks
Holiday parks are an Australian holiday institution and a great way to stay if you have your own wheels. These are basically an upgraded version of caravan parks, but as the new marketing indicates, they now cater to regular travellers as well. A typical holiday park offers the following types of accommodation:
- Cabins fully equipped with bedding, kitchens, TV, wifi and more, for travellers without their own home on wheels. Most can house 4 or more people with rates starting from around $100/night.
- Powered sites for parking your caravan/campervan/motorhome/RV. Some parks offer ensuite sites featuring a little bathroom with shower & toilet.
- Unpowered sites are for those intending to pitch their own tent, starting from around $20/night.
Regardless of where you stay, the price includes access to communal facilities including BBQs, showers, kitchens, self-service laundries, pools, tennis courts and jumping pillows. The largest park chains covering the country are Top Parks/Discovery Parks en Big 4, but there are also plenty of independent options.
There are a couple of caveats to holiday parks:
- They're typically located on the outskirts of towns, so they're not very practical unless you have your vehicle.
- Most cater to families, which is great if you have kids, but not so much if you're looking for peace and quiet.
- During school holidays, parks tend to jack up their rates and require multiple-night minimum stays, and the best ones sell out anyway.
- If you change your mind, too bad, since reservations are typically nonrefundable.
Camping
Camping is a popular pastime. In addition to camping at holiday parks, national parks often provide cheap or free camping sites, which expect you to be more self-sufficient. Often toilets are provided and sometimes cold showers. Paid camping permits are sometimes required at popular parks, with some popular spots filling up during the holidays in summer. In Australia it is common to be within an hour's drive of a national park or recreation area that will permit some form of camping, even in the capital cities. Expect to pay around $5–10 per night per person for a camping permit, and national park admission fees in the more popular national parks (e.g.: Wilsons Promontory National Park, Kosciuszko National Park, etc.), however entry and camping is free in the majority of national parks further from population and tourist centres.
Some other camping areas are run by government or even local landowners. Expect around $10 per person per night, depending on the time of year.
You can try your luck sleeping on a beach or pitching a tent overnight in a highway rest area, or out in the bush for a free bed. Most rest areas and beaches prohibit camping and many even prohibit overnight parking to discourage this. Generally the closer you are to civilisation or a tourist area, the greater the chance of being hassled by the authorities.
Camping in state forests is often preferable to national parks if you're after a camping experience over sightseeing, as collecting of your own fire wood is allowed (sometimes felling of trees is permissible dependent on the area) and camping is not restricted to camp sites. Some other activities that are generally allowed in state forests that are not allowed in national parks are: bringing in dogs/pets, open fires, motorbikes and four-wheel driving. State forests are generally free to stay in, although you will need to check locally if public access is allowed.
Farm stay
Much as the name suggests, this usually involves a cabin or homestead accommodation on a working property. Suited for a stay of two or more days, this accommodation usually allows you to get a little involved in the running of the farm if you wish. It is common for dinner to be provided in the homestead, and a breakfast pack to be provided to your cabin.
Holiday home
Holiday homes are homes rented by their owners, often using local real estate agents or specialised web sites. Sometimes located in prime positions, but also sometimes in the residential sections of cities and towns. Minimum rental periods of at least 2 days usually apply, rising to a week during periods when they are busy. At a minimum will have bedrooms, a lounge, bathroom.
Bed en ontbyt
Bed and Breakfasts tend to be a premium form of accommodation in Australia, often focused on weekend accommodation for couples. They certainly don't offer the discount form of accommodation they do in part of the United Kingdom, and the local motel will usually be cheaper.
Sometimes extra rooms in a person's home, but often a purpose built building. You should expect a cosy, well kept room, a common area, and a cooked breakfast. Possibly private facilities. Substantial discounts often apply for mid-week stays at bed and breakfasts.
Resorts
There are many true resorts around Australia. Many have lagoon pools, tennis, golf, kids clubs, and other arranged activities. The island of the Whitsundays have a choice of resorts, some occupying entire islands. Port Douglas also has many resorts of a world standard.
Serviced apartments
Serviced apartments are a very popular form of accommodation in Australia, with all capital and most regional cities having multiple such hotels. These often include hotels located in prime positions in the centre of town.
Guests are typically able to stay for as little as one night, and discounts are often available for bookings of a week and over. Rooms tend to be larger than in standard hotels, and amenities typically include a kitchen, washer and dryer, and separate bedrooms. Apartment hotels generally don't offer breakfast or have a restaurant, but there are usually cafes located nearby (often next door) which cater to guests.
Houseboats
Houseboats are available to rent on some scenic rural rivers, and provide an excellent opportunity to spend time in the wilderness. These usually have kitchens in them so you can bring your own food to cook.
Station wagons and vans
In most parts of Australia it is illegal to sleep in your vehicle but it is possible to get around this by simply rigging up curtains all around the windows so no one can see in from the outside. Trade vans can be picked up for as little as $1,000, with a more trustworthy van setting you back no more than $3,000-4,000. Add a mattress, pillow, portable gas cooker, cookware and a 20 L water container and you are off. If you get caught the fine could be as much as $150 each, so do it at you own risk. But if you are strategic in where you stay you probably won't get caught. Just be sensible and don't disturb the locals. Also, be aware of parking restrictions in certain parts of the cities and town, although overnight parking restrictions are rare. The parking inspectors can be ruthless and a $100 fine is not uncommon.
All cities and towns in Australia have free public toilets. Many parks, and most beaches have free electric barbecues as well. Popular beaches have fresh water showers to wash the salt water off after you swim, so for those on a tight budget (or for those that just love waking up at the beach) simply wash in the ocean (please do not pollute the ocean or waterways by using detergents or soaps) and rinse off at the showers. Almost all taps in Australia are drinking water, the ones that aren't will be marked. Service stations (petrol/gas) almost always have taps, so these are a good place to refill the water containers each time you refuel.
Some of the best experiences you may have in Australia will be by taking that road on the map that looks like it heads to a beach, creek, waterfall or mountain and following it. You may just find paradise and not another soul in sight. And lucky you, you've got a bed, food and water right there with you.
Travelling in a small group lowers the fuel bill per head, as this will likely be your biggest expense.
Enjoy, and respect the land by taking your rubbish/bottles/cigarette butts with you and disposing of them properly.
Work
Australian citizens, New Zealand citizens and permanent residents of Australia can work in Australia without any further permits, but others will require a work visa. It is illegal for foreigners to undertake paid work in Australia on a tourist visa. Be aware that any form of compensation for services performed, monetary or otherwise (e.g. room and board), counts as payment in Australia, meaning that such work would be illegal on a tourist visa. Volunteer work is allowed provided it is incidental to the trip (i.e. not the main purpose for the trip). Foreigners in Australia on a student visa are allowed to work for up to 20 hours a week during term time, and full-time during the school holidays. Working illegally in Australia runs a very real risk of arrest, imprisonment, deportation and being permanently banned from re-entering Australia. All visitors who do not hold Australian permanent residency or citizenship (including New Zealand citizens who aren't also Australian permanent residents or citizens) are not allowed to access Australian social security arrangements for the unemployed, and will have limited, or more usually, no access to the Australian government's health care payment arrangements.
Payment and taxes
Most Australian employers pay via direct deposit to Australian bank accounts and therefore you should open a bank account as soon as possible. Some banks allow you to open account from abroad, for example Commonwealth Bank and HSBC.
You should also apply for a Tax File Number (TFN) as soon as possible. You can apply on-line for free at the Australian Tax Office website, though you can generally get it quicker if you just go to one of their offices. You can start working without one, but you are advised to get one as soon as possible as your employer would have to withhold tax from your salary at the highest rate should you not provide one. Register your TFN with your bank as soon as possible, otherwise any interest you accrue will be taxed at the highest rate. The Australian financial year runs from 1st July to 30th June, and tax returns for each financial year are due on 30th October, four months after the accounting period ends. Check with Australian tax agents about Australian tax liability and filing an Australian tax return.
Australian employers will make compulsory payments out of your earnings to an Australian superannuation (retirement savings) fund on your behalf. Visitors on temporary working visas who are not citizens of Australia or New Zealand should claim this money when they leave Australia. This payment is known as a Departing Australia Superannuation Payment (DASP) and you can apply online. New Zealand citizens can transfer their superannuation money to their New Zealand KiwiSaver account; contact your provider to arrange this.
Working holidaymaker scheme
Australia has a working holidaymaker program for citizens of certain countries between 18 and 30 years of age. It allows you to stay in Australia for 12 months from the time you first enter. You may work during that time, but only for 6 months at any one employer. The idea is for you to take a holiday subsidised by casual or short-term jobs. If you're interested in a working holiday, some useful skills and experience might be: office skills to be used for temp work; or hospitality skills to be used for bar or restaurant work. An alternative is seasonal work like fruit picking, although much seasonal work will require that you work outside the major cities. Working for 3 months in seasonal work will allow you to apply for a second 12-month visa.
You can apply online for a working holiday visa, but you must not be in Australia at the time. It takes just a few hours to process usually and it costs about $440 (as of March 2017). On arriving in Australia ask for the working holiday visa to be "evidenced", so you can show your future employer.
It's recommended to arrive in Australia with sufficient funds which is a minimum of $5000 if you are on a working holiday visa. The cost of living in Australia is quite high and it may take a few days or weeks to get a job.
Work visas
Work visas in Australia change frequently and sometimes without any notice, so always check with your local Australian High Commission, Consulate or Embassy and the Immigration Department's website.
The most straightforward way to get a work visa (subclass 457, 186 & 187) is to find an Australian employer who will sponsor you. Your employer will need to demonstrate that they cannot hire anyone with your skills in Australia. Locally advertised jobs are usually explicit in requiring a valid work visa before your application can be considered. Getting the visa might take a couple of months from the beginning of the application process and you will need a medical examination by a doctor approved by the immigration officials before it can be granted (among other things, you will need a chest x-ray to show that you do not have tuberculosis). An employer with a good background and efficient immigration lawyers could get your 457 approved within a week. Your work visa will only be valid for the employer who sponsored you and you will have to leave within 30 days of your employment ending.
Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa (subclass 187) is the easiest employer nominated visa to acquire, although you will have to live and work in a designated 'regional' area. These areas are mostly rural and far removed from the larger cities, although Adelaide does count in this scheme.
Skilled independent visas (subclass 189, 190, 489) may be pursued if you have a valuable specialised skill and don't want to be tied to a specific employer.
There is also a temporary graduate visa (subclass 485) which allows graduates of Australian universities to stay on and work in Australia, and is usually valid anywhere from 18 months to 4 years depending on your level of education, and your major. Your major must be from a list of skilled occupations for which there is a labour shortage in Australia. This list is updated every year, and whether or not you qualify for this visa is dependent on the list at the time of your graduation, not at the time you begin your studies.
Immigration
You can apply to immigrate as a skilled person or business person, but this process will take longer than receiving a work visa. You can also apply for permanent residency as the holder of a work or study visa, but your application will not be automatically accepted. If you have a lot of money, there are several investor's visas available which allow you to live in Australia with a view of obtaining permanent residency. After four years of legal residency which must include one year as a permanent resident, you are eligible to apply for Australian citizenship.
Volunteering
There are several volunteer opportunities in Australia. Many worldwide organisations offer extended travel for those wanting to volunteer their time to work with locals on projects such as habitat restoration, wildlife sanctuary maintenance & development, scientific research, & education programs such as Australian Volunteers, World Wildlife Fund, Gap 360, Go Discover Abroaden Xtreme Gap Year.
Respect
Unless you are actively trying to insult someone, a traveller is unlikely to insult or cause offence to an Australian through any kind of cultural ignorance.
Australian modes of address tend towards the familiar. It is acceptable and normal to use first names in all situations, even to people many years your senior. Many Australians are fond of using and giving nicknames - even to recent acquaintances. It is likely being called such a name is an indication that you are considered a friend and as such it would be rare they are being condescending.
It is generally acceptable to wear revealing clothing in Australia. Bikinis and swimming attire are okay on the beach, and usually at the kiosk across the road from the beach. It is normal to wear at least a shirt and footwear before venturing any further. Most beaches are effectively top optional (topless) while sunbathing. Just about all women wear a top while walking around or in the water. There are some clothing optional (nude) beaches, usually a little further removed from residential areas. Thong bikinis (more commonly called g-string bikinis in Australia as thongs refer to flip-flop footwear) are fine on all beaches and some outdoor pools for women and men, although they are not as common as conventional beachwear. Some outdoor pools have a "top required" policy for women.
Cover up a little more when visiting places of worship such as churches. In warm conditions casual "t-shirt and shorts" style clothing predominates except in formal situations. Business attire, however, is considered to be long sleeved shirt, tie, and long trousers for men, even in the hottest weather.
Using Australian stereotypical expressions may be viewed as an attempt to mock, rather than to communicate. If you pull it off well, you might raise a smile.
Australians are often self-deprecating; however, it is rude to ever agree with a self-deprecating remark. Boasting about achievements is rarely received well.
Social classes do not feature as prominently in Australia as they do in many other countries, and you will notice that tradespeople and manual labourers are very well paid and accorded a lot more respect in Australia than elsewhere. Be careful not to imply that you are looking down on people whose jobs may be considered menial by the standards of other countries. Service workers, including hotel staff, waiters, cleaners, taxi drivers and shop employees, expect that customers will treat them as equals.
Most Australians are happy to help out a lost traveller with directions, however many urban dwellers will assume that someone asking "excuse me", is asking for money, and may brush past. Looking lost, holding a map, looking like a backpacker or getting to the point quickly helps.
Indigenous Australians
.jpg/220px-Ayres_Rock_2004_-_panoramio_(2).jpg)
Aboriginal Australians likely arrived in the Australian landmass 60,000 years ago and number over half a million people today. They have faced significant discrimination over the years since European settlement took their traditional lands, and sensitivity should be given at all times. Aboriginal people actually come from many different 'nations' with distinctive cultures and identities that spoke up to 250 different languages before European settlement.
Many areas of Aboriginal land are free to enter. Some areas carry a request from the Aboriginal people not to enter, and you may choose yourself whether or not to honour or respect that request. Uluru holds great spiritual significance to the Anangu people, who live in the area; while climbing it used to be a popular tourist activity, it has been banned since 2019. The Anangu feel themselves responsible if someone is killed or injured on their land (as has happened many times during the climb), so please keep off.
Some Aboriginal land requires permission or a permit, and some areas are protected and illegal to enter. You should check before making plans to travel off the beaten track. Permits are usually just a formality for areas which regularly see visitors, or if you have some other business in the area you are travelling through. Often they are just an agreement to respect the land you are travelling on as Aboriginal land. Some Aboriginal Land Councils make them available online.
If you need to refer to race, the politically correct term is Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal people is usually okay and referring to sacred sites and land as Aboriginal sites, or Aboriginal land is okay too, though these terms only refer to people indigenous to mainland Australia or Tasmania. Avoid using Aborigine or Aboriginal as a noun to describe a person, as some people see negative connotations in these words. The contraction "Abo" is deeply offensive and should never be used. The word Native is also offensive. People indigenous to the Torres-seilande do not identify as "Aboriginal"; just stick to the term Torres Strait Islander instead.
Other areas to consider when interacting with Indigenous Australians are:
- Australia Day is considered a day of invasion by many Aboriginal people
- Dit is die beste om nie die naam van 'n oorledene aan 'n inheemse Australiër te noem nie. Alhoewel die inheemse gebruik verskil, is dit die beste om die moontlikheid van oortreding te vermy.
- Toestemming om 'n Aboriginal persoon te fotografeer, moet altyd gevra word, maar veral in die meer afgeleë gebiede soos Arnhem Land, Northern Territory.
- Vermy die respek vir heilige Aboriginale plekke soos om op Uluru of die Drie Susters te klim.
Godsdiens
Die hedendaagse Australiese samelewing is taamlik sekulêr, en slegs 'n minderheid Australiërs gaan gereeld kerk toe. Die meeste Australiërs is verdraagsaam teenoor mense van alle gelowe, en mense wat godsdienstige drag dra, soos hijabs, kippa's of kruisings, sal in die algemeen nie teistering kry nie, hoewel Islamofobie wel bestaan. As u probeer om ander met u godsdiens te proklameer of dit ongemaklik te maak, sal dit egter dikwels negatief reageer.
Bly veilig
Noodgevalle
Die aantal 000 ('triple zero' of 'triple oh' genoem) kan vanaf elke telefoon in Australië gratis geskakel word. Hierdie nommer skakel u met die polisie, brandweer, kuswag of ambulansdiens nadat u aan die noodoperateur gesê het watter diens u benodig.
As u met hierdie dienste kontak wil maak, maar die situasie is nie 'n noodgeval nie, moet u nie 000 skakel nie. U kan die polisiediens skakel 131 444. Dit sluit in om 'n uitroep vir geraasklagtes aan te vra. Gifinligtingsadvies, wat ook raad kan gee oor slang-, spinnekop- en insekbyte, is beskikbaar op 131 126. Inligting oor die opsporing van die naaste mediese dienste kan verkry word deur te skakel 1800 022 222 (behalwe Tasmanië).
As u hulp benodig tydens 'n vloed, storm, sikloon, tsoenami, aardbewing of ander natuurrampe, kan u die staat se nooddiens in elke staat kontak (behalwe die Noordelike Gebied) op 132 500. U sal gekoppel wees aan u plaaslike eenheid en daarvandaan kan hulp gereël word. As die noodgeval lewensgevaarlik is, bel eerder 000.
U kan 000 vanaf alle selfone skakel. Selfone wat in Australië verkoop word, erken dit as die noodnommer en sal enige beskikbare netwerk gebruik om die oproep te plaas. As u egter 'n telefoon het wat buite Australië verkry word, gebruik u die universele noodnommer 112 is 'n beter idee. Die gebruik van 112 sal enige beskikbare netwerk gebruik, sal werk selfs as u foon nie swerf nie, en sal werk, selfs al het die telefoon nie 'n SIM nie. 112 werk ook van Australiese telefone wat gekoop is.
Gehoor- of spraakgestremde mense met TTY-toerusting kan skakel 106. Diegene met internetverbinding kan die Internet Relay Service via die webwerf.
Oproepe vanaf vaste-telefone (landlyn) kan opgespoor word om die nooddienste te help om u te bereik. Die nooddienste het die beperkte vermoë om die oorsprong van noodoproepe vanaf mobiele telefone op te spoor, veral buite stedelike gebiede, dus sorg dat u kalm en duidelik besonderhede oor u ligging verstrek. Vanweë die nommerreeks vir noodoproepe, word ongeveer 60% van die oproepe na die noodnommers verkeerd gedoen.
Niemand sal waarskynlik op u oproep reageer nie, tensy u effektief aan die operateur kan kommunikeer dat u hulp nodig het. As u hulp benodig, maar nie kan praat nie, word u na 'n IVR herlei en gevra om te druk 55 om te bevestig dat u hulp benodig en nie per ongeluk gebel het nie. U oproep sal dan met die polisie verbind word.
Behalwe vir 112 vanaf 'n mobiele telefoon, noodnommers uit ander lande (byvoorbeeld '911', '17' of '100') werk nie in Australië.
Bestuur
Hou 'n gevoel van perspektief. Toeriste is baie meer geneig om as voetgangers, bestuurders of passasiers op Australiese paaie dood of beseer te word as al die ander oorsake van dood en besering saam.
Ry onder die invloed van drank of dwelms is verbode. Die meeste state gebruik 'n voorgeskrewe standaard alkohol in die bloed om vas te stel of bestuur misdadig is. Die voorgeskrewe (toegelate) inhoud wissel van nul tot 0,05. Lukrake asemtoetsing vir bloed en alkohol word uitgevoer.
Australië is 'n enorme land en dit kan langer duur as wat u verwag om tussen stede en dorpe te ry, veral as u in Europa of Noord-Amerika gewoond is aan snel- of snelwegry. Alhoewel die hoofweë vergelykbaar is met dié in die buiteland, moet sekondêre snelweë in landelike gebiede versigtig behandel word. Spoedbeperkings wissel volgens ligging, pad en staat. Vermy die spanning van moegheid deur nie van plan om binne 'n dag te ver te ry nie. Owerhede beveel sterk aan om elke twee uur 'n onderbreking (met sommige wat buite die motor loop) aan te beveel.
Om tussen dorpe en stede te ry, hou die risiko in om te slaan of te val weens swaai om wild te vermy. Kangoeroes het die gewoonte om deur motors gepook te word en dan verbouereerd voor hulle in te spring. Wees ekstra versigtig wanneer u deur gebiede ry met plantegroei naby die pad en tydens dagbreek en skemer wanneer die wild die beste is. Natuurlewe is gewoonlik nie 'n probleem in groot stedelike gebiede nie (met die uitsondering van Canberra, waar 'n reeks parke voldoende kangoeroes bied, wat dikwels hoofpaaie kruis).
Stedelike Australiërs loop rond, ontwyk motors en verwag die ligte. Alhoewel die meeste bestuurders vir 'n rooi lig stop, is die gebruik van die oranje liggie algemeen, dus dit is altyd 'n goeie idee om te verseker dat die verkeer gestaak is voordat hulle van die randsteen af stap. Mense van lande wat regs ry, sal 'n rukkie neem om gewoond te raak daaraan om op die regte manier te kyk as hulle oorsteek.
Strande
Ongeveer 10–20 oorsese reisigers verdrink jaarliks in Australië. Die meeste van hierdie verdrinkings vind plaas op seestrande, waar statistieke besoekers 'n aansienlik hoër risiko as inwoners inhou. Kyk die Strandveiligheid webwerf.
Strandgangers moet swem tussen die rooi en geel vlae wat patrolleerde gebiede aanwys. Strande word nie 24 uur per dag gepatrolleer nie, of selfs gedurende die lig van die dag nie. In die meeste gevalle is die plaaslike vrywilligers of lewensredders slegs gedurende sekere tye beskikbaar, en op sommige strande slegs oor naweke, en dikwels slegs gedurende die somer. As die vlae nie op is nie, patrolleer niemand nie. Baie strande in landelike gebiede word glad nie gepatrolleer nie. As u kies om te swem, let op die risiko's, kyk na die toestande, bly binne u diepte en moenie alleen swem nie.
Baie strande in Australië val skielik af, wat nie-swemmers kan verras nie. As u twyfel, vra die plaaslike bevolking.
Harde branderplanke en ander watervaartuie, soos surfski's, kajakke, ens nie tussen die rooi en geel vlae toegelaat. Hierdie vaartuie mag slegs buite die blou vlaggies vir 'branderplankry-toegelaat' gebruik word.
Australiese seestrande kan soms sterk skeure hê waarteen selfs die sterkste swemmers nie kan swem nie. Skeur is amper onsigbare kanale van water wat van die strand af wegvloei. Baie inwoners kan skeure raaksien, so vra dit as jy twyfel. Hierdie kanale haal die water uit wat die inkomende branders in die oewer bring. Strandgangers kan verkeerdelik hierdie kanale of gebiede gebruik, aangesien dit as kalm water kan lyk en 'n makliker area is om in te swem. Probleme kom voor wanneer die swemmer teen die uitgaande stroom in die oewer probeer swem of vinnig ryp, vinnig moeg word en uiteindelik verdrink. Skeur kan aan een of meer van hierdie tekens herken word: 'n kabbelende voorkoms as die omringende water redelik kalm is; skuim wat verder strek as die breekzone; bruin, sanderige water; golwe breek verder weerskante van die skeur uit.
As u vasgevang word by 'n gekontroleerde strand, spaar u energie, dryf of trap water en lig een hand. Die lewensredders van die branders sal by u uitkom. Moenie wag totdat u so moeg is dat u nie meer kan swem nie. U sal waarskynlik agterkom dat plaaslike swemmers of surfers ook vinnig tot u hulp sal kom. Gewoonlik word die vlaggies geplaas waar daar geen skeure is nie, maar dit is nie altyd die geval nie, aangesien skeure kan beweeg.
As u vasgevang word op 'n onbeheerde strand, bly kalm om energie te bespaar en te swem parallel na die strand (nie teen die trek van die stroom nie). Die meeste skeure is slegs 'n paar meter breed, en sodra u van die ondergrond vry is, kan u swem of 'n golf vang om terug te keer na die oewer. Moet nooit alleen swem nie. Moenie dink dat die regte tegniek u uit elke situasie sal lei nie. In die branding aan die agterkant van die strand, kan die trap van water moeilik wees, met golwe wat elke paar sekondes klop. Tensy u dit sien gebeur het, is dit moeilik om te besef hoe vinnig 'n skeur u 50 m na die see kan neem en tot baie groter golfbreuke kan lei. As u op 'n onbeheerde brandstrand is, moet u met groot versigtigheid te werk gaan en nooit uit u diepte gaan nie.
Strandtekens bevat dikwels 'n nommer of 'n alfanumeriese kode. Hierdie kode kan indien nodig aan nooddienste gegee word sodat hulle u vinnig kan opspoor.
Krokodille en Box Jellievis word op tropiese strande aangetref, afhangende van die tyd van die jaar en omgewing. Haaie kom op baie van Australië se strande voor. Kyk na die onderstaande gedeelte oor gevaarlike wesens. Gepatrolleerde strande sal die oseaan dophou vir enige haai-aktiwiteit. As u 'n aaneenlopende sirene op die strand hoor afgaan en 'n rooi en 'n wit en vierkantige vlag waai of uit die toring hou, dui dit op 'n haai-kyk, maak dus pad na die oewer. Sodra dit duidelik is, sal 'n kort sireen geblaas word, wat gewoonlik beteken dat dit veilig is om na die water terug te keer.
Natuurrampe
As 'n groot land word Australië geraak deur 'n verskeidenheid natuurrampe.
Siklone
Tussen November en April kom tropiese siklone (orkane) in die trope (die noordelike deel) van Australië voor, en u moet verstaan hoe 'n tropiese sikloon u kan beïnvloed gedurende die tropiese nat seisoen. Die impak van siklone wissel met hul intensiteit en die nabyheid daarvan. Swak siklone kos u dalk net 'n dag of twee van u vakansie vir reën en wind terwyl u binnenshuis in u hotel bly, en 'n uur se ry vanaf die sikloon se sentrum kan nog steeds mooi weer hê. Ernstiger tropiese siklone kan dodelik wees vir die onvoorbereide, kan u dwing om te ontruim en kan u reisplanne ernstig ontwrig. Selfs siklone met lae intensiteit of tropiese depressies in meer afgeleë gebiede kan paaie dae tot weke lank sluit.
Gemiddeld ervaar 'n dorp in die trope elke dertig jaar 'n tropiese sikloon. Die ylheid van die bevolking in die noorde en noordweste van Australië (waar siklone die meeste voorkom) beteken dat baie siklone die kus verbygaan met min impak op dorpe.
As u van plan is om gedurende die sikloonseisoen na die trope te reis, moet u dit verstaan en hersien Buro vir meteorologie se inligtingsblad voordat u vertrek, en hou die bladsy in die algemeen dop terwyl u op soek is na vroeë waarskuwings oor probleme wat ontwikkel.
Vloede
In die tropiese noorde is die Nat seisoen kom gedurende die somermaande Desember, Januarie en Februarie voor, wat stortreën en gereelde oorstromings na daardie streke bring. Dit is nie ongewoon dat sommige kusgebiede 'n dag of twee afgesny word terwyl die water afneem nie. Dit kan nog steeds 'n goeie tyd wees om sommige van die goed bevolkte, toeristegerigte gebiede te besoek, en behalwe in buitengewone hewige oorstromings, kan u steeds die klopende watervalle en ander besienswaardighede sien wat dit 'n interessante besoekstyd kan maak.
Oorstromings in die buiteland en in die binneland van Australië kom skaars voor, en dit kom dekades uitmekaar voor, dus u sal ongelukkig wees om dit teë te kom. As u egter van plan is om die binneland of die buiteland te besoek en die gebied oorstroom word, moet u dit heroorweeg. Die land is plat, en dit kan dus weke neem om aan te gaan, en dit laat die land pap. Insekte en muskiete word gek met al die vars water wat saamloop, en hierdie dinge eet insekweermiddels vir ontbyt en is steeds honger. Die paaie sluit, wat baie ure aan die reistyd byvoeg. Baie besienswaardighede lê dikwels op 'n kort stuk grondpad van die hoofweg af, en hierdie dele word onbegaanbaar, selfs al bly die hoofweg oop. Beplan om oor 'n paar weke terug te keer, en die land sal nog groen wees, die mere en riviere sal nog vloei, en die voëllewe sal nog bestaan.
Die natste periode in die suide van die land is gewoonlik rondom die wintermaande Junie, Julie en Augustus. Daar is selde op een slag genoeg reën om oorstromings te veroorsaak. Die hoofstede word selde, of ooit, beduidend geraak deur oorstromings.
Blitsvloede
In baie oostelike stede kom die kitsvloei ten minste een keer per jaar voor, meestal in die somer, en is 'n oorlas. Bly egter binne en volg die advies van SES en ABC plaaslike radio. Moet nooit probeer om in vloedwaters te ry nie; tientalle motors word elke jaar vernietig deur die gedagte 'dis nie so diep' nie. U wil nie die persoon wees wat onder die brug dryf en wag dat die polisie u red nie.
Flitsvloei bring dikwels groot hael mee wat motors kan beskadig. Soek onderdakparkeerplek (nie ondergronds nie).
Dit is gewoonlik voorspelbaar. Oor die algemeen hoor u gebrom oor 'n storm wat van plaaslike inwoners af kom, en bom.gov.au sal 'n waarskuwing vir ernstige weerstoestande noem.
Water toevoer
Australië is 'n baie droë land met groot gebiede woestyn, en kan ook baie warm word.
As u in afgeleë gebiede reis, weg van verseëlde paaie, waar die potensiaal om tot 'n week vas te loop sonder om 'n ander voertuig te sien baie werklik is, is dit noodsaaklik dat u u eie watertoevoer dra (4 gal of 7 L per persoon per dag) ). Moenie mislei word deur inskrywings op kaarte soos 'goed' of 'fontein' of 'tenk' (of enige inskrywing wat daarop dui dat daar 'n watermassa is nie). Byna almal is droog, en die meeste binnelandse mere is droë soutpanne.
Baie stede en dorpe het waterbeperkings, wat die gebruik van water in aktiwiteite soos motors was, tuine natmaak of openbare storte beperk. Dit is algemeen om tekens in akkommodasie te sien wat besoekers vra om die lengte van hul storte te beperk.
Dit is algemeen dat die openbare watertoevoer in baie plaaslike dorpe nie drinkbaar is nie. Moenie drink uit 'n kraan met die opskrif "Moenie drink nie" of "Nie-drinkbaar", want dit is gewoonlik net onbehandelde grondwater.
Aardbewings
Alhoewel Australië nie op enige plaatgrense geleë is nie, kom aardbewings van tyd tot tyd voor. Dit is gewoonlik gering en veroorsaak baie selde groot skade of sterftes.
Bosbrande
Bosbrande is 'n seisoenale gevaar in baie dele van Australië - en as u die bosveld of landelike gebiede aandurf, is dit die moeite werd om eers die brandgevaar en die status van enige veldbrandaktiwiteit na te gaan. Alhoewel die meeste brande vinnig beheer kan word, kan bosbrande op baie gevaarlike branddae lewensgevaarlik wees - veral as dit te voet is of nie die beskerming van 'n groot gebou het nie.
As u in 'n bosbrand vasgevang is, sal die meeste brande vinnig oorgaan. U moet skuiling vind wat u sal beskerm teen rook en stralingshitte. Die beste is 'n huis, dan 'n motor, dan 'n oop plek, 'n grot of op die strand. Maak alles nat wat u kan. Bly laag en bedek jou mond. Bedek u met nie-vlambare (wol) klere of komberse, en verminder die vel wat direk aan die hitte blootgestel word. As u toegang tot 'n kraan het, moet u vroeg water bymekaarmaak; vertrou nie op waterdruk as die brandfront nader nie.
Die Brandgevaargradering (afgebeeld aan die regterkant) vertel hoe gevaarlik 'n brand sou wees as dit sou ontstaan. Dit is nie 'n voorspeller van die waarskynlikheid van 'n bosbrand nie.
- Ernstig: warm, droë en winderige toestande. 'N Brand wat in hierdie toestande ontstaan, kan onbeheerbaar wees. Slegs goed voorbereide geboue wat aktief verdedig word, kan veiligheid bied. Vertrek met die eerste teken van vuur.
- Ekstreme: Warm droë en winderige toestande. Enige brande wat begin en posvat, sal onbeheerbaar, onvoorspelbaar en vinnig beweeg kan word. Slegs huise en geboue wat goed voorberei en aktief verdedig word teen bosbrande, kan veiligheid bied. Vermy beboste gebiede, dik bosse of lang, droë gras. Dit word aanbeveel om sulke gebiede te verlaat om te verseker dat u nie in 'n bosbrand vasgevang word nie.
- Katastrofies / kodrooi: Dit is die slegste omstandighede wat moontlik is vir 'n bos- of grasbrand. Vermy beboste gebiede, dik bosse of lang, droë gras. Dit is baie raadsaam om bosse en bosagtige gebiede te verlaat.
Dit is opmerklik dat baie plaaslike inwoners hul buitelandse huise sal verlaat om die hele dag in groot dorpe te skuil, op die paar dae per jaar wat as 'katastrofies' aangedui word.
Nasionale parke en staatsbosse
As die brandrisiko buitengewoon of hoër is, kan nasionale parke gesluit wees, veral die landelike gebiede, dus moet u 'n alternatiewe plan hê as u van plan is om gedurende die somer te kampeer of in parke te stap. As daar 'n brand in 'n park is, sal dit gewoonlik heeltemal gesluit wees.
As u in 'n park of bos in 'n uiterste brandgevaarperiode tuisgaan, is dit die veiligste opsie om die nag voor of vroeg die dag te vertrek. As u van 'n vuur te wete kom of rook sien, moet u vinnig optree.
Reis tydens aktiewe brande of gedurende die brandseisoen
As u gedurende die bosseisoen buite stede ry, skakel dan in plaaslike ABC-radio. Tydens 'n bosbrand of enige ander voortdurende noodgeval sal elke dertig minute 'n waarskuwingsirene klink, gevolg deur 'n opdatering van die huidige situasie in die omgewing. U kan waarskuwings vir ontruiming op u foon ontvang.
Nood- en bosbrandbestuur is 'n staatsverantwoordelikheid in Australië - vind dus die webwerf of app wat geskik is vir die land waarin u is. Webwerwe soos Nood WA en VicEmergency lys alle huidige noodgevalle in hul onderskeie state en is dikwels die nuutste metode om inligting oor 'n huidige noodgeval in te win.
Dit is moontlik dat u in 'n situasie sal kom waar dit te laat word om te vertrek.
Gedurende die bosbrandseisoen moet u 'n plan hê wat bestaan uit twee ontsnaproetes en die vermoë om vinnig te pak wat u benodig.
Winkelsentrums of hoofstrate van beboude dorpe is veilige plekke om gedurende Extreme of Code Red-dae te wees, tensy u anders via radio hoor.
Hele plattelandse dorpe kan soms ontruim word as daar 'n bosbrand is wat hulle bedreig. Dikwels is daar geen tekens van die brand tydens ontruiming nie, maar u moet vroeg vertrek, want dit is gevaarlik om deur 'n brandfront te ontruim. Die beste raad is net om aan te gaan en nie rond te bly kyk nie.
Verligting van vure
Sorg dat vure wat u aansteek wettig is en onder beheer gehou word. Die brandweerdiens bedryf 'n totale brandverbod stelsel gedurende periodes van uiterste brandgevaar. Wanneer 'n algehele brandverbod ingestel is, is alle buitebrande verbode. Die meeste parke sal 'n verbod adverteer, en dit is u verantwoordelikheid om die plaaslike brandgevaarvlakke na te gaan. Boetes of selfs tronkstraf geld vir die aansteek van vure wat buite beheer raak, om nie eens te praat van die gevoel wat u kan kry as u verantwoordelik is vir die eiendom, natuurlewe en persoonbeskadiging wat u kan veroorsaak nie.
Giftige en gevaarlike wesens
- Sien ook: Peste
Alhoewel Australië die tuiste is van baie van die dodelikste soorte insekte, reptiele en seelewe op die planeet, sal die reisiger waarskynlik nie een van hierdie soorte in 'n stedelike omgewing teëkom nie, en selfs in die bosse probeer hierdie wesens mense meestal vermy. . Die oorgrote meerderheid sterftes weens byt en angel in Australië is te wyte aan allergiese reaksies op bye en perdebye.
Sommige van die inligting wat versprei word oor die gevaarlike natuurlewe van Australië, word buite verhouding geblaas, veral deur Australiërs self grappenderwys. U moet egter waarskuwings oor jellievisse en krokodille ernstig in die trope neem, en hou afstand van slange in die nasionale parke en bosveld.
As u in landelike gebiede reis, is dit 'n goeie idee om basiese noodhulptoerusting te dra, insluitend kompressieverbande, en om te leer wat u moet doen na 'n slang of 'n spinnekopbyt.
Slange
Dit is nie algemeen om slange in verstedelikte gebiede in Australië teë te kom nie, maar dit kom algemeen voor in grasveld, nasionale parke en ander bosveld. Slange sal oor die algemeen probeer om soveel as moontlik afstand tussen hulself en jou te plaas, dus as jy 'n slang sien loop terwyl jy loop, gaan dan net daarheen of loop anderpad. Dit is nie aan te beveel om blindelings in digte bos- en grasareas in te loop nie, want daar skuil slange. Slange vrees meestal mense en sal lankal verdwyn voordat jy ooit die kans kry om hulle te sien.
Nooit nie probeer om enige slang op te tel, selfs al is u van mening dat dit 'n nie-giftige spesie is. Die meeste mense wat deur slange gebyt is, het probeer om die slang op te tel of die wese dood te maak, of per ongeluk op een te trap terwyl hulle loop.
Australië het 'n paar slange wat dodelik is. Behandel alle slange dus met respek, en soek dringend mediese behandeling vir enige slangbyt. Neem 'n noodhulpkissie wat geskik is vir slangbyte as u buite die gebaande baan gaan. As u gebyt word, moet u die wond immobiliseer deur die aangetaste gebied styf met stroke kledingstukke of verbande toe te draai en onmiddellik mediese hulp in te win. Moenie die wond skoonmaak nie, want gifreste kan getoets word om vas te stel wat die gif moet gebruik. Stuur iemand anders om hulp as u in 'n geïsoleerde omgewing is. Die gif van sommige slange (veral die taipan) kan binne vyftien minute in werking tree, maar as die wond onmiddellik geïmmobiliseer word en u rus, is dit moontlik om die aanvang van die gif met een tot 'n paar uur te vertraag. Polyvalente anti-gifstowwe is beskikbaar in die meeste hospitale wat anti-gif bevat vir alle gevaarlike Australiese slange.
Spinnekoppe
Alhoewel beroemd om sy arachnids, is sterftes van spinnekoppe in Australië uiters skaars. Dit is algemeen om spinnekoppe in Australië te sien, en die meeste sal u geen skade berokken nie. Dra handskoene terwyl u tuinmaak of blaarvullis hanteer. Kyk of skud klere, skoene, ensovoorts wat buite gelaat is voordat u dit aantrek. Moenie u vingers onder klippe of in bome se gate plaas nie, waar spinnekoppe kan wees. Sommige spinnekoppe kom gewoonlik voor in geboue en huise, insluitend die groot en harige Huntsman-spinnekoppe, wat oor die algemeen skadeloos is en die insekplae soos kakkerlakke verminder. Die groot spinnerakke tussen bome wat deur tuin- of bolwebspinnekoppe beset is, is meer 'n irritasie as 'n gevaar.
Sommige spinnekoppe is egter ook baie gevaarlik. Die wêreld se giftigste spin is die Sydney Funnel-Web spinnekop, gevind in en om Sydney en die ooste van Nieu-Suid-Wallis - gewoonlik onder rotse en blaarvullis. Die spinnekop is oral tot 5 cm groot en is gewoonlik swart. As u in 'n gebied is wat bekend is daarvoor dat u Trechter-Web-spinnekoppe het en u gebyt word deur 'n spinnekop wat volgens u 'n Trechter-web kan wees, is dit belangrik dat u so vinnig as moontlik in die hospitaal moet kom. Die Funnel-Web spandeer die meeste van sy tyd ondergronds (dit kan gewoonlik net 30 minute buite 'n vogtige gat woon), en daarom is dit baie onwaarskynlik dat u iemand teëkom wat rondloop. Die laaste bevestigde sterftesyfer was in 1979.
Die Rooi rugspinnekop (word gewoonlik maklik met 'n rooi punt op die buik geïdentifiseer) is algemeen en na 'n byt is dit belangrik om mediese hulp in te win, alhoewel dit nie so dringend is soos met 'n trechterweb nie. Rooi rugkant skuil gewoonlik in donker plekke en hoeke. Dit is baie ongewoon om hulle binnenshuis te sien; hulle kan egter in skure wegkruip, buite tafels en stoele en onder rotse of ander voorwerpe wat op die grond sit.
Noodhulpbehandeling vir spinnekopbyte kan in Australië verskil in vergelyking met ander dele van die wêreld. Raadpleeg altyd mediese advies nadat 'n byt plaasgevind het. Indien moontlik, moet u probeer om die wese te identifiseer wat u gebyt het. Neem 'n foto of vang dit sodat die toepaslike anti-gif vinnig toegedien kan word. Maar moenie die risiko loop om weer gebyt te word nie.
Jellievisse
Reisigers in die noorde Queensland, die Noordelike Gebied, of noordelik Wes-Australië moet bewus wees van die risiko van dodelike angel as gevolg van die Box Jellievis as u tussen Oktober en Mei in die see swem. Dit is baie moeilik om op te spoor en kom in baie vlak water voor. Steke van hierdie jellievisse is 'uitmergelend' en dikwels dodelik. Asyn wat dadelik op die aanhegtende tentakels toegedien word, verminder die hoeveelheid gif wat ingespuit word, maar onmiddellike mediese hulp sal benodig word. Die gevaarseisoen wissel volgens plek. Oor die algemeen kom die jellievisse naby die kus voor, aangesien dit in die riviermondings voortplant. Hulle word gewoonlik nie op die Great Barrier Reef uitgevind nie, en baie mense swem op die rif sonder om voorsorg te tref. Soek betroubare plaaslike inligting. Sommige inwoners op die strand kan ongemaklik vir die risiko's wees.
Irukandji is 'n ander spesie klein (vingernael) jellievisse wat in die waters voor Noord-Australië en die omliggende Indo-Stille Oseaan eilande woon. Dit is ook baie moeilik om te sien, en dit kan gevaarlik wees, alhoewel dit baie skaars is. In teenstelling met die doosjellievisse, kom hulle op die rif voor. Die aanvanklike angel kan ongesiens verbygaan. Daar word gedebatteer of hulle noodlottig kan wees, maar hulle kan beslis 'n slagoffer in die hospitaal plaas, en dit kan dae lank uiterste pyn veroorsaak. As u naarheid of skietpyne het kort nadat u uit die water gekom het, moet u mediese behandeling kry.
'N "Steekpak" wat bestand is teen kwellesteke, kos ongeveer $ 100 of kan vir ongeveer $ 20 per week gehuur word.
Blou ring seekat
Die klein Blue Ring Octopus word in rotspoele aan die kus van Australië aangetref. Gewoonlik 'n dowwe sanderige-beige kleur, die wese het helderblou sirkels op sy vel as dit bedreig word. Die Blue Ring Octopus is skaars en skaam. Plaas u hand nie onder rotse of in splete in rotspoele of naby die oewer nie, want dit is waar hulle skuil. Die meeste inwoners doen dieselfde. Dit het 'n kragtige verlammende gifstof wat die dood kan veroorsaak tensy kunsmatige asemhaling verskaf word. In die geskiedenis van Australië is daar slegs twee bevestigde sterftes deur Blue Ring Octopus.
Krokodille
Reisigers in die noorde van Queensland, die Noordelike Gebied of Noord-Wes-Australië moet bewus wees van die risiko van noodlottige aanvalle deur soutwater krokodille in en aangrensend aan noordelike waters (oseaan-, riviermondings- en varswaterlokasies) tussen King Sound, Wes-Australië en Rockhampton, Queensland. Soutwaterkrokodille in hierdie gebiede kan 25 voet lank word en kan sonder waarskuwing in water aanval. Ten spyte van wat hul naam aandui, kan hulle in sout en vars water voorkom. Op die land lê krokodille gewoonlik roerloos, maar hulle het die vermoë om met buitengewone spoed in kort sarsies te beweeg. Daar is relatief min aanvalle wat beserings veroorsaak - die meeste aanvalle is dodelik. Gevaarlike swemareas het gewoonlik prominente waarskuwingstekens. In hierdie streke swem net in binnelandse waters as u spesifiek in kennis gestel word dat dit veilig is. Sedert 1970 is daar jaarliks ongeveer een krokodilaanval op 'n mens.
Hoe kleiner varswater krokodil is, anders as die soutwater, skugter en sal mense vermy indien moontlik. Die varswater kan aanval om homself of sy eiers te verdedig of as dit skrik. Hulle kan 'n nare byt toedien, maar as gevolg van hul klein kake en tande, sal dit selde die dood by mense veroorsaak.
Gevaarlike flora
Die Gympie-bos (Dendrocnide moroides), ook bekend as die steekboom, is 'n steekplant waarvan die mikroskopiese steekhare op blare en takke tot 'n paar weke ernstige pyn kan veroorsaak. Hulle kom meestal in Noordoos-Queensland voor, veral in die skoonmaak van reënwoude. Die Gympie-bos en ander nou verwante spesies (daar is ongeveer vyf) stingende boom kan egter in die suidooste van Queensland en verder suid in die ooste van Australië gevind word. Mense wat in sulke gebiede rondstap, word aangeraai om die plant om geen rede aan te raak nie.
Misdaad
Misdaad tariewe in Australië is ongeveer vergelykbaar met ander eerstewêreldlande: min reisigers sal die slagoffer van misdaad wees. U moet normale voorsorg tref teen sakkies, sak in die sak en so meer. Sommige stede en dorpe het gebiede wat snags gevaarlik kan wees, maar dit is gewoonlik nie van die toeriste nie, en dit is baie onwaarskynlik dat u per ongeluk kan binnedwaal.
Australiese polisie is toeganklik en betroubaar, en u moet aanrandings, diefstal of ander misdade so gou moontlik by die polisie aanmeld.
Daar is twee soorte polisie in Australië; die staats- / territoriale polisie en die Australiese federale polisie (AFP). Gewoonlik gaan u slegs met die staatspolisie in aanraking, met die AFP wat grootliks toegewy is aan baie spesifieke regeringsverwante rolle, met die uitsondering die Australian Capital Territory (ACT) waar die AFP die belangrikste polisiemag is.
U mag onder geen omstandighede omkoopgeld of gratifikasies aan 'n Australiese polisiebeampte (of wat dit betref enige ander regeringsamptenaar soos 'n doeanebeampte) bied nie, want dit is 'n misdaad en hulle sal die wette daarteen toepas.
As u u motor alleen laat, moet u seker maak dat dit gesluit is, dat die vensters opgerol is en dat daar geen ooglopende teikens vir diefstal in die voertuig is nie, want diewe sal dikwels vensters stukkend slaan na 'n telefoon, GPS of sak wat sigbaar is. in die motor.
Rassisme
Australië is van buite 'n multikulturele en rasverdraagsame samelewing en daar is sterk wette wat haatspraak en ander vorme van diskriminasie op grond van ras verbied. Nietemin is rassisme steeds 'n sensitiewe onderwerp vir 'n volk wat nog nie heeltemal versoen is met sy geskiedenis van koloniale besetting nie. Gedwonge toeëiening van inheemse lande tesame met formele diskriminasie, staatsgesanksioneerde rassisme en selfs gedwonge skeiding van inheemse kinders (bekend as die Gesteelde generasies) van hul gesinne strek tot in die 20ste eeu. Geleidelike verandering gedurende die vorige eeu het gelei tot die afskaffing van die enigste immigrasiebeleid wat wit is, burgerskap vir die inheemse bevolking en die vestiging van groot gemeenskappe van Asiatiese, Midde-Oosterse en Afrika-oorsprong.
Besoekers aan Australië sal gelukkig waarskynlik nie lukraak voorvalle van rassemishandeling ondervind nie. As dit wel gebeur, kan u dit by die polisie aanmeld en verwag dat daar opgetree sal word. Gewelddadige voorvalle is nog skaarser.
Woorde wat na rasse-agtergrond verwys, kan tussen vriende van verskillende etniese groepe gebruik word, maar dit is wel so word sterk aanbeveel om dit nie self uit te probeer nie. U kan wel hoor dat Pom (Brits), Yank (Amerikaans), Paki (Indiese subkontinent) en Wog (van Suid-Europa of Midde-Oosters) gebruik word. In die besonder sal Britse mense sommige van hierdie terme as veral rassisties beskou, maar dit word baie gemakliker in Australië gebruik. Moet nooit na Aboriginal mense as "Abos" verwys nie, aangesien dit as 'n rassistiese term beskou word.
Daar is anti-immigrasie- en anti-multikulturele groepe wat in die Australiese samelewing opereer, wat meestal reageer op die immigrasie van mense uit Moslem- en Afrikalande. As besoeker is dit onwaarskynlik dat u met hulle in aanraking sal kom, alhoewel dit laat in die nag in 'n kroeg is en u mense begin uitlok vir hul rasse-siening, is alle verbintenis af - wees voorbereid op enigiets. Melbourne het onlangs gewelddadige misdade ervaar waarby jongmense van Afrika-afkoms betrokke was, wat op hul beurt deur baie plaaslike media en baie politici baie oordrewe was, wat rassistiese sentimente aangewakker het.
Dit is nie aanstootlik om te gebruik nie Aussie (Ozzie) om Australiese mense te beskryf, maar dit is nie 'n term wat Australiërs gewoonlik gebruik om hulself te identifiseer nie. Dit is meer geneig om dit op dinge (Aussie-reëls, ens.) Toe te pas as op hulself. As die gesang van Aussie, Aussie, Aussie - Oi Oi Oi by 'n internasionale sportbyeenkoms opgaan, sal sommige Australiërs ineenkrimp, en ander sal hieraan deelneem. Dikwels hang dit af van hul eie sosiale waarneming, of hul staat van verswakking, of albei .
Bedrogspul
Pogings om verneukspul toeriste kom nie algemeen voor in Australië nie; tref normale voorsorgmaatreëls soos om 'n bietjie uit te vind oor u bestemming. Daar was skaars gevalle van misdadigers wat aan kitsbanke gepeuter het sodat kontant daarin vasgevang is, of sodat hulle kaartbesonderhede vir diewe opneem. You should check your transaction records for odd transactions after using an ATMs and immediately contact the bank controlling the ATM if a transaction seems to be successful but the machine doesn't give you any cash. Always cover the keypad with your hand when entering your PIN to prevent any skimming devices which have cameras recording your PIN.
ATM Skimming is rare and easily avoided by using ATMs from trusted banks (ANZ, Commonwealth, Westpac, Nab), or ATMs located inside a bank "gallery" which are generally open 24/7 but are more secure than an outdoor ATM.
Illegal drugs
Opium, heroin, amphetamines (speed), cocaine, LSD, ecstasy, marijuana and hashish among other drugs are all illegal to possess and to sell in all states of Australia. Trafficking offences carry a long jail term, and in serious cases can even lead to life imprisonment. Australia shares information on drug trafficking with other countries, even those with the death penalty.
Penalties for possession or sale of small amounts of marijuana are typically lower than for other drugs, and vary between states. In South Australia, Western Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory jail terms do not apply to first time marijuana offences. Some states can issue on-the-spot fines for small amounts of marijuana whereas others always require a court appearance. Foreigners should not expect more lenient treatment than locals from Australian police for drug offences. Driving while under the influence of drugs is a serious offence, and doing so will invariably lead to arrest and prosecution, and in serious cases even a jail sentence.
Do not under any circumstances attempt to bring illicit drugs into Australia, including marijuana; this is strictly illegal and punishable with long jail terms of up to life in prison, and customs officers often employ dogs to sniff drugs out of arriving passengers' luggage. Dogs can even tell that you smoked marijuana from the day before you flew to Australia, so you may be held back for some long questioning.
Australia's proximity to Asië means that heroin is a far more commonly used illicit drug than cocaine or crack cocaine. In some areas of large cities you will need to be careful of discarded needles: however these will generally be found in back streets rather than in popular tourist spots.
Firearms
Firearm ownership is rare in Australia, with strict licensing requirements resulting in gun ownership being typically limited to hunters and farmers in rural areas, as well as sport shooters. Criminal gangs do carry illegal firearms in urban areas, although it is unlikely that travellers will run into them.
It is very difficult to bring firearms into Australia, with a Police permit required for each federal state to be visited before arrival.
Gay and lesbian travellers
Australia has an equal age of consent set at 16 for all states except Tasmania and South Australia where the age is 17. Same sex marriage is legal in Australia, having been passed into law in December 2017 after the nation strongly voted for it (with 61% choosing change) in a national postal survey.
Attitudes to homosexuality are similar to those found in most western countries. Although inner Sydney is one of the most gay-friendly cities in the world, caution is still advisable in conservative rural areas, including rural parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory. Australia has outlawed discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and legal recourse may be available should you experience discrimination. Police assistance may be difficult to obtain in remote and rural areas for discrimination.
Sydney is Australia's gay capital, and hosts one of the world's most famous gay pride festivals - the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras - annually during February and March. The festival culminates in a huge parade through central Sydney which attracts hundreds of thousands of spectators. Alice Springs celebrates the "Alice Is Wonderland Festival", a gay and lesbian pride festival in late April/early May. Melbourne has a "Pride March" every year on the first Sunday of February.
Stay healthy
Skin
Exposure to the sun at Australian latitudes frequently results in sonbrand, and Australia has one of the highest skin cancer rates in the world. Getting sunburnt can make you feel feverish and unwell and may take a few days or weeks to heal depending on the severity. It means you can't go back out into the sun until the sunburn fades, so getting sunburnt on the first day of your beach holiday can seriously reduce the fun of your trip. It can take as little as 15 minutes to burn in Australia on a fine summer's day, even in shaded outdoor areas. You should wear sunscreen (SPF 30 ), clothing, and a hat to shade the sun.
Re-apply sunscreen every 2–3 hours throughout the day as it wears off quickly if you are sweating or swimming. Make sure to cover all parts of your body. UV radiation in the middle of the day can be double what it is in the early morning or later afternoon, so if possible avoid the sun during the hottest part of the day. Daily UV forecasts are issued by the Bureau of Meteorology online.
Spray On Sunscreen from an aerosol bottle have increased in popularity because of their ease of use, however the effectiveness is far more limited than cream and people have experienced severe sunburns after using.
If you are heading to the beach, consider buying a sun-tent (less than $20 from discount and hardware stores). You generally can't hire beach umbrellas at Australian beaches, and they are very exposed.
Food preparation
Australia has high hygiene standards, with restaurants required to observe strict food preparation standards. Voedselvergiftiging rates are comparable to other first world nations.
Water
Die tap water in urban Australia is almost always safe to drink, and it will be marked on the tap if this is not the case. The taste and hardness of the tap water will vary considerably across the country. Some cities such as Adelaide rely on ground water supplies that have an unpleasant taste, but are by no means unsafe. Many households use water purifier jugs. Bottled water is also widely available. Carrying water on hot days is a good idea in urban areas, and it is a necessity if hiking or driving out of town. Remoter areas in the outback may not have treated drinking water on tap. At sites where tap water is untreated, water sterilization tablets may be used as an alternative to boiling. If driving long distances on infrequently trafficked roads it is essential to carry drinking water. This is absolutely necessary in hotter areas and on dirt roads or tracks. It is rare that someone does not die of thirst in outback Australia in any year. It is recommended that in event of a breakdown you stay with the car for shade and to increase your chances of being found. Before long distance touring seek specific advice on calculating how much water to carry for the proposed journey and allowing for breakdowns.
Vaccinations
Australia does not have endemic communicable diseases that will require non-standard vaccinations. Like many other countries, it will require evidence of yellow fever vaccinations on entry if you will have been in a country with a risk of infection within 6 days before your arrival in Australia.
Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are present all year round in the tropics, and during the summer in southern areas. Screens on windows and doors are common, and repellent is readily available. Ross River Virus is spread by mosquitoes in the tropics, and can make you sick for a few weeks. There have been cases of dengue fever. Malaria is not present in Australia.
Medical care
.jpg/220px-VH-FDE_(16640399301).jpg)
As described above, 000 is the Australian emergency services number and in any medical emergency you should call this number and ask for an ambulance and other emergency services as necessary, to attend.
Australia has first world medical standards. In particular, it is safe to receive blood transfusions in Australia, as donors are screened for HIV, hepatitis and many other blood borne illnesses.
Australia's population density is low; parts of Australia are a long way from medical facilities of any kind. Many of these areas are served by the Royal Flying Doctor Diens. Small towns with populations of 5,000 or more will have a small hospital capable of giving emergency treatment. Larger towns will have a base hospital capable of routine and some kinds of emergency surgery. In some cases you may need to be evacuated to one of the capital cities for specialist treatment.
Capital cities will have medical centres where you can drop in, often open on weekends or until late. In country towns you may have to make an appointment and may have no alternative other than the closest hospital after hours and weekends. You can also expect to wait a few hours if your condition isn't urgent.
- Poisons Information Hotline, ☏13 11 26 (in country only). Give free advice if any medication or poisons are taken inadvertently. They will also give advice on what treatment is necessary for things like a spider bite. However, if you think you are in any immediate danger, call '000' for an ambulance.
Medical costs and travel insurance
Australian citizens and permanent residents who live in Australia can receive health care through the taxpayer funded Medicare. Foreigners working or studying in Australia and without a reciprocal agreement are generally required to take up private health insurance as part of their visa conditions. Foreigners on a short visit will want to make sure their travel insurance is in order, as medical costs can be expensive for those not entitled to Medicare benefits. Medicare does not cover private hospitals or dental care, so you will need to obtain private health insurance to pay for these.
Travellers from Belgium, Finland, Ierland, Italy, Malta, die Netherlands, Nieu-Seeland, Noorweë, Slovenia, Sweden en die United Kingdom are entitled to free reciprocal Medicare treatment for medical problems that occur during their visit. It is advisable to familiarise yourself with the conditions of the reciprocal arrangement with your country. For example, Irish people and New Zealanders are only entitled to free treatment at a hospital, whereas the other reciprocal nationalities are entitled to subsidised treatment at general practitioners as well. No reciprocal programmes cover private hospitals, and the full cost will have to be met by yourself or with reisversekering.
If you are not a citizen or permanent resident of a reciprocal agreement country then travel insurance is highly recommended.You can expect to pay around $80 to see a general practitioner, plus any additional costs for any pathology or radiology required. The charge to visit a local hospital can be much more expensive, private hospitals even more so. You can pay up to $500 even if you are not admitted, and possibly several thousand dollars if you are. Rescue and Royal Flying Doctor Services are provided for free, but evacuation or ambulance services can cost many thousands of dollars from a country town to a capital city, or from an island to the mainland.
Even if you are an Australian citizen, ambulance and evacuation services are not provided free of charge. If an air-ambulance is required this can still cost thousands of dollars. Most health-insurance companies sell ambulance only cover valid Australia-wide. Ambulance membership programs may only cover you in your own state - check before travelling interstate. Domestic travel insurance does not usually cover medical or ambulance expenses. Medicare cover does not include ambulance costs (at least several hundred dollars) in the event of an emergency; only private insurance with ambulance cover will pay for this.
Snake and spider bite anti-venom is very expensive. The cost can be well over $10,000 even if you don't need a stay in hospital.
Verbind
Internet
Australia offers many Internet access options for travellers:
Internetkafees are available in most tourist areas and normally cost $4–5 per hour. However, many internet cafés have 12-20 computers sharing a single broadband connection, sometimes making the internet painfully slow. If possible, ask if you can check the speed of a café's connection before forking out $4–5 for an hour.
Public libraries usually offer some form of Internet access to travellers, either free or for a small fee. Some prohibit access to email, promoting research use of their facilities. Others offer Wi-Fi and terminals, with Wi-Fi usually being free of restrictions.
Major hotels offer Internet access, usually for an exorbitant fee. Most youth hostels and backpacker accommodation have at least an Internet terminal at reception. Some other accommodation providers offer Wi-Fi to their guests, almost always with a charge. It is still common to find motels and other smaller hotels without any Internet offering to customers.
- Baie coffee shops offer Wi-Fi free to their customers.
- McDonald's has free Wi-Fi in just about all their stores.
- Internode has free Wi-Fi hotspots, including much of Adelaide city centre.
- Telstra has partnered with Fon to create an extensive network of WiFi hotspots around Australia that utilise Telstra telephone boxes and Telstra broadband customers to create hotspots that go by the name Telstra Air with the slogan 'Australia's largest WiFi Network'. Look for a distinctive white WiFi logo on solid pink and the words 'Telstra Air' to indicate major hotspots. The networks appear in WiFi lists as 'Telstra Air' or 'Fon WiFi'. Expect good coverage in city centre areas although it may require some searching to locate a hot spot outside of CBD areas. Hot spot maps are available on the Telstra and Fon websites.
- Access can be purchased for $6.60 for 1 hour, $10 for 1 day or $23 for 5 days.
In major urban centres, you'll find free Wi-Fi in shopping malls and other large shops and increasingly on public transport: Sydney's ferries offer free Wi-Fi as do Adelaide's trams.
3G/4G wireless
There are three mobile networks in Australia. All of them provide 3G/UMTS and 4G/LTE mobile data services.
As the data is carried over the mobile network, the advice about frequencies, obtaining SIMs and using a foreign device in the Mobile Cellular Phones section applies.
If you intend to use your phone with your home carrier, check with them for data roaming fees (likely quite expensive). If your handset isn't locked, it may be much cheaper to buy a local SIM.
Several carriers offer prepaid mobile data access with no contract from around $20-30 per month with various bundles and inclusions. For around $50 you can get a USB modem or Wi-Fi dongle. There are thousands of plans available through hundreds of resellers. Using an internet comparison site will direct you to the best deals.
Radio and television
Australia has 2 national public broadcasters, the ABC en SBS. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (or ABC) broadcasts Local Radio, Triple J (Youth/Indie music) and ABC Classic on AM/FM Radio as well as 4 TV channels. The Special Broadcasting Service (or SBS) broadcasts more ethnic, bilingual and cultural content on 2 TV channels and 2 analogue radio stations. Both broadcasters are available in most populous areas but the ABC has a greater radio coverage.
There are 3 free-to-air commercial TV networks, namely Seven, Nine en Ten; all or most are available in a majority of areas. In regional areas, affiliates such as WIN, Imparja, Prime will carry feeds from major networks along with some local programming.
You should expect to receive and watch all these channels in almost all accommodation in towns and cities across Australia.
On Pay TV operator is also available called Foxtel - transmitted by Cable, Satellite, and Internet. Some hotels will advertise free Foxtel, which means you should also be able to view the main international news channels and lots of light entertainment reruns. They may also subscribe to a range of sports and movies, but you should check first.
The bigger the city, the more radio stations you'll find. Country towns will often just have one commercial radio station and the ABC. If you're driving the distances between country towns, you can often lose all radio coverage. Download some music or podcasts for the trip before you leave. It's advisable to stay tuned to the ABC if travelling during emergencies or high bushfire risk periods.
DAB Digital Radio is available in capital cities, but receivers aren't installed in cars or most accommodation. If you have a digital radio, you'll get a handful of extra music channels.
Koerante
The main national broadsheet newspaper is The Australian, met The Australian Financial Review focussing on financial and business news. There are also other newspapers that are published locally within their respective states, the most notable ones being The Sydney Morning Herald en The Daily Telegraph, both based in Sydney, and The Age en Herald Sun, both based in Melbourne.
Telefoon
Calling overseas from Australia
The main international access code or prefix is 0011. (When using a mobile phone the plus symbol " " can be used instead of the 0011 prefix.)
Dialling codes
The country code for international calls to Australia is 61. When dialling from overseas, omit any leading '0' in the area code.
For example, the local number for the Broken Hill tourist information is 8080-3300. The area code is 08 as Broken Hill is in the Central & West area code region. To dial the number from Adelaide or anywhere else inside the same area code region you can optionally omit the area code, and just dial 8080-3300. To dial the number from Sydney or anywhere in Australia outside the area code region, you will need to dial 08 8080-3300. If you don't know your area code region, you can still dial the area code, and it will still work. To dial the number from overseas you will need to dial your local international access code (00 for most of Europe or 011 in the USA en Canada) and then dial 61 8 8080-3300, that is drop the leading '0' from the area code.
Australian area code list:
- 02 = Central East (New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory and north-eastern fringe of Victoria)
- 03 = South East (Southern NSW, Victoria and Tasmania)
- 04 = Mobile phones Australia-wide (higher call charges apply).
- 07 = North East (Queensland)
- 08 = Central & West (Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory and far Western New South Wales)
Local calls are about $0.25 on most fixed lines and $0.50 on all Telstra Pay Phones.
- If calling an Australian number from a mobile phone outside Australia it is best to use the format 61880803300 with no spaces and no (0) prefixes included.
- If making an international call from your mobile phone from within Australia use the ' ' followed by the country code, followed by destination area code, followed by the local number at the destination. Omit all leading '0' prefixes and do not include any spaces.
- If dialling from a mobile telephone in Australia it is not necessary to use an international dialling prefix (such as 0011). The ' ' symbol followed by the destination country code is all that is needed to access the international telephone system from your handset.
Special numbers
- Numbers commencing with 13 are charged at a local call rate, and what they connect you to can vary according to your location. They can be 10 or 6 digit numbers. For example, 1300 796 222, will connect you with the Albury tourist information, no matter where you are in Australia. However, 131 008 will connect you with a different local taxi service depending on where you are. 13 22 32 will connect you to New South Wales Railways in Sydney or Victorian Railways in Melbourne. Calling these numbers internationally can be problematic.
- Numbers commencing with 18 are free when dialled from a payphone or fixed phone, and commonly used for hotel reservation numbers, or tourist information numbers.
- Numbers commencing with 19 are premium numbers, often with baie hefty call charges (make sure you check before dialling).
- Numbers commencing with 12 are carrier services, and are dependent on what network you are connected to. For example, 12 456 is a general information number for Telstra. Vodafone offer a similar services on 123. These numbers can be premium services as well.
Calling special numbers internationally can often work - just try dialling the number prefixed with the 61 country code. Many locations will give an alternative direct number for use in international dialling.
Making reverse charge (collect) calls is very expensive and can be problematic. You can use 12550 from a Telstra public phone, or 1800 NO CASH from any phone. But you have to be calling a number that will accept the charges (usually a landline or mobile on a mainstream telco).
Mobile cellular phones
Australia has cellular networks operated by Telstra, Optus en Vodafone, and each of the networks have several resellers with different price plans. All three operate UMTS/HSPA (3G) and LTE (4G) networks.
There are no restrictions on overseas residents obtaining Australian prepaid SIM cards, although you may require some form of photo ID such as your passport for identification.
2G-only and CDMA phones (phones without a SIM card) will not work in Australia. All 2G networks in Australia have been shut down.
Telstra and Vodafone have 3G HSPA services on 850/2100 MHz, and Optus on 900/2100 MHz. These are still the greatest geographical range of service. 4G LTE is widely available most centres on all carriers. Support for 4G band 28 (700 MHz) on newer phones is necessary to get good 4G coverage outside of major centres and better coverage in them.
With foreign SIM cards, international roaming is generally seamless onto Australia's 3G (UMTS/W-CDMA) and 4G networks, depending on agreements between operators. Check with your home operator before you leave.
All major cities and their suburbs have decent coverage on all three networks, as do most significant country towns and inter-capital links. Telstra's 850 MHz 3G network provides the best rural coverage (though it is also the most expensive), but unpopulated or sparsely populated areas away from major roads are unlikely to have service at all. If you are heading way out into the bush then a satellite phone may be your only option. Remember all mobile phones can be used for emergency calls on all networks, even if they don't have a local SIM or aren't roaming. This applies to satellite phones too.
A cheap prepaid mobile phone with a SIM retails for around $40 in most Australian retail outlets, supermarkets, and post offices; a SIM alone for an existing phone is around $2–3. Prepaid credit is added using recharge cards available at all supermarkets, newsagents, some ATMs, and other outlets.
You can buy a seemly infinite variety of packages, SIM cards, and phone bundles, with varied combinations of data, SMS and call time. Some carriers make calculating included calls difficult, by giving you a dollar "value" that is included in your package, and you then need to find the call, sms and data rates to calculate what is included. These rates can differ from plan to plan. Make sure the plan you choose includes what you need, because using data or making calls outside of the package allowance is often orders of magnitude more expensive.
Satellite phones
If you need comprehensive coverage in rural and remote areas, you can use a satellite phone. Iridium, Globalstar and Thuraya satellite services are available in Australia. Expect to pay around $120 per week to hire a satellite phone, plus call costs. Satellite messaging units, which send your location and a help SMS or email, can be hired for around $80 per week.
These units are only available from specialist dealers, often only in major cities (away from the remote areas you may be visiting). You should be able to acquire or hire these units in your home country before departure if you wish.
Satellite phones can be used to make emergency calls without a SIM card or subscription plan. The cheapest cost around $300, or just a little more than a PLB.
Public phones
Most towns and suburbs have at least one public phone. Most railway stations will have a public phone. Text messages can be sent from many public phones, using the keypad in much the same way as an old-style mobile phone. Follow the instructions on the phone display.
Post
Australia Post runs Australia's postal service. Letters can be posted in any red Australia Post posting box, which are found at all post offices and many other locations. All stamps can be purchased from post offices, and some stamps can be purchased from newsagents and hotels. Posting a standard letter costs $1 within Australia (up to 250g), $1.85 for Asia/Pacific (up to 20g) and $2.75 for the rest of the world (up to 20g). 'Domestic' and 'international' stamps are different, as international is tax free, therefore, so make sure you use the right stamp. Parcels, express post and other services are also available.
Addresses in Australia are generally formatted in the following way, which is similar to addresses in the United States and Canada
Name of recipient
(If needed) Unit number or building name
House number and street name
City or town, two or three-letter state abbreviation, postcode
You can receive mail via Poste Restante in any city or town. Mail should be addressed to your full name c/o Post Restante, and you simply call into the post office with ID to receive your mail.