Stockholm geskiedenis toer - Stockholm history tour

Stockholm geskiedenis toer is genomineer om op die hoofblad te verskyn as Voorgestelde reisonderwerp. Ons het miskien nie in die artikel 'n paar klein foute opgemerk nie. Dui asseblief vorentoe en help dit verder verbeter voordat dit op die hoofblad verskyn.

Die Stockholm geskiedenis toer is 'n wandeling vanaf Gamla stan, ("die Ou stad"), aan Norrmalm in Stockholm. Die toer is ongeveer chronologies, van die Vikingtydperk tot die Middeleeue, die Sweedse Ryk en die Industriële Revolusie tot vandag toe, met 'n paar springe heen en weer.

Verstaan

Sien ook: Nordiese geskiedenis

As gevolg van post-glacial rebound, het die huidige Stockholm die afgelope 5000 jaar vanaf die see gestyg, ongeveer 5 mm per jaar. Die Mälaren-meer was voorheen deel van die brak (effens sout) Baltiese See, en die Stockholm-eilandgroep was 'n waterweg vir die eerste Sweedse dorpe; Birka, Uppsala, en Sigtuna. Aangesien Sigtuna in 1187 nC deur seerowers ontslaan is, het die Swede 'n voorraad op 'n eiland in die seestraat laat bou, wat al sedert 1252 bekend staan ​​as Stockholm. Aangesien die stygende land Mälaren van die see skei, moes die vrag in Stockholm herlaai. In die 15de eeu het Stockholm vervang Uppsala as die sentrum van handel en regering, wat die hoofstad van die 17de eeu geword het Sweedse Ryk.

Sedert 1901 trek Stockholm die wêreld se aandag met die Nobel prys. Die stad is deur die wêreldoorloë gespaar, maar rondom die sestigerjare is honderde ou geboue in Norrmalm afgebreek om 'n nuwe sakegebied te bou, en 'n metro, bekend vir sy kuns. Stockholm in die 21ste eeu is een van Europa se snelgroeiendste stede Pop Musiek, tegnologiese ondernemings wat begin, en volhoubare ontwikkeling

Berei voor

Mei tot September het gewoonlik die gemaklikste weer. In die somer kan u van die lang daglig gebruik maak; 'n oggend- of aandtoer kan verkies word om skares te vermy. Van 20 Junie tot einde Julie verlaat die meeste inwoners die stad, en sommige plekke sluit vir die somer. Van Desember tot vroeg in Maart kan u net minder as nul grade Celsius verwag koue weer kan met behoorlike klere bestuur word. Die grootste bekommernis in die winter is die duisternis; son sak om 15:00 in Desember; sien Winter in die Nordiese lande.

Terwyl Swede waarskynlik die kontantlose land ter wêreld is, het Sweedse banknote portrette van 'n paar historiese figure wat in hierdie artikel genoem word, en is nuttig as rekwisiete.

Kry rond

Die toer duur ongeveer 4 km (2,5 myl) en kan binne 'n uur op vinnige voete voltooi word: meer vir mense wat stadig beweeg. Twee uur sou 'n rustige wandeling maak met onderbrekings by die punte, behalwe besoeke aan museums en ander lokale. As u eintlik al die museums en geboue wil besoek, eerder as om dit net vinnig te bekyk, wil u dalk 'n volle dag begroot.

Stockholm sentrum is stapvriendelik as daar nie sneeu is nie; om hierdie reisplan te voet te volg is veilig en meestal sonder probleme.

Die strate van Gamla Stan is voetgangerstraatstrate, waarvan sommige met 'n steil graad is. Dra gemaklike skoene. Dit is minder geskik vir fietse en elektriese bromponies (sien fietsry in Swede) en nie oop vir motors nie. Rolstoele en stootwaentjies kan met 'n paar ompaaie deurkom.

Sommige het georganiseer staptoere volg soortgelyke rigtingpunte.

Gaan

Blou vir rigtingpunte; groen vir landmerke wat op 'n afstand sigbaar is, en oranje vir interessante eet- en drinkplekke.

As u 'n korter toer wil hê, kan enige van die vyf dele (of die epiloog) oorgeslaan word.

Proloë

Södermalm hoogtes toer is 'n opsionele voorren te voet, met 'n vertoonvenster van voor-industriële geboue, asook 'n verstommende uitsig op Gamla Stan en Stockholm se ander distrikte.

'N Ander voorren is om deur die Stockholm-eilandgroep; byvoorbeeld op 'n Kruisvaart oor die Baltiese See van Turku, Helsinki, Tallinn of Riga; stede wat eens deel van die Sweedse Ryk was. Die roete herhaal die letterlike (kustelike) geboorte van Swede uit die see. Eerstens breek slegs 'n paar dorre rotse die oppervlak. Dan, klein eilande met enkele huisies en dokke, later hele dorpe met hawens. U betree Stockholm tussen die 19de eeuse nywerheidsgebiede van Nacka en die herehuise van Djurgården.

'N Meer ambisieuse voorren is 'n toer op of om die meer Mälaren, die bakermat van die Sweedse Koninkryk. Birka, Sigtuna en Uppsala was die belangrikste nedersettings tot 59.32944444444418.0686111111111 Stockholm (met die bynaam "Koningin van Mälaren") het in die 15de eeu die onbetwiste hoofstad geword. Hierdie terreine kan in teorie per boot besoek word; dit sou 'n lang onderneming wees, wat nie in hierdie artikel in detail beskryf word nie. Sommige winters is die ys op die Mälarenmeer dik genoeg om dit toe te laat ysskaats van Uppsala na Stockholm.

• 59.84976054832417.6389465975242 Uppsala. Die terrein van 'n heidense tempel vanaf die 5de eeu totdat dit in die 11de eeu vernietig is, vervang deur die Uppsala-katedraal. As setel van die aartsbiskop was dit Swede se belangrikste stad deur die Middeleeue. Die universiteit, wat in 1477 gestig is, is die oudste in Swede.  
• 59.6173117.723613 Sigtuna. Die stad van Sigtuna is in 980 deur Erik die Oorwinnaar (Swede se eerste bekende koning) gestig en het die eenwording van Swede se provinsies tot 'n koninkryk aangedui. Sy seun en opvolger Olof Skötkonung (Tax King) het die eerste Sweedse munte hier laat munt.  
• 59.38083333333317.4961111111114 Adelsö (Ekerö). 'N Eiland gevul deur argeologiese terreine. Sweedse konings het tot in die 13de eeu hier gewoon.  
• 59.333117.54515 Birka (Björkö, Ekerö). Birka het die eerste Sweedse stad in die 8ste eeu geword en reisigers van ver ontvang. Vandag is 'n replika van die stad op die herwonne grond gebou. 
• 59.32169417.8863836 Drottningholm-paleis (Drottningholms slott) (Ekerö). Hierdie 18de-eeuse paleis was die tuiste van baie Sweedse vorste, waaronder die regerende koning Carl XVI Gustaf.  

Deel I: Gamla Stan

Uitsig vanaf Slussen: Riddarholmskyrkan, Stockholm-katedraal en die Duitse kerk.

59 ° 19′42 ″ N 18 ° 4′8 ″ O

Blou merk punte. Oranje merk interessante plekke om te eet of te drink langs die pad. Groen merk landmerke wat op 'n afstand sigbaar is (zoom uit vir meer).

Die toer begin by die vervoersentrum Slussen, met die uitsig op Gamla stan (die Ou Stad), en 'n reis deur die Vikingtydperk, die Middeleeue en die Protestantse Hervorming van die 16de eeu. Aangesien die meeste strukture uit daardie tyd vervang is deur geboue uit die 17de eeu of later, moet ons na kelders, strate en ander oorblyfsels soek, wat moeilik kan wees om op die eerste gesig te vind.

• 59.3200818.072171 Slussen metrostasie (Viking-era), Ryssgården. Die tyd van die 8ste tot die 11de eeu het bekend gestaan ​​as die Viking-era. Terwyl die meeste Noord-mense van destyds as boere 'n vreedsame lewe gelei het, het oorbevolking sommige van hulle aangemoedig om oorsee te reis vir handel of vestiging. Die berugste was die Vikings; Noorse krygers wat 'n bestaan ​​gemaak het uit seerowery, slawe-aanvalle en huursoldaatwerk. Swede se ooskus noord van die huidige Stockholm staan ​​bekend as Roden of Roslagen, en Sweedse Vikings wat na Oos-Europa gevaar het, het bekend gestaan ​​as die Rus. Hulle het stede soos Novgorod en Kiev, wat mettertyd die Russiese Ryk. Sommige Vikings bereik die Bisantynse Ryk, waar hulle die Keiser se Varangiaanse wag gevorm het. Aangesien die seevlak ongeveer 5 meter hoër was as vandag, was Mälaren 'n vaarbare baai van die Oossee, besig met skepe. Een Vikinghoof wat bekend was dat hy die dorpe rondom Mälaren afgedank het, was Olaf, wat koning Olaf II van geword het Noorweë, en later die land se beskermheilige. Die Vikings het min spore agtergelaat, maar die vloottradisie van Noord-Europa gestig.  
• 59.32057118.0736732 Stadsgården (Stigting van Stockholm). Vanaf die 11de eeu het die Europese koninkryke kastele gebou en leërs opgelei, om vyande uit te hou. Dit beteken die oorgang van die Vikingtydperk na die Hoë Middeleeue; ook die tyd toe Swede die heidense geloof vir die Christendom verlaat het. Na die eerste Sweedse hoofstad is Sigtuna afgedank deur Karelies seerowers in 1187, het die Swede 'n voorraad op die eiland gebou wat Stockholm geword het. Die naam is waarskynlik afkomstig van die houtblok (voorraad) in Mälaren, wat gebruik is vir beskerming en tolinvordering. Birger jarl (jarl is 'n titel wat ooreenstem met die Britse graaf) word beskou as die stigter van die stad. 'N 1252-brief van hom is die eerste verslag van die naam Stockholm; hierdie jaar word beskou as die stigtingsjaar van Stockholm, maar die eiland was ten minste dekades tevore gevestig. Soos in die meeste kusdorpe, was visvang en skeepsbou belangrike sake. Die waterkant in die ooste het bekend gestaan ​​as Stadsgården (die dorpswerf). Aangesien dit buite die stad was, was daar sedert die 14de eeu onwelriekende ketels vir visolie en robbes. Die plein by die metrostasie staan ​​bekend as Ryssgården (Russiese werf) van die Russiese handelaars wat sedert die 17de eeu hier vergader het.  
• 59.32472222222218.0647222222227 Riddarholmskyrkan. Die eiland van Riddarholmen (letterlik "Knight Island") het sy naam gekry uit sy adellike paleise, waarvan die meeste in die 17de eeu gebou is. Die Sweedse adel (adel) is geformaliseer in 'n 1280-wet, aangesien sommige gesinne wat van belasting vrygestel is, maar in die leër moes dien; die oudste het die titel verwerf riddare (ridder). Die kerk, Riddarholmskyrkan, is uit die 14de eeu, en daarmee een van Stockholm se oudste geboue wat nog oorleef het; alhoewel deur die eeue heen uitgebrei. Vyftien Sweedse vorste is hier begrawe, van Gustavus Adolphus (1594–1632) tot Gustav V (1858–1950). Een opvallende afwesigheid is koningin Kristina, wat in 1654 geabdikeer het, haar tot katolisisme bekeer het en begrawe is in die St Peter's Church in die Vatikaan. Vandag word die meeste paleise deur die regbank gebruik.  
• 59.32002777777818.0711111111118 Södermalmstorg. 'N Stadsplein wat minstens sedert die 15de eeu gebruik is. In die eerste helfte van 2021 sal dit 'n argeologiese terrein wees wat ruïnes en artefakte uit eeue se handel openbaar.  
• 59.3203318.07019 Slussen-vertoonlokaal (Slussenrummet), Södermalmstorg 4. 'N Vertoonlokaal vir die herontwikkeling van Slussen, wat in 2025 voltooi moet word. Sommige argeologiese artefakte en plakkate bied die geskiedenis en die toekoms van die kanaal aan. Beperkte openingstye. 
• 59.3198118.0708810 Stadsmuseum Stockholm (Stockholms stadsmuseum), Ryssgården. Hierdie gebou is in die 1660's voltooi as die Suidelike stadsaal van Stockholm. Deur die eeue heen is dit gebruik as 'n hofgebou, 'n tronk, 'n anatomiese teater en 'n skool. Sedert 1942 is dit 'n museum; die geskiedenis van Stockholm van 1523 tot vandag toe, met spesiale aandag aan konstruksie en argitektuur. Die museum organiseer staptoere.  
• 59.3195918.073131 Gondolen (Katarinahissen). 'N Hysbak uit 1936 met 'n lugbrug buite en 'n panoramarestaurant. Gesluit vir opknapping, word in 2022 geopen. Beperkte toegang tot die hemelbrug.  
• 59.321918.07463 Kogghamn (Middeleeuse hawe in Stockholm). Die stygende land het Mälaren in die 13de eeu van 'n baai na 'n varswatermeer verander. 'N Kanaal is van die meer tot by die see gegrawe; maar omdat die meer enkele sentimeter bo seespieël was, moes die bote met toue opgetrek word. Stockholm het twee hawens gehad: Kornhamn (koring / graan hawe) was vir die klein bote van Mälaren, en Kogghamn vir die radertjies (koopskepe) van die Oossee, wat op 'n vlak naby die hedendaagse straatvlak was. Baie van die tandwiele het aan die Hansebond (Hansa), wat gedurende die Middeleeue die handel aan die Oossee oorheers het. Toe die kuslyn ingetrek het, het die 1790-huis (Tullhuset) is gebou by die vroeëre dokke en die pasgemaakte pawiljoene van 1939, wat vandag restaurante en ander gasvryheidsplekke aanbied.  
• 59.3218818.0738474 Slussen. Slussen ("die sluis") is 'n slot wat in 1642 geopen is om seevaartuie in Mälaren toe te laat. Deur die eeue heen het vier verskillende slotte mekaar opgevolg, met nuwe brûe vir treine, fietse en openbare vervoer. In 1935 is Slussen vir die motor herbou, met Europa se eerste wisselaar van klawerblare. Terwyl die swaar betonstruktuur in die modder weggesak het en die meer gereguleer moet word, bou Stockholm die vyfde slot met 'n nuwe stel brûe vir volhoubare vervoer, wat stukkie vir stukkie vir die verkeer oopmaak, wat in 2025 voltooi sal wees.  
• 59.32263918.09027811 Kastellet. 'N Sitadel uit die 17de eeu, wat die vloot vlag wapper, en word gebruik vir kanonsalute. Die gebou het in 1845 ontplof en is in 1848 herbou.  
• 59.3223718.073932 Zum Franziskaner ("Zum"), Skeppsbron 44. Na bewering is 'n restaurant met 'n Duitse tema in 1471 gestig, wat tans sedert 1906 geleë is.  
• 59.32269418.0730565 Järntorget. Hierdie mark was tot aan die 14de eeu aan die waterkant. Namate die kuslyn ingetrek het, het die plein sedert 1489 'n belangrike handelsplek gebly, bekend as die Iron Square. Tot 1662 was dit 'n handelsplek vir yster, koper en ander metale uit die myndistrik. Bergslagen, oor die Mälaren-meer na Stockholm gestuur vir tolinvordering en -uitvoer oor die Oossee. Metaal tel steeds onder Swede se belangrikste uitvoerprodukte; drie myne in Bergslagen produseer steeds lood, koper en sink. Yster word ontgin Norrbotten County in die verre noorde van Swede.  

Västerlånggatan 78: Gebou by Järntorget met sigbare insakkingskade.

• 59.3227118.0726312 Deucalion blokkeer, Västerlånggatan 78. Dit was nie net die terugslag na die gletser wat die kuslyn laat intrek het nie; burgers het ook huishoudelike afval oor die strand gegooi. Vandag se geboue aan die waterkant is in die 17de eeu op nuwe grond op houtstapels deur die gemaklike stortingsterrein opgerig. Namate die land bedaar en die houtstapels opgedroog het, is die geboue sigbaar met groot skeure vervorm. Die meeste blokke in Gamla Stan het hul name gekry uit die Grieks-Romeinse mitologie. 
• 59.32261718.07404413 Södra Bankohuset (Southern Bank House), Järntorget 84. Die stad se amptelike ysterweghuis was hier tot 1662. Dit is vervang deur die huidige gebou, Riksens Ständers Bank, later Sveriges Riksbank, die wêreld se oudste oorlewende sentrale bank. Swede se geldeenheid was voorheen daler (dieselfde woordwortel as dollar; Aangesien die kroon kopermyne gehad het, het hulle enorme kopermuntstukke gemunt wat tot 20 kg (44 lb) kon weeg. Die gebou bied sedert 2018 'n videospeletjie-ateljee aan. Alhoewel die belangrikste uitvoerprodukte van Stockholm van hardeware na sagteware verander het, is Järntorget steeds bekend vir sy vele restaurante en tavernes.  
• 59.32266218.07337614 Evert Taube standbeeld. Die Sweedse troebadoer Evert Taube (1890-1976) was 'n opsigter van Swede se antieke balladetradisie. Hy het sowel die kitaar as die middeleeuse styl gespeel en sy avonture as matroos op die oop see en as 'n gaucho in Argentinië. Net soos sy rolmodel Carl Michael Bellman (1740-1795), is hy gereeld by die tavernes in Gamla Stan gesien. Hy was een van die aktiviste wat in die middel van die 20ste eeu verhoed het dat Gamla Stan afgebreek word, en word op die hedendaagse 50-dollar-banknote uitgebeeld. 
• 59.3228718.0725915 Västerlånggatan. Die hoofstraat van Gamla Stan net buite die eerste stadsmuur was vroeër die deurpad wat Noord- en Suid-Swede verbind. Die muur is in die 15de eeu deur geboue vervang. Hoewel dit bekoorlik is, is die straat in die somer oorvol en word dit as 'n bietjie beskou toeriste-lokval. Sien Västerlånggatan vir 'n volledige beskrywing.  
• 59.32288918.0726676 Mårten Trotzigs gränd. Die smalste straat van Stockholm neem ons na die plato waaruit die Middeleeuse Stockholm bestaan. Die geboue is gekoop deur die Duitse handelaar Mårten Trotzig (1559–1617), wat deur metaalhandel een van die rykste burgers van Stockholm geword het. Die stegie het trappies; 'n meer toeganklike pad kan oos van die blok gevind word.  
• 59.32335118.0729197 Tyska Stallplan. U staan ​​aan die suidelike punt van die plato wat die middeleeuse Stockholm uitmaak. Hierdie plein is die plek van die poort deur die ou stadsmuur, waar die perde gehou is; daardeur die naam, die "Duitse stalplein". Die perdestandbeeld is van 1956. Die muurankers kan gebruik word om geboue te periodiseer.  

Muurankers tipies vir verskillende periodes.

• 59.3233118.0727916 Dominikaanse klooster (Svartbrödraklostret). In 1336 is hier 'n Dominikaanse (Black Friars) klooster gebou, net binne die eerste stadsmuur. Die straatnaam Svartmansgatan (Black Men's Street) verwys na die monnike; soos in ander Middeleeuse stede was hulle verantwoordelik vir geleerdheid en liefdadigheid. In die 16de eeu het koning Gustav Vasa (die stigter van onafhanklike Swede) die Protestantse Hervorming, het alle kerkeiendom genasionaliseer en die klooster laat opruim om klippe vir sy kasteel te kry. Soos vir baie verlore middeleeuse geboue van Gamla Stan, bly die ondergrondse kluise ongeskonde, soms oop vir besoekers. Die kloosterkerk was geleë waar die skool se speelterrein nou is; die ruïnes is in 2016 gevind. 
• 59.323518.0729777817 Storkyrkoskolan (Stockholm-katedraalskool). Die kerk het ook ná die hervorming in beheer van die skole gebly. Die katedraal van Stockholm is in die 13de eeu gestig en in die 19de eeu hierheen verhuis. Die hoofgebou is in 1666 in gebruik geneem vir die Duits-gebore hofskilder David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl, wat beskou word as die vader van die Sweedse skilderkuns. Die aanhangsel uit die 1920's is 'n voorbeeld van Sweedse genade; Swede se interpretasie van Art Deco. Die speelgrond is van dieselfde tyd af omdat geboue afgebreek is om meer leefruimte op die oorvol eiland te gee. Sedert 1973 is die Esties skool deel dieselfde gebou.  
• 59.323050818.07188923 Aifur, Västerlånggatan 68. A Viking-tema-restaurant; effens anakronisties, aangesien die kelderkluise eeue na die laaste Vikings gebou is. 
• 59.3233318.070794 6e Tunnan (Sjätte tunnan), Stora Nygatan 43. Middeleeuse kroeg en restaurant met af en toe lewendige musiek. 
• 59.323539518.07134595 Lasse i Gatan, Västerlånggatan 60. 'N Restaurant en kroeg geïnspireer deur Sweedse 18de eeuse privaatmense (met verwysings na die meer bekende seerowers in die Karibiese Eilande.) 
• 59.323118.07386 Den Gyldene Freden, Österlånggatan 51. Hierdie restaurant is bekend sedert 1722, wat dit een van Swede se oudste maak. Die Sweedse Akademie eet elke Donderdag hier.  
• 59.32388888888918.07297222222218 Joodse museum (Judiska museet), Själagårdsgatan 19. Jode wat hulle in Swede wou vestig, moes hulle tot die Christendom bekeer. In 1792 het Swede die Joodse godsdiens gewettig, hoewel Jode tweedeklasburgers gebly het. Hierdie 17de-eeuse gebou was 'n veilingskamer totdat dit van 1795 tot 1870 die eerste sinagoge van Stockholm geword het; die jaar toe Jode volle burgerregte gekry het en die Groot Sinagoge ingewy is. Swede het Jode in 1999 as 'n endemiese minderheid erken. Die gebou was onder meer 'n polisiekantoor. Die Joodse museum (sedert 1992 op verskillende persele) het in 2019 in die gebou ingetrek.  
• 59.3240818.0718419 Duitse Kerk (Tyska Kyrkan), Svartmangatan 16A. Amptelik benoem Sankta Gertrud, hierdie kerk is die tuiste van die eerste Duitssprekende gemeente buite Duitsland, wat 'n aanduiding gee van die belangrikheid van Duitse handelaars (tot 'n derde van die bevolking van Stockholm). Op die terrein van die kerk is in die 14de eeu 'n Duitse gildesaal gebou. In die bogenoemde protestantse hervorming het koning Gustav Vasa die gildesaal aangegryp. In die 1570's is dit afgebreek (hoewel daar nog stukke is) om 'n Protestantse kerk vir die groeiende Duitse bevolking te bou; nou is die diens in die volksmond gehou in plaas van Latyn. 'N Uitbreiding met groot vensters en wit kluise is in 1642 voltooi. Die kerk behoort aan die Kerk van Swede, maar hou elke Sondag om 11:00 dienste in Duits.  
• 59.3239718.071018 Skomakareporten (Skoenmakerhek). Hier was 'n hek in die eerste stadsmuur. In die 15de eeu is die muur vervang deur 'n tweede stadsmuur naby die huidige waterkant (in die straat sigbaar), wat in die 17de eeu afgebreek is, vestings ingebou is Stockholm-eilandgroep. Geen vyand het Stockholm se mure ooit gebreek nie; hoewel die stad oorgegee het aan Denemarke in 'n beleg van 1520; sien meer hieronder. 

Geboue in Middeleeuse styl op Prästgatan.

• 59.3244218.07049 Morpheus-blok, Prästgatan 46-50. Hierdie blok is in die 15de eeu gebou en vervang die eerste stadsmuur. Slegs die kelderkluise is oorspronklik, aangesien 'n brand in 1625 die grootste deel van die stad hiervandaan suidwes verwoes het, wat plek maak vir die reghoekige blokke op die westelike eiland. Hierdie geboue is in die 17de en 18de eeu bo-op die kluise gebou, maar dit gee 'n idee hoe die Middeleeuse Stockholm daar uitgesien het. Hulle is net drie verdiepings hoog en het katrolbalke naby die dak, en klein kelderdeure met houtluike. Bo die hek van # 46 is 'n brandversekeringsplaat; brandweermanne sou slegs geboue daarmee red. # 48 is gebou deur rowwe bakstene wat tipies is vir die Middeleeue. 
• 59.3247218.0701710 Uppland Runeskripsie 53, Kåkbrinken 1. Oud-Noorse mense het min artefakte aan die nageslag oorgelaat voordat boeke en klipmesselwerk in die 13de eeu algemeen geword het. Hulle het egter geskryf runestones, hierdie een is omstreeks 1100 nC gemaak en het per ongeluk bekendheid verwerf, want dit beland in 'n muur van 'n 17de-eeuse gebou. Die lakoniese inskripsie sê Thorstein en Freygunnr het hierdie klip laat oprig ter nagedagtenis aan [...] hul seun. Daar is geen bewyse dat hierdie mense ver gereis het nie; die paar runestones wat oorsese reisigers (Vikings) noem, is baie meer bekend. Die kanon is in die 17de eeu opgerig om die gebou teen waens te beskerm.  

Die Stortorget - aan die regterkant is die Nobel Museum

• 59.32518.07055611 Stortorget. Stockholm se oudste plein, dateer uit die 13de eeu. Daar word af en toe markte en kermisse op Stortorget gehou, insluitend a Kersmark.  
• 59.32513888888918.07355555555620 Köpmantorget. Die straat wat oos is, is benoem Köpmangatan ("Merchant Street") sedert 1323, en is daarmee die oudste bekende straat van Stockholm. Aan die oostekant was Köpmantorget, ("Merchant Square") en die oostelike stadspoort. Buite die muur was die vismark; die waterfront was net onder die helling. Die beeldhouwerk van Saint George (Sankt Göran) en die Draak herdenk die Slag van Brunkeberg in 1471. Om baie te vereenvoudig, is Swede, Noorweë en Denemarke by die Kalmar-unie gedurende die 15de eeu. Die Sweedse adellikes wou hul eie koning in Stockholm hê, en in 'n geveg by Brunkeberg (op die huidige Norrmalm) het Sweedse separatiste onder leiding van regent Sten Sture die Ouer die unionistiese leër verdryf. Die geleentheid was 'n voorspel vir die bevrydingsoorlog van die 1520's, en is geromantiseer as 'n stap in die rigting van die Sweedse onafhanklikheid. Die standbeeld is in opdrag van Sten Sture vir anti-Deense propaganda; die oorspronklike is in die Stockholm-katedraal, en die een op Köpmantorget is 'n replika van 1912.  
• 59.3248611118.0702777821 Schantzska huset, Stortorget 20. Stortorget is sedert die oprigting gebruik vir lyfstraf, insluitende sweep, openbare beskaamdheid en af ​​en toe doodsvonnisse. Die hofgebou was geleë waar die Nobel Museum nou is. Die berugste gebeurtenis was die Bloedbad van Stockholm in 1520 (Stockholms blodbad). Stockholm het pas oorgegee aan die Deense koning Kristian II (wat sedertdien bekend staan ​​as Kristian die Tirant in Swede), en hy het minstens 80 Sweedse adellikes en hooggeplaastes laat onthoof vir dwaalleer (aangesien hulle die Sweedse onafhanklikheid ondersteun). Onthoof van swaard word as pynloos beskou, en 'n voorreg vir die edeles; Die burgemeester van Stockholm en 'n paar regters is gehang, wat altesaam 92 sterftes in totaal gehad het. Die slagting het die bevrydingsoorlog teen Denemarke, waarin Gustav Vasa in 1523 koning geword het. Swede was sedertdien onafhanklik; die oorlog word beskou as die einde van die Middeleeue en die grondslag van Swede. Daar word gesê dat die wit klippe in die rooi gebou (gebou vir Johan Schantz, sekretaris van koning Charles X Gustav) die slagoffers herdenk.  
• 59.3247818.0706222 Kanonskogel, Skomakaregatan 1. Op die hoek van die gebou is 'n duidelik sigbare kanonskogel, wat in die bevrydingsoorlog van 1523 gesê is. Dit is egter bygevoeg toe die gebou in 1795 opgerig is, as een van die vele simboliese herdenkings van die oorlog. 
• 59.3252818.070087 Café Sten Sture, Trångsund 10. 'N Kafee in 'n kelderkluis uit die 14de eeu. Die gebou was vroeër 'n klooster wat net soos die ander tydens die Hervorming afgebreek is. Die kelder is later as gevangenis gebruik; die bekendste gevangene was Johan Jacob Anckarström, ter dood veroordeel omdat hy in 1792 koning Gustav III vermoor het. 
• 59.32502518.071344448 Grillska huset, Stortorget 3. Die Middeleeuse gebou was van 1681 tot 1800 in die familie Grill; een van Swede se eerste ryk gemeenskaplike families. Die gebou het 'n kafee en restaurant wat deur die Stockholm City Mission bestuur word, minder duur as baie ander plekke rondom Stortorget. Die binnehof bied 'n uitsig oor die Cepheus-blok, wat vroeër tot die 19de eeu 'n oorvol krotbuurt was; na 'n opknapping in die dertigerjare het dit 'n kenmerk geword van die opknapping van historiese geboue vir die moderne tyd.  
• 59.32497518.0708805612 Stortorget goed (Stortorgsbrunnen). Die put is in 1778 gebou. Dit was voorheen die nulmylmark van Stockholm; die punt waarvandaan Swede se paaie gemeet is. Aangesien dit droog geword het (vanweë die stygende land), is dit in 1857 na Brunkebergstorg verskuif; in 1861 het Stockholm sy eerste openbare waterwerke gekry as een van die laaste Europese hoofstede wat kraanwater gekry het. Die water in die binneste deel van Mälaren is in die 20ste eeu deur onbehandelde rioolwater besoedel, maar weens die harde besoedelingsbeheer is die meerwater vandag bekend; feitlik gereed om te drink sonder behandeling. Die put het in 1953 na sy eerste plek teruggekeer, nou gevoed met kraanwater. 'N Oorblywende bron van kommer vir putte in die Stockholm-eilandgroep is om te keer dat die meerwater nie met die brakwater van die Oossee meng nie.  

'N Uitsny van die Sun Dog Painting van 1535, Vädersolstavlan, van Stockholm uit die weste. Die oorblywende eksemplaar word in Storkyrkan bewaar.

Deel II: Paleis en parlement

Rondom die koninklike paleis en Riksdag (Parlement), sien ons die opkoms en val van die Sweedse Ryk gedurende die 17de en 18de eeu, en die weg na demokrasie, met algemene stemreg wat in 1918 bereik is, en sien die politieke instellings van Swede vandag.

Slottsbacken. Van links: Stockholm Palace, Nationalmuseum (Vasa-werf), Gustav III-standbeeld, Telegraph House en Tessin Palace.

• 59.3257618.0703913 Stockholm-katedraal (Storkyrkan), Trångsund 1 (langs die koninklike paleis). Storkyrkan ("die Groot Kerk") is die oudste kerk in Gamla Stan, met die eerste elemente wat in die 13de eeu in Gotiese styl gebou is. Die koor is in 1554 in opdrag van Gustav Vasa ingekrimp om kanonvuur vanaf die Tre Kronor-kasteel toe te laat. Die omtrek van die ou muur kan in die plaveistene gesien word. Die buitekant is omstreeks 1740 in barokstyl omgebou. Die kerk bevat twee stukke beroemde kunswerke: die oorspronklike 15de-eeuse houtbeeld van Sint George, en 'n kopie van die oudste bekende beeld van Stockholm, Vädersolstavlan ("The Sun Dog Painting"), 'n 1636-eksemplaar van 'n verlore oorspronklike uit 1535.  
• 59.32587218.07094314 Olaus Petri standbeeld. Olaus Petri (1493-1552) was 'n geestelike en veelvuldige, gebore onder die veel meer Sweeds klinkende naam Olof Pettersson. Hy was instrumenteel in die Protestantse Hervorming, het Swede se eerste toneelstuk, die eerste regskode en 'n groot deel van die eerste Sweedse Bybelvertaling geskryf. Hy is begrawe onder die preekstoel van die katedraal. 
• 59.32591118.07107515 Slottet Tre Kronor (Kasteel Drie Krone). Die Three Crowns vorm Swede se wapen (sigbaar op die hoofhek van die paleis) sedert die 14de eeu. Die presiese oorsprong van die simbool is onbekend; daar word gesê dat dit die Noorse gode Odin, Thor en Frey, die Bybelse magies of die pouslike paleis verteenwoordig in Avignon. Tre Kronor was 'n 13de-eeuse aanleg in die stadsmuur, wat deur die eeue heen uitgebrei het toe dit die koning geword het kasteel (die Sweedse woord slottig kan albei beteken kasteel en paleis). Die Stockholm-paleis staan ​​vandag op dieselfde plek. Die keisteen in die grond is die omtrek van die kasteel. Van die ruïnes word in die Museum Tre Kronor in die paleis se kelder.  

Stockholm was goed geleë in die middel van die Sweedse Ryk, aangesien die see die vinnigste reis, en Noord-Skandinawië baie min inwoners gehad het.

• 59.32818.0779323 Vasa-skeepswerf. Die Sweedse Ryk in die 17de eeu die hoogtepunt van sy mag bereik en byna die Baltiese See omring, wat die behoefte aan 'n sterk vloot geskep het, veral omdat koning Gustav II Adolf (ook bekend as Gustavus Adolphus) Swede in die Dertigjarige Oorlog. Stockholm se skeepswerf het baie oorlogskepe gelanseer; die minste suksesvolle een het per ongeluk vandag die bekendste geword: die Vasa. Sy is gebou op Blasieholmen (aan die oorkant van die water, waar die Nationalmuseum nou is) en gesleep na die Tre Kronor-kasteel om vol ballas en artillerie te kry. Die 48 brons kanonne gemaak Vasa een van Swede se swaarste skepe, die Empire Doodster... hoewel baie onstabiel. Haar nooiensvaart in 1628 was bedoel om 'n oomblik van trots te wees; maar sy kon net 'n kilometer vaar voordat sy wind gevang het, omgeslaan en net buite Södermalm gesink het en ten minste 30 mense verdrink het. Die meeste van die duur bronskanonne is in 1664 gered; maar die skip het verduister, eers in 1956 weer ontdek. 
• 59.3259218.0697124 Axel Oxenstierna-paleis, Storkyrkobrinken 2. Axel Oxenstierna was Swede se regeringshoof van 1614 tot sy dood in 1654, en waarnemende staatshoof van 1632 tot 1644 as voog van die minderjarige koningin Kristina. Hy is verreweg die magtigste nie-monarg van die Sweedse Ryk en word beskou as die vader van die Sweedse burokrasie, omdat hy baie van die huidige regeringsinstansies, soos die provinsies en die posdiens, gestig het. Sy paleis was nie klaar voor sy dood nie.  

Plaat bo die Stockholm-poort se hoofhek. Vir die grootste, gelukkige, vroom en altyd verhewe Koning,
die noordelike wêreld se pragtige vader van vaderland,
CHARLES XII,
wie se onoorwonne deug,
deur hewige twiste,
het hom tot gloriehoogte gelei,
lewe en oorwinning,
en Swede se onvermoeide wens,
staan ​​hier die gelukkige gebou,
en gloei van goud

• 59.3263518.0722325 Stockholm-poort se hoofhek (Kungliga Slottet). Teen die 17de eeu was die kasteel van Tre Kronor nie meer nodig vir verdediging nie, en die uitbreiding van die Sweedse Ryk het 'n meer verteenwoordigende woning gevra. Koning Charles XI het 'n barokspaleis geïnspireer deur Versailles en Palazzo Farnese in Rome. Die grootste deel van die noordelike vleuel was in 1697 klaar, want 'n brand het 'n groot deel van die ou kasteel vernietig. Die meeste nasionale argiewe het verlore gegaan, wat historiese navorsing bemoeilik het. Ses maande na die brand het Karel XII op 15-jarige ouderdom koning geword. In 1700, Denemarke, Pole en Rusland het Swede aangeval met die begin van die Groot Noordelike oorlog, wat Karel XII sy hele volwasse lewe bestry het. Sy soldate, die legendariese Karoleërs, was gewoonlik onder die aantal mans, maar het in die vroeë stadium van die oorlog baie gevegte gewen. Hy het vyf jaar in ballingskap in die Ottomaanse Ryk, keer terug na die oorlog en sterf in 'n geveg in Halden in Noorweë in 1718. Vanaf 1719 het die Russe geplunder Stockholm-eilandgroep, maar het nie daarin geslaag om Stockholm binne te val nie. In die 1721 Nystad verdrag moes Swede die Baltiese provinsies na Rusland, wat die oorheersende mag van die Oossee geword het, en die Russiese heerser Peter die Grote in staat gestel het om homself die eerste te styl Keiser van Rusland. Karel XII word gegroet as die bouer van die paleis in die gedenkplaat aan die hoofingang (geflankeer deur oorlogstrofeë), maar die konstruksie was gedurende 'n groot deel van die oorlog op die spel.  
• 59.3267618.0733926 Die Royal Armory (Livrustkammaren), Slottsbacken 3. Die handelsmerk is 'Swede se oudste museum', met uniforms, wapens en ander besittings van Sweedse koninklikes sedert 1628, waaronder Gustav II Adolf en Karel XII. Terwyl baie Sweedse konings Karl genoem word (Charles in Engels, Carolus in Latyn), tot die heersende koning Carl XVI Gustaf, was die eerste ses van hulle legendariese konings sonder historiese bewyse, wat implisiet regeer het voordat Swede omstreeks 1000 nC verenig is. Gratis toegang.  
• 59.32555555555618.07222222222227 Finse Kerk. Swede en Finland was dieselfde land van die 13de eeu tot 1809. Finse soldate het dapper geveg in Sweedse oorloë, en Swede en Finne is die grootste etniese minderheid in hul onderskeie lande. Die gebou is in 1653 as 'n tennissaal opgerig en het die eerste teatergeselskap van Swede aangebied. Die Finse gemeente het die kerk in 1725 ingewy.  
• 59.3261918.0717216 Koninklike paleis suidvleuel. Namate die parlement die mag van die monarg geleidelik beperk het, het die nuwe era bekend gestaan ​​as die Age of Liberty, Frihetstiden, en het die opkoms van kuns en wetenskap in Swede aangekondig. Die paleis is in 1754 voltooi, met die suidelike vleuel meer neo-Renaissance-styl as die noordelike vleuel in die barokstyl. Beelde beeld groot Sweedse manne van destyds uit. Die vier links is Erik Dahlbergh (wat die meeste vestings van die Sweedse Ryk ontwerp het), Carl Linnaeus (stigter van sistematiese biologie), polymath Georg Stiernhielm (stigter van die Sweedse poësie) en Nicodemus Tessin die Jongere (die argitek van die paleis, die opvolger van sy vader), asook tonele uit die Grieks-Romeinse mitologie. Swede was 'n voorloper in vryheid van spraak en ander burgerregte; the 1766 Freedom of the Press Act is the world's oldest free press law, and remains as one of the four volumes of the Swedish Constitution. 
• 59.3267472218.0749722228 Gustav III statue. Gustav III ruled Sweden from 1771 to 1792. Inspired by the French Enlightenment, he was a patron of the arts, founding the Swedish Academy, the Opera, and a collection of ancient sculptures, today on display in the Palace. He promoted the rule of law, abolishing torture and limiting capital punishment. He is however considered to have ended the Age of Liberty, as he limited the free press, and stripped the nobles of their powers. Many noblemen turned against him, and had him assassinated at a masquerade ball in the Opera House. The statue was erected in 1808 on the quay where he landed after his victorious war against Russia in 1790.  
• 59.325429218.071029817 Swedish Academy and Nobel Prize Museum. The property north of Stortorget used to be Stockholm's city hall, with a courthouse and jail. In 1776, the Stock Exchange was built here. The building now hosts the Swedish Academy was funded by Gustav III in 1786. First famous for their Swedish dictionary, even more so since 1901, as they were appointed as the jury for the Nobel Prize for literature. The bottom floor of the building hosts the Nobel Prize Museum.  
• 59.32587518.071518 The Obelisk at Slottsbacken. Commissioned by King Gustav III to reward Stockholm's citizens for defending the city in the war against Russia from 1788 to 1790. While the kings mentioned earlier have many monuments in their honour, the obelisk is the only place in Stockholm bearing the name of Gustav IV Adolf, son and successor of Gustav III. Like his father, he lost a war against Russia in 1809. He was forced to cede Finland, was deposed in a coup, and spent the rest of his life in exile. It was replaced by a replica in 2020.  
• 59.32602818.07202829 Karl XIV Johan statue. As Sweden's elderly king Karl XIII had no legitimate heirs, he adopted Napoleon's field marshal Jean Bernadotte, who became Crown Prince, and in 1818 King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden and Norway (which had been forced into a union with Sweden four years earlier). The House of Bernadotte has been on the Swedish throne since then, though the monarchs' power since then has been gradually limited. The statue was erected at Slussen in 1854. In 2018, two centuries after Karl Johan's coronation, the statue got its current location. 
• 59.3258218.0696330 Storkyrkobrinken. In the mid-19th century, Sweden remained one of few European countries where only the Estates (stånd: nobles, clergy, guilds and land-owning farmers) could vote. As the liberal revolutions of 1848 spread to Sweden, suffrage protests at Storkyrkobrinken turned to looting on March 19th. King Oscar I ordered a cavalry unit to disperse the crowd, killing at least 18 people. The event was referred to as "Stockholm's second bloodbath", but as status quo was preserved, it is little known in Sweden today. Sweden never had a revolution, but suffrage was gradually expanded. In 1866, the Estates were abolished, and all property-owning men of age 21 could vote; around 20 per cent of the adult population.  
• 59.3264518.0705519 Royal Guards (Kungliga Högvakten). The outer courtyard is the place for the changing of the Royal Guards (Högvakten). Until the 19th century, they were needed for policing and firefighting. They also had artillery; Sweden has been known for cannon-making for centuries, and four memorial m/1881 cannons (the first Swedish cannon made of steel) remain on the courtyard. Today, the Royal Guards are not a permanent organization; the honour is shared between different units of the Armed Forces. While they are primarily ceremonial, they have authority to use force, and do so against antisocial behaviour around the palace.  
• 59.32613888888918.07038888888920 Christina Gyllenstierna statue. Kristina Nilsdotter (Gyllenstierna) led Sweden's uprising against Denmark in the 1510s. She was the widow of Sweden's acting head of state, Sten Sture the Younger; who had taken the name of his predecessor Sten Sture the Elder (without a bloodline). The statue was erected on the Stockholm Palace courtyard in 1912, as Sweden's first public monument for a woman. Driving forces behind the statue were the defense of Stockholm (with the arms race before Eerste Wêreldoorlog), and the movement for women's suffrage. As in the rest of Europe, many men were drafted, causing more women to take up paid jobs, joining trade unions and women's organizations.  

King Gustav V speaks at the Palace courtyard in 1914 for higher arms spending.

• 59.3266518.0711821 Palace courtyard. In February 1914, the palace courtyard saw the last power grab by a Swedish monarch, borggårdskrisen ("the courtyard crisis"). Due to the threat of war in Europe, King Gustav V demanded higher military spending, refused by liberal Prime Minister Karl Staaff. The King was supported by many celebrities (including explorer Sven Hedin, who had recently charted Sentraal-Asië) and 30,000 peasants who had rallied in Stockholm. He made an eloquent courtyard address (borggårdstalet), asserting his power as commander in chief. Four days later, Staaff resigned in protest. While the conservative opposition supported the king's arms race, they would not govern under an overreaching head of state. A caretaker government kept Sweden out of the Great War; though food shortage fueled protests, pushing Sweden to the brink of socialist revolution. A 1918 reform demoted the monarch to a figurehead, and granted universal suffrage. Gustaf V reigned to his death in 1950, at age 92. He is remembered as a patron of sports, and a skilled tennis player. 
• 59.3258118.069122 Helvetesgränd, Prästgatan. This cul-de-sac was since the Middle Ages known as Helvetesgränd, "Hell Alley", due to its location north of the cathedral. As the land north of the church was seen as condemned, it was the home of people with despised professions, such as the executioner. Sweden had capital punishment for many crimes, but over time it was limited. The last execution was carried out in 1910 for murder; the only time a guillotine has been used in Sweden. Since 1921, death sentence was restricted to war time. The 1973 constitution prohibits capital and corporal punishment. 
• 59.3259518.0687723 Italian founder statues, Västerlånggatan 13. Among the lesser noticed sculptures in Gamla Stan, are the gypsum busts of Italiaans founding fathers Giuseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emanuel II and Camillo di Cavour, erected in 1862 on a 17th century building. While the building's connection to Italy is not known, national unity was in vogue in the 1860s. Sweden and Norway were in a personal union from 1814, and Denmark was proposed to join the union as well. Though the Scandinavian nations have very similar languages and cultures, the Norwegians were unhappy with the union, and Norway became independent in 1905. 
• 59.3259318.0657331 The House of Nobility (Riddarhuset). The building for sessions of the noble estate. Most of their privileges were abolished with parliamentary reform in 1866. In 2003, Sweden's nobility became a private organization, with the last token privileges were abolished, such as the King's obligation to resolve kidnapping of noblemen abroad. The building has plenty of statues, enough for a separate tour. 
• 59.3266666718.0686111132 Brandkontoret (Stockholm Fire Insurance Office), Mynttorget 4. Since 1806, this building hosts the Stockholm Fire Office, a property insurance co-operative, founded in 1746 as Scandinavia's oldest surviving insurance company. In the mid-19th century, the company bought wooden buildings and had them replaced with stone buildings, most of which still stand today. To prevent fires, they invested in plumbing and gas lights; typical street lights can still be seen on the building.  
• 59.3265218.0688324 Parliament's democracy exhibition, Mynttorget (Mynttorget). Until 2022, the Swedish Parliament celebrates 100 years of universal suffrage through a display window exhibition. Since 1975, the voting age is 18. The most recent suffrage expansion was in 1989, as adults under guardianship got the right to vote. Mynttorget is usually busy with political demonstrations. 
• 59.3268818.0702833 Royal Palace today (Kungliga Slottet). The Royal Palace remains the monarch's official residence, but King Carl XVI Gustaf, reigning since 1973, lives in Drottningholm Palace in Ekerö. His motto is För Sverige i tiden ("For Sweden, with the times"); as an avid environmentalist, he had solar panels installed on the palace roof. A 1980 bill gave gender-neutral succession to the throne, making Princess Victoria, born in 1977, the heir apparent. Most of the palace is open to the public, unless being used for a state ceremony. Entrance ticket includes The Royal Apartments, die Tre Kronor Museum, die Treasury, en Gustav III's Museum of Antiquities. Since 2011, a restoration of the Palace's exterior is under way, scheduled to finish in the 2030s.  
• 59.3276918.068525 Swedish Parliament (Sveriges riksdag). Nordic representative governments have their roots in the Old Norse thing, a word still used for the parliaments of Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Sweden has the more German-inspired word riksdag, literally "kingdom day", which used to be an occasional meeting of the four estates. In 1866, the riksdag became a permanent two-chamber parliament, and the original riksdag building on Riddarholmen turned out to be too small for the chambers. As the current building by architect Aron Johansson was finished in 1905, the Neo-Baroque style was criticized for being outdated. The size was also intended to rival the palace. It has a great collection of exterior sculptures, some of them from dismantled government buildings.  
• 59.32741718.06738526 Parliament Chamber (Riksdagens plenisal). The west wing of the building, at Lake Mälaren, was built for the Riksbank office. Since a 1971 reform, the riksdag has only one chamber of 349 members, too many to seat in the old building. A renovation finished in 1983 made room for the new chamber in the west wing, with a bleacher for the public. The old building is used for parliamentary groups and committees. Free guided tours in Swedish and English, and occasional access to sessions and debates. 
• 59.3268318.0679327 Stallbron. The "Stable Bridge" got its name from the stables that occupied the small island before the riksdag. Kanslihuset ("chancellery house") contains offices for members of parliament. For the 1980s renovation, a skybridge between the office and the chamber building was planned, but cancelled. The passage was instead built below the bridge, barely visible from the quays. Before a vote in parliament, the members get a signal 10 minutes in advance, to complete the walk.  

Riksäpplet.

• 59.3279818.067528 Riksäpplet. Die Globus cruciger is an ancient symbol for the monarch's divine right to rule on Earth. In Swedish it is more casually known as Riksäpplet, "the kingdom apple", and has been a piece of the Swedish Regalia since the 16th century (on display in the Stockholm Palace Treasury). 20 apples were made of granite for the Riksdag's roof. For a renovation in the 1930s, 14 of them were relocated, two on the ground near the riksdag. The 1980s renovation added glass fiber replicas of the apples to the roof.  
• 59.32847222222218.06583333333334 Rosenbad (Swedish Government Offices). The 1902 Jugend (art nouveau) building was built for a bank, and acquired by the Government of Sweden in 1922. Since the 1980s, most government ministries are located in the neighbouring buildings, connected by underground tunnels. During the 2000s, security has been tightened, with less access by cars. Not open to the public.  
• 59.32888888888918.06722222222235 Sager House (Sagerska huset), Strömgatan 18. Stockholm has many palaces (see Stockholm-waterkant paleis toer). This 1900 neo-Renaissance palace was the last one used as a private home; the last resident, widow Vera Sager, died in 1988. The 1986 assassination of Olof Palme had called for increased security, and since 1995, Sweden's Prime Minister lives here. Not open to the public.  
• 59.3281818.070336 Museum of Medieval Stockholm (Medeltidsmuseet), Strömparterren. For the 1980s renovation of the Riksdag, the island was excavated to build a garage. Archaeologists found medieval ruins, including pieces of the second city wall. These now form the base of the Museum of Medieval Stockholm.  

Part III: How Sweden was built

From the 1860s to the 1960s, Sweden rose from a poor agrarian country to a post-industrial welfare state, and evaded the World Wars. Stockholm sprawled outwards with railroads and motorways, while the inner city created a national identity with historical monuments, museums and buildings to commemorate (and in some cases romanticize) the past, in particular the lost Swedish Empire.

View from Riksbron across Riddarfjärden. Twin towers of Högalid Church to the left; Heleneborg is at the waterfront just below them. Stockholm City Hall is to the right.

• 59.3282222218.0670555629 Riksbron. This 1931 bridge gives a panoramic view of Stockholm's government offices, as well as Norrström, the stream where the water of Mälaren drops 70 centimeters to the Baltic Sea. To the west, we can see two important locations in the history of the Nobel prys: Heleneborg and Stockholm City Hall.  
• 59.31944444444418.03416666666737 Heleneborg. Heleneborg is a mansion on western Södermalm; while the building itself is difficult to see, it is just below the twin towers of the 1920s Högalid Church. The property's waterfront has been used for various industries since the 17th century; the most famous tenant was the Nobel family, in the 1860s. The Industrial Revolution created demand for the newly discovered nitroglycerin. As it was dangerously unstable, the young chemist Alfred Nobel experimented for a more practical formula. On September 3rd 1864, an explosion (which was heard across the city) killed six people, including Alfred's 21-year old brother Emil. The city tightened safety rules, forcing Alfred to relocate the experiments to barges on the lake. He acquired a new factory in Vinterviken, a suburb a few kilometers further southwest. Two years later, Alfred Nobel invented dynamite and made a fortune, most of which became the foundation for the Nobel Prize, for physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace.  
• 59.327518.05472238 Stockholm City Hall (Stockholms stadshus). The eastern point of the Kungsholmen island was the site of a steam-powered grain mill named Eldkvarn. It burnt down on 31 October 1878, lighting up the city, coining the still used expression "sedan Eldkvarn brann" (since Eldkvarn burnt down) for something that happened long ago. The City Hall, inspired by the palaces of Venesië as well as national romanticism, was finished in 1923. The most famous event is the Nobel Prize Banquet on 10 December every year.  
• 59.3276518.060739 Western Main Line (Sammanbindningsbanan). Stockholm's central station opened in 1871, together with the double-tracked rail bridge through Gamla Stan. With plenty of hydroelectric power, and no domestic fossil fuels, Sweden's railways were electrified early; most of them by the 1930s. The bridge serves all connections south and west of Stockholm, and became Sweden's most congested rail line, with serious delays in the 2000s. Traffic flow has improved since 2017, when a deep tunnel was built for commuter trains. 
• 59.32833333333318.06986111111140 Norrbro. Built from 1787 to 1807 (vith the first stone laid by Gustav III), this is Stockholm's oldest surviving bridge. In 1853, the bridge was equipped by Stockholm's first gas lights, and in 1881 the first electric arc lamps. A renovation was completed in 2010 (with the first stone laid by Crown Princess Victoria). The lion statues with the hieroglyphics are copies of statues in the Vatican Museum.  
• 59.3291718.0683330 Gustav Adolfs torg. Gustavus Adolphus II (reigning 1611–1632), is remembered as a commander in the Thirty Years War, where he died in Lützen. The statue was erected in 1796 as Sweden's first mounted statue, and the first of several monuments to commemorate the dwindling Swedish Empire, and restore a national identity. The man depicted at the plinth is Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna.  
• 59.32972222222218.0705555555569 The Royal Swedish Opera (Operan), Gustaf Adolfs torg 2. The first opera house was built here in 1782, commissioned by King Gustav III (mentioned above; the statue is also visible left to the Palace) who was assassinated there. The building went obsolete, and was torn down in 1892. The current building was finished in 1898, and stages operas, ballets, concerts, and daily tours in English. The allées in the nearby Kungsträdgården park bear the names of Birgit Nilsson (1918–2005, depicted on the 500 kronor banknote) and Jussi Björling (1911–1960), two of Sweden's most accomplished opera singers. Strömterrassen is a café with an astounding view of the Royal Palace. Within the same building is fine dining restaurant Operakällaren and the beautiful Café Opera nightclub.  
• 59.3296718.07231 Kungsträdgården. The name "the King's Garden" bears witness of the original function as a royal park, open to the public only since the late 18th century. Vandag word dit gebruik vir feeste en ander openbare geleenthede.  
• 59.33002218.07220332 Karl XII:s torg (Charles XII square). King Charles XII (reigning 1697–1718), surrounded by four cannons. As mentioned above he spent his whole adult life at war, leading a disastrous campaign against Russia and spent five years exiled in the Ottomaanse Ryk until he returned to Sweden to attack Noorweë, where he died on the battlefield. As usual for warrior kings, Charles XII's legacy has been changing over the centuries. After his death he was described as a warmongering despot, but the wave of national romanticism of the 19th century made him a national hero, honouring him with this statue in 1868. His legacy today is more complex: he has been an icon of the far right, as well as a profile for Sweden's first exchange with Turkye.  
• 59.331445518.071400341 Charles XIII statue. The statue further north in Kungsträdgården depicts Charles XIII (reigning 1809-1818) surrounded by four lions. He had to cede Finland to Russia, but in 1814, Sweden forced Norway into a union lasting until 1905. He was succeeded by Karl XIV Johan from the House of Bernadotte (mentioned above). The statue was nicknamed ett lejon mellan fyra krukor ("a lion between four pots"), while Charles XIII was called en kruka mellan fyra lejon ("a coward between four lions"), reflecting the late 19th century's public image of the two kings. 
• 59.32972222222218.07555555555610 Grand Hôtel, Södra Blasieholmshamnen 8. A Grand Old Hotel opened in 1874 overlooking the Royal Palace, and the usual accommodation for visiting heads of state, Nobel laureates and pop stars, who can usually walk around the neighbourhood without being too disturbed by fans. The first Nobel Prize ceremonies were held here, and room No 702 is the astounding Nobel Room, where the literature prize winners stay overnight. The restaurant is one of few to regularly serve a Swedish smörgåsbord; historically an appetizer made up by cheese and herring; later expanded to include various seafood and meat. The piano bar is a delightful end-of-the-evening place to get a sophisticated drink.  
• 59.32861111111118.07777777777842 National Museum of Fine Arts (Nationalmuseum), Södra Blasieholmshamnen. Sweden's national museum for 16th to 19th century European art opened in 1866, exhibiting works by Rembrandt, Rubens, Goya, Renoir, Degas and Gauguin, as well as Swedish artists such as Carl Larsson, Ernst Josephson, C F Hill and Anders Zorn, and interior design from the 16th century to present day.  
• 59.32583333333318.08416666666743 Skeppsholmen. Die eiland van Skeppsholmen used to be the headquarters of the Swedish Navy until the 19th century. Today, most buildings are used for government functions, including the Modern Art Museum and the East Asian Museum.  
• 59.3252777818.0802222244 HMS af Chapman. A full-rigged ship launched in 1888 under the name Dunboyne, later G.D. Kennedy. She ran freight between Gothenburg and Australië. From 1915 to 1934 she was a training ship, and since 1949 she is used as a hostel.  
• 59.3302418.0720833 Kungsträdgården elm trees. Uit verskeie herontwikkelings van die park was die mees omstrede 'n metro-afrit, wat in 1971 gebou moes word, wat dertien elmbome moes vernietig. Openbare betogings het die regering genoop om terug te keer en die uitgang na 'n nabygeleë gebou te verskuif. In the late 2010s, another controversial tree-related plan was cancelled; Apple Computers purchased the property used by TGI Fridays in the northern part of the park, and intended to build a flagship store there.  

Elm tree scarred by a chainsaw in 1971.

• 59.33077777777818.07333333333345 Kungsträdgården metro station. The Kungsträdgården metro station opened in 1977, and is known for its art, with elements from dismantled buildings in and around Kungsträdgården, such as the Makalös palace which burnt down in 1825. Due to the aforementioned protests, the eastern exit was finished as recently as 1987.  
• 59.3310833318.0703611146 Survey Office (Lantmäteristyrelsens hus). Built in 1642 as a leisure palace for Queen Kristina. From 1688 to 1975 it was headquarters to the National Survey Agency.  
• 59.3318305618.0695611147 Tändstickspalatset (Matchstick Palace). A Swedish Grace office building commissioned by Swedish "matchstick king" Ivar Kreuger. Having earnt a Master of Engineering degree at age 20, Kreuger made his first wealth as a skyscraper engineer in New York Stad, allowing him to invest in the matchstick business from the 1910s. The matches we use today were a Swedish invention, and most them were produced in Sweden. Kreuger came to own 75 per cent of global production. In the Roaring Twenties, he gave low-interest loans to governments such as France and Germany, in exchange for matchstick monopoly. He co-founded the Swedish film industry, mingled with Hollywood stars, became a world celebrity himself, and had the Matchstick Palace finished in 1928. The success story ended with the 1929 Wall Street crash, leading Kreuger to a liquidity crisis which he never resolved. His death (seemingly to his own hand) in 1932 was followed by company bankruptcy, which hit Sweden's economy hard, while already in the middle of the Great Depression. The building had state-of-the-art technology for its time, with electric elevators, central heating, and decorations by Sweden's greatest artists at the time. Limited opportunities for visiting.  

Poster from the 1922 prohibition poll. Crayfish require these drinks. You must abstain from crayfish unless you vote NO on 27th of August.

• 59.332040618.072491648 Systembolaget headquarters. Sweden has traditionally been part of the "vodka belt" with heavy drinking on weekends and holidays. The temperance movement founded in the late 19th century pushed for harsher regulation, and in 1919 rationing of hard liquor was introduced with a personal booklet called motbok. In 1922 Sweden had its first national referendum on the proposal of total prohibition. 51% of the voters voted no (in Stockholm 86%; most teetotalers lived in the countryside). The state-owned Systembolaget is a monopoly retailer; with similar systems in Finland, Norway and Iceland (while Denmark has a more continental system). Since the 1990s, regulation has been harmonized with the European Union, but alcohol tax remains among the world's highest (have a look at the bars across the street, in Kungsträdgården). As Systembolaget is not run for profit, their storefronts are less visible than liquor stores in other countries (a nearby store is in PK-huset, a mall across Hamngatan). The harsh alcohol policy is the reason why Swedish people come to your country to drink alcohol. 

Part IV: Port to the world

View from Nybroplan. Die Östermalm district with Strandvägen to the left, Blasieholmen where the Vasa was built in the 17th century to the right. In the distance is Djurgården with the Nordic Museum (left), the Vasa Museum (middle) and Gröna Lund (right); Skansen is behind.

Nybroplan is a waterfront square, with a view over some 20th century events which created Sweden's modern identity. We can sit down and see how Stockholm became a global city.

• 59.332518.0747222234 Berzelii park. Remember that the land rises 1 metre for every 200 years? This park used to be a bay of the Baltic Sea, but by the 19th century it had become a stinking swamp in the middle of the city. The park was built in the 1850s. The statue was the first in Sweden to depict a scientist: Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848), who lived for most of his life on nearby Nybrogatan 9. He discovered silicon, selenium, cerium and thorium, and introduced chemical notation. Swedish chemists have discovered as many as 20 of the 118 elements in the periodic table. The Ytterby mine in near Vaxholm in Stockholm-eilandgroep (which can be reached with the ferries at the quay) produced ores in which nine rare-earth metals were first discovered; of fwhich yttrium, ytterbium, terbium and erbium got their name from Ytterby. Rare-earth metals became widely useful only in the late 20th century; the deposits in Ytterby are however not commercially viable. The sculptures of playing bears were made in 1909 by Carl Milles, known for his revival of Roman sculpture.  
• 59.3322918.0759435 John Ericsson statue. A statue commemorates John Ericsson, a Swedish 19th century inventor, who got world fame for designing the world's first tank locomotive (the Novelty) in 1829, which was a favourite to win the Rainhill Trials on the Liverpool en Manchester Spoorweg. He settled in New York Stad in 1839, where he lived until his death in 1889. Among his other inventions were a steam-powered fire hose, a solar-powered engine, and the first modern propeller, used in his design of the USS Monitor, an ironclad which helped the Union win the American Civil War. John Ericsson was one of 1.5 million Swedes who emigrated to Noord-Amerika between the 1830s and the 1910s; more than a quarter of the country's population. From Norway, which was in union with Sweden at the time, 800,000 people crossed the Atlantic. Today, more than 4 million Americans have Swedish ancestry, most of them living in the Midde-Ooste. 
• 59.3320618.0760236 Nybrokajen. Nybrokajen, the local quay, is a traffic hub for steamboats to the Stockholm-eilandgroep, trams and buses. With the 20th century the steamboats have been refitted with diesel engines, some of them running on batteries; they still allow archipelago inhabitants to commute to the city. By 2021, 90 per cent of all public-transport ferries will run on fossil-free fuel.  
• 59.3312418.0813249 Strandvägen. Strandvägen (The Waterfront Road) got its name in 1885, as farms and slum shacks had been replaced by Östermalm, a district of bourgeois apartment palaces, which is still the most affluent part of Stockholm. Strandvägen got Stockholm's first tram line in 1877; horse-powered during the first decades.  
• 59.3291518.093950 Skansen and the Nordic Museum, Djurgårdsvägen 6-16. During Sweden's rapid industrialization in the late 19th century, folklorist Arthur Hazelius saw the need to preserve Swedish folk culture. He founded the open-air museum Skansen (on the hills of Djurgården) in 1891, as well as the Nordic Museum, an impressive cathedral-like building on Djurgården. These institutions were the centerpieces of the 1897 Stockholm World's Fair, and inspired lewende geskiedkundige museums around the world, to the extent that Skansen is the noun for open-air museum in Polish, Czech and Hungarian.  
• 59.33333333333318.07694444444411 Royal Dramatic Theatre (Dramaten), Nybroplan. Sweden's national theatre, built in Wienerjugend (art nouveau) style in 1908. The building has rich ornaments in gold and marble, and a row of sculptures, with a bust of playwright August Strindberg (1849-1912) whose play Master Olof inaugurated the building. A statue of actress Margaretha Krook (1925-2001) represents the theatre's later history. The building has a restaurant.  
• 59.3313418.0881551 1912 Olympic rowing course. The first four Olympic games were low-key events stretched across several months. Stockholm hosted the fifth Olympics in 1912, introducing the three-week format still used today, featuring decathlon and pentathlon (both won by Jim Thorpe), women's diving and swimming, electric timing, photo finish, and the first participation of an Asian country (Japan). Most events were held at the Stockholm Stadium; the world's oldest surviving olympic stadium. The rowing contests had the finish line at Strandvägen. 
• 59.3320218.0751637 Raoul Wallenberg Monument. A monument near the Stockholm Synagogue (finished in 1870) commemorates Raoul Wallenberg, a diplomat who rescued 10,000 Jews in Boedapest van the Holocaust. In Tweede Wereldoorlog, Germany occupied Denmark in Norway in 1940, while Finland was co-belligerent with Germany. Sweden remained formally neutral, but made many concessions to Germany to keep peace, including iron export and passage of German troops to Norway and Finland. In late 1942, the Axis atrocities became well known (partially through Swedish diplomats and journalists in Germany), Sweden's government had to mend its reputation, and launched rescue missions during the end of the war. Raoul Wallenberg gave diplomatic passports to Hungarian Jews, and purchased buildings for the Swedish Embassy, which could be used as safehouses. Die Soviet Army arrived in 1945, and detained Wallenberg for espionage. He was never seen again; while he most probably died in a Moskou prison around 1947, he was long rumoured to be alive, and was declared dead as recently as 2016. He is celebrated as one of few true heroes in a time where Sweden could have done better. The rail tracks from the monument (alluding to the trains to the death camps) lead to the Synagogue.  
• 59.3280718.0913952 Vasa Museum (Vasamuseet). Die Vasa mentioned earlier was found in 1956, as the world's only preserved 17th century warship. The lengthy salvaging process was completed in 1961, and she was towed into a temporary museum. Since 1990, she is on display in the Vasa Museum on Djurgården (with ornamental masts on the roof), Sweden's most visited tourist attraction. The artifacts and body remnants in the ship are an accidental time capsule from nearly 400 years ago.  
• 59.3321618.0738912 Berns Bar, Berzelii Park 9. A nightclub and music hall built in 1863, which was first in Sweden to show cancan in 1866, and to serve Chinese kos in 1944. The stage has hosted world stars such as Josephine Baker, Marlene Dietrich, Liza Minnelli, Frank Sinatra, Miriam Makeba and Rihanna. In the 21th century, Berns remains timeless and trendy.  
• 59.32305555555618.09611111111153 Gröna Lund. An amusement park founded in 1883. Since the 1960s, Gröna Lund has been a stage for concerts by pop stars from the English-speaking world. Louis Armstrong, Bob Marley, Jimi Hendrix, Kiss and Lady Gaga have played here; and of course ABBA, who have a dedicated museum and stage show next door to the park. As German hegemony ended, Sweden quickly adopted the English language and Anglo-saxon popular culture, today having the world's second-highest English proficiency in non-Anglophone countries, behind only the Nederland.  
• 59.3327318.0765338 Nybroplan tram station (The day when Sweden switched driving side). Sweden used to have left-hand traffic since the 18th century. Nybroplan was one of Sweden's busiest intersection, and the country's first traffic light was set up at Nybroplan in 1924. As most cars were fit for right-hand traffic (and all neighbouring countries drove on the right) there was pressure for a switch. A referendum in 1955 rejected the proposal, but Sweden finally organized a transition from left to right to take place on September 3rd, 1967. Stockholm's trams had to be dismantled, and were replaced by metro and buses. Line 7, to Djurgården, was restored in 1991 as a heritage line, regular since 2009. 
• 59.33318.0767654 World's highest taxes (Dramaten). In the 1970s, the Social Democrats had governed Sweden for four decades, and expanded the Swedish welfare state, which included arts institutions such as Dramaten, and the aforementioned museums. The principle used to be from each according to his ability, as the marginal tax rate for high income brackets approached 100 per cent. Those who had the means did what they could to find loopholes. In 1974, 18-year old tennis prodigy Björn Borg caused outrage as he moved to Monaco to escape taxes. April 6 the same year is considered the birthday of Swedish pop music, as Blue Swede's Hooked on a Feeling headed the Billboard list; and on the same day ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest. Those bands can attribute some of their fame from their exotic costumes; in the 1970s, kitschy stage wear was not just a fashion statement, as they were intentionally designed to be useless as private clothing, to be tax deductible. Director Ingmar Bergman, known for The Seventh Seal en Fanny and Alexander worked at Dramaten for decades, until 1976, when police entered the building during a rehearsal, and arrested Bergman for tax fraud; though he was later acquitted, he left the country. The same year, equally world-renowned children's writer Astrid Lindgren (who later had adaptations of her books staged at Dramaten) had to pay a marginal tax rate at 102% and wrote a satirical fairytale on the theme. These celebrity tax protests contributed to the Social Democratic government losing the election the same year to a centre-right coalition. In a kind of dramatic irony, both Lindgren and Bergman are portrayed on today's Swedish banknotes. In the 2000s, wealth and inheritance tax were abolished, and as consumption taxes are high, the low-income classes bear much of the burden for Swedish welfare. 
• 59.3331118.0745513 Hallwyll Museum (Hallwyllska Museet), Hamngatan 4. This urban palace was built in 1898 for Walther och Wilhelmina von Hallwyl, collectors of art and antiques from around the world. Since 1938 it is a museum, showcasing upper-class life of the early 20th century. Some of the rooms have a historical or geographic theme. Restaurant open in summer.  
• 59.333664818.074514614 Konstnärshuset (The Artists' House), Smålandsgatan 7. The Swedish Artists' Association's building opened in 1899, inspired by Spanish and Italian Renaissance architecture. The bar, Konstnärsbaren, opened in 1931 and has wall paintings by Sweden's most famous artists of the time.  

Part V: The world's most modern city

Stockholm's central business district was redeveloped for motorized commuting during the 1960s, in a time marked by the Koue Oorlog with a nuclear threat, and the consolidation of Sweden's welfare state. The rise of environmentalism, counterculture and street crime shattered the utopia. By year 2000, Stockholm had become a world leader in computing, sustainable technology and pop music. This is the scene for some of Sweden's most dramatic events during the last decades: a hostage crisis, two assassinations, and a terrorist attack.

• 59.33333333333318.07277777777839 Norrmalmstorg. This square was on the waterfront until the 19th century. Today, Norrmalmstorg is surrounded by high-end offices, and is the most expensive property in the Swedish edition of Monopoly. The 1971 sculpture Laura depicts a chicken fleeing from motor traffic.  
• 59.3333418.0739615 Nobis Hotel (Kreditbanken). The 19th-century Kreditbanken building is known for the 1973 Norrmalmstorg robbery. The furloughed prisoner Jan Olsson tried to rob the bank; as the police arrived, he instead took three female bank tellers as hostages. The five-day standoff was broadcast live in Swedish television (with intermissions from King Gustav VI Adolf's deathbed), with notorious criminal Clark Olofsson and Prime Minister Olof Palme called in as negotiators. The police used tranquilizing gas to defeat the robber. The dramatic robbery led to urban legends, and a psychologist who never met the hostages made the false assumption that the hostages sympathized (and implicitly fell in love) with the robber, coining the term Stockholm Syndrome for a situation where a captive supports a perpetrator. Since 2009, the building is a hotel with a restaurant. 
• 59.3333218.0728340 Frihetens källa (Baltic independence monument). Soos die Baltic States tried to secede from the Soviet Unie in 1990, protests were held on Norrmalmstorg every Monday for more than a year, until their independence. In 1994, their struggle for freedom was commemorated with a fountain, with three stone sculptures representing Estland, Latvia, en Lithuania. Sweden promoted the Baltic States' accession to the European Union. 
• 59.33294418.06910816 NK (Nordiska Kompaniet), Hamngatan 18-20. An upmarket department store opened in 1915, with classic fashion and Nordic furnishing. Well known for the clock tower, and the elaborate Christmas display window decorations. On September 10th, 2003, a Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh was assassinated here. She had campaigned for the adoption of the euro in the referendum four days later. While the crime shocked the country, the killer was caught and sentenced to life in prison. NK has several cafés; one on the top floor, and NK Art Bakery at Regeringsgatan.  
• 59.33232118.06985555 Volvo Studio Stockholm. While Volvo is based in Göteborg, the company was actually founded in Stockholm in 1926, as a subsidiary of ball-bearing maker SKF. Volvo remains Sweden's best-selling car, and one of the most recognized Swedish brands abroad. Volvo cars are markeded for their safety; in 1959 they released the 544 PV, the world's first car with 3-point seatbelts as standard issue. Volvo Cars is Chinese-owned since 2009. Volvo Group, the commercial vehicle manufacturer, remains Swedish. 
• 59.334757218.067531356 IKEA Showroom, Regeringsgatan 65. IKEA was founded in 1943 by 17-year old travelling salesman Ingvar Kamprad. The first store opened in Älmhult in 1953, and the second one in 1965 in Kungens Kurva south of Stockholm. Today IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer; and while their Swedishness is the foundation for their brand, their headquarters is today in the Nederland. They have a showroom in central Stockholm, with various themes (kitchens, as of 2020). 
• 59.331005118.0679857 Spotify headquarters, Regeringsgatan 19. Spotify, founded in 2008, is the world's largest music streaming service as of 2020. In the early 2000s, Sweden was famous for pop music; and with world-leading telecoms infrastructure also became infamous for music piracy in the 2000s, with services such as Kazaa and The Pirate Bay developed in Sweden. Spotify was one of the first legal platforms for music streaming. Swedish electronic music DJs such as Avicii and Swedish House Mafia gave them an international breakthrough. 
• 59.3321918.0664141 Klara bomb shelter (Klara skyddsrum). Stockholm had several bomb shelters built for Tweede Wereldoorlog, which never came to Sweden. As Sweden was officially non-aligned in the Koue Oorlog, with universal draft and a world-class air force, the threat of nuclear weapons required deeper bunkers. Many were built parallel to the Stockholm metro, for peacetime use as garages. The nearby Johannes bunker opened in 1955 as the world's first nuclear-proof shelter. The Klara shelter from the 1960s can hold 8,000 people (among them the government), and has several entrances (through the Riksbank garage and the metro), and a backup power plant with air conditioning; as the occupants would emit nearly 1 MW of body heat. In die 1960's het Swede ook kernwapens ontwikkel, en 'n paar gram plutonium was kort van 'n lewendige bomtoets toe die program beëindig is. Sedert die ineenstorting van die Sowjetunie is die kernbedreiging teen Swede minder kritiek.  
• 59.3326818.0664542 Malmskillnadsgatan. Die verhoogde straat, Malmskillnadsgatan, word deur kantoorgeboue oorheers. Aangesien die straat sentraal staan ​​en steeds saans verlate is, het dit berug geword as die prostitusiestraat; in 1999 word Swede die eerste land ter wêreld wat die aankoop van seksuele dienste kriminaliseer (maar nie lewer nie). Die brug bied 'n uitsig oor Sergels torg en die nuwe sakekern.  
• 59.332518.06444444444458 Sergels torg. Bo-op die metro- en bomskuilings is 'n tegnokratiese utopie uit die 1960's gebou: 'n sentrale sakegebied met breë strate vir motors (nou met regter verkeer) omring deur die hoofkantoor van die bank en die Gallerian-winkelsentrum. Sosiaal was die projek 'n mislukking. Die verkeerslawaai was oorverdowend, fietsryers en voetgangers is ontheem, en die plein was berug vir antisosiale gedrag en dwelmhandel, vermy deur eerlike mense na kantoor se sluitingstyd. Die plein is in die 2010's herbou om voetgangers straatruimte terug te gee, en is vandag besig met betogings, flash mobs en ontmoetings. Die spitsgeboude 1960-geboue is weer opgepas vir volhoubare energieverbruik en voor-sosiale ontwerp. Banke en regeringsagentskappe het na voorstedelike plekke verhuis, wat plek maak vir hotelle, restaurante, dakbehuising en tegnologiese kantore.  
• 59.3317444418.0659638959 Sveriges Riksbank. Die vroeëre Riksbank is hier sedert 1976. In 1968 het die bank 'n prys in ekonomie uitgereik ter nagedagtenis aan Alfred Nobel, tesame met die gewone Nobelpryse. Aangesien Swede die euro tydens 'n referendum in 2003 verwerp, bly dit die wêreld se oudste sentrale bank. Swede is vanaf 2020 een van die kontantlose lande ter wêreld.  
• 59.33111118.06166760 Klara kerk (Klara kyrka). Gebou in die 16de eeu, is dit Skandinawië se tweede hoogste kerk, op 116 meter. Een van die min geboue wat die herontwikkeling van die 1960's oorleef het, is 'n basis vir liefdadigheid aan haweloses en ander in nood.  
• 59.3319444418.0647222217 ^{[dooie skakel]}Die Huis van Kultuur (Kulturhuset). Kulturhuset is 'n betongebou uit die 1970's wat die eerste keer as 'n tydelike plek vir die Sweedse parlement gebruik is. Sedert die 1980's is die stadsteater, biblioteke, galerye en kafees in Stockholm aangebied. Die onderste verdieping het 'n vertoonlokaal met voortgesette konstruksie in Stockholm (Stockholmsrummet) met 'n skaalmodel wat beplande geboue insluit. Die boonste verdieping het 'n verstommende uitsig oor die sentrale sakekern.  

Die straathoek by die metro-afrit na die winkel Åhléns is 'n gewilde ontmoetingspunt. In 2017 het 'n vragmotor wat deur 'n terroris bestuur is, in die gebou vasgery. Sedert 2020 is dit een van die verskillende plekke met verkeersligte vir egpare.

• 59.3326918.0624243 Drottninggatan verkeersligte. Een van Stockholm se besigste winkelstrate staan ​​sedert die 17de eeu bekend as 'The Queen's Street', wat blykbaar vernoem is na die regerende koningin Kristina. Terwyl die gedeelte in die rigting van Gamla Stan gevul word deur generiese kettingwinkels en kafees, kan u meer alternatiewe inkopies en eetplekke in die noorde vind. Die kruising met Mäster Samuelsgatan is een van verskeie waar verkeersligte paartjies van dieselfde geslag uitbeeld, ter herdenking van die LGBT-beweging; homoseksualiteit is in 1944 gedekriminaliseer, burgerlike vakbonde is toegelaat in 1995 en die huwelik het in 2009 geslagsneutraal geword (sien ook LGBT Stockholm). 
• 59.333168618.062195918 H & M-hoofkwartier, Drottninggatan 56. Hennes & Mauritz, kortweg H&M, is vanaf 2020 die wêreld se grootste modehandelaar. Gestig in Västerås in 1947 sit hulle in Stockholm, met verskeie winkels regoor die stad. Die hoofkantoorgebou in 2008 het 'n kafee met tipiese Sweedse meubels.  
• 59.3335918.0616944 Drottninggatan / Bryggargatan. Gedurende die Kersfees-inkopieseisoen in 2010 het 'n terroris wat die Islamitiese Staat ondersteun, 'n motorbom in hierdie kruising laat ontplof, net homself doodgemaak en twee ander lig beseer. In April 2017 het 'n ander terroris, ook geïnspireer deur die Islamitiese Staat, 'n vragmotor langs Drottninggatan gery en vyf mense doodgemaak en 14 beseer, voordat hulle in die Åhléns-winkel gestort het. Die leeuvormige betonversperrings kon die voertuig nie stop nie en is vervang deur baie swaarder leeus.  
• 59.334638918.061223119 Hooimark deur Scandic. Die gebou in die weste is 'n voormalige afdelingswinkel, met die naam PUB vir die stigter Paul U. Bergström; en saam met ander nabygeleë geboue 'n voorbeeld van Sweedse genade; die plaaslike interpretasie van Art Deco, met 'n flair van klassisisme. In 1917 het Vladimir Lenin deur Stockholm getrek op pad huis toe na St Petersburg vir die Russiese Revolusie, hier 'n nuwe pak te koop. In 1920 begin Greta Garbo (later 'n Hollywood-ster, uitgebeeld op die Sweedse bankbiljet van 100 kr) hier. Die gebou is sedert 2016 'n hotel met 1920-meubels en 'n jazz omgewing in die sitkamer herstel.  
• 59.3350818.0632245 Stockholm Konsertsaal (Stockholms konserthus). A Sweedse genade gebou in 1926 geopen, die tuisverhoog van die Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, en die plek van die jaarlikse Nobel prys seremonie (behalwe die vredesprys wat in 2008 toegeken word) Oslo), asook die Polar Music Prize sedert 1989, en die Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award vir kinderliteratuur sedert 2003.  
• 59.3348638918.0621722246 Hötorget. Hötorget is sedert die 17de eeu as sodanig ("The Haymarket Square") bekend. Verhandelde kommoditeite het mettertyd verander; vandag is die plein bekend vir sy produkte. Swede se bevolking was opmerklik homogeen tot in die vyftigerjare, toe die land voor 'n ernstige tekort aan arbeidskrag te staan ​​gekom het, en vir immigrasie begin het. Swede het meer vlugtelinge per capita aanvaar as enige ander land in Wes-Europa; in die besonder in die nasleep van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog, die Joego-Slawiese oorloë uit die negentigerjare en die oorloë in die 2010's Sirië en Afghanistan. Immigrante wat pas aangekom het, is gewoonlik in 'n paar voorstedelike buurte langs die metroline gekonsentreer en het sommige ondernemings oorheers, insluitend markhandel en restaurante. Die ondergrondse marksaal Hötorgshallen verkoop Sweedse en internasionale lekkernye (sien Nordiese kookkuns).  

Thulehuset is die gebou op Sveavägen 44, en die einde van hierdie toer. In die regte straathoek is premier Olof Palme vermoor in 1986. Vanaf 2021 huisves die gebou Klarna en King Digital Entertainment, sommige van Swede se bekendste tegnologiese ondernemings, asook die nuwerwets voedselkleinhandelaar Urban Deli.

• 59.3366418.0627447 Sluipmoordtoneel van Olof Palme (Skandiahuset), Sveavägen 42. Op 28 Februarie 1986 het die Sweedse premier Olof Palme en sy vrou Lisbeth 'n spontane plan gemaak om die aand deur te bring in die Groot bioskoop met hul seun en sy verloofde, sonder om hul lyfwagte in te roep. Op pad huis toe het 'n onbekende man agter Palme aangekom, hom met 'n rewolwer doodgeskiet en langs Tunnelgatan weggehardloop. Die polisie en die regering het verskeie mislukte ondersoeke gelei en 'n ketting van politieke skandale op die hoogste vlak geskep; aangesien Palme 'n beroemde en omstrede wêreldleier was, het die verdagtes ook ingesluit Suid Afrikaans spioene, die Koerdiese versetbeweging, en die polisie self. In 1989 is die alleenstaande misdadiger Christer Pettersson deur die hof in Stockholm skuldig bevind; hoewel die Svea-appèlhof later redelike twyfel gevind het en hom vrygespreek het. Sedertdien het die moord romanskrywers en samesweringsteoretici geïnspireer. In Junie 2020 het die polisie 'n nuwe verdagte voorgestel: die grafiese ontwerper Stig Engström, wat op die moordtoneel by die Skandia-versekeringsmaatskappy in die gebou gewerk het, en een van die min getuies was. Aangesien hy sedert 2000 dood is, is die saak gesluit. Palme is in die nabygeleë Adolf Fredrik-kerk begrawe, en die straat daar naby is herdoop Olof Palmes gata om die slagoffer te herdenk.  

Epiloog: Moderne bakens

Ons sluit die toer af in 'n bar op die dak, met 'n uitsig op die hoogste geboue van Stockholm, wat verskillende periodes van die moderne ontwikkeling van Stockholm voorstel.

• 59.336889218.062365720 Urban Deli-kroeg op die dak, Sveavägen 44. Thulehuset is 'n funksionele kantoorgebou uit 1942. Vandag is daar twee Sweedse 'eenhoorns' (tegnologiese ondernemings ter waarde van miljarde): betalingshanteerder Klarna, en speletjie-ontwikkelaar King Digital Entertainment (bekend vir Candy Crush Saga en Bubble Witch Saga). Urban Deli is 'n nuwerwets kruideniersware ketting met 'n dak kroeg. 

Die openingstye van Urban Deli is beperk; 'n paar alternatiewe standpunte op die dak is 59.330519418.0671521 Tak (Brunkebergstorg) en 59.331118.059522 Scandic Continental.

• 59.33777777777818.06027777777861 Adolf Fredrik se kerk (Adolf Fredriks kyrka), Holländargatan 16. 'N Kerk wat na koning Adolf Fredrik vernoem is, is in 1768-1774 gebou. Die buitekant is redelik ongeskonde, terwyl die binnekant in die 1890's ingrypend verander is. Die kerk het 'n monument vir die filosoof René Descartes, wat sy laaste jare in Stockholm gelei het om koningin Kristina te onderrig totdat hy aan longontsteking gesterf het. Eerste Minister Olof Palme is begrawe in die begraafplaas, net suid van die kerkgebou.  
• 59.3394444418.0644444462 Sankt Johannes kyrka (S: t Johannes se kerk). 'N Baksteenkerk uit 1890 in 'n neogotiese styl geïnspireer deur Middeleeuse Sweedse katedrale. Dit staan ​​op Brunkebergsåsen, die noord-suidrif deur Stockholm. Die losstaande kloktoring is die enigste oorblywende houtgebou van Norrmalm.  
• 59.3361111118.0655555663 Kungstornen. Neoklassieke tweelingtorings van 1924 tot 1925, geïnspireer deur Manhattan geboue, wat die Roaring Twenties verteenwoordig, en die suidelikste oorblyfsels van Brunkebergsåsen.  
• 59.3341666718.0636111164 Hötorget-wolkekrabbers. Die ekonomiese uitbreiding na die oorlog het die herontwikkeling van Norrmalm in die 1950's en 60's, sigbaar deur die vyf kantoorgeboue op 19 verdiepings op Hötorget, in internasionale styl gebring.  
• 59.33518.12638888888965 Kaknästornet. 'N Brutale TV-toring uit 1967, wat vroeër die hoogste sterrewagdek van Stockholm gehad het totdat dit in 2018 gesluit is.  

Noordelike uitsig vanaf Urban Deli. Van links: Adolf Fredrik Kerk, Norra tornen, openbare biblioteek in Stockholm, Wenner-Gren Sentrum.

• 59.3511111118.0486111166 Wenner-Gren Sentrum. 'N Kantoortoring vir internasionale navorsers, wat in 1961 klaar was met die hoogste wolkekrabber van Europa.  
• 59.34583333333318.03388888888967 Norra geskeur. Tweeling-wolkekrabbers in wonings is in 2020 voltooi. Tussen Wenner-Gren-sentrum en Norra-tornen, 'n nuwe kampusdistrik met die naam Hagastaden word gedurende die 2020's gebou, rondom die Karolinska Instituut (bekend vir die uitreiking van die Nobelprys vir medisyne), met die doel om Stockholm te ontwikkel as 'n wetenskapsgroep vir die toekoms.  

Sien Stockholm omgewingsbewaarder toer vir Stockholm se rol in volhoubare tegnologie vir komende geslagte.

Tydlyn

• 8 000 VHJ: Ijskap bokant Stockholm smelt en laat die oop see agter.
• 4 000 v.C.: Heuwels suid van die huidige Stockholm kom uit die see. Steentydperk nedersettings.
• 2500 VHJ: Södermalm se heuwels kom uit die see uit.
• AD 900: Hoogte van die Vikingtydperk. Stockholm se eilande is gevestig. Die eerste Christelike sendelinge kom na Swede aan.
• 1007: Vikinghoof Olaf (later Olaf II van Noorweë) ontslaan nedersettings by Mälaren.
• 1187: Karelse seerowers sak Sigtuna. 'N Paar jaar later word die Tre Kronor-kasteel gebou.
• 1252: Birger jarl noem Stockholm in 'n brief.
• 10 Oktober 1471: Sweedse separatiste verslaan vakbondlede in die slag van Brunkeberg.
• 7-9 November 1520: Stockholm-bloedbad: Kristian II van Denemarke laat ten minste 80 Sweedse adellikes onthoof word.
• 24 Junie 1523: Gustav Vasa bevry Stockholm en maak Swede sedertdien onafhanklik.
• 10 Augustus 1628: Vasa wasbakke.
• 7 Mei 1697: Tre Kronor-kasteel brand af en word vervang deur die Stockholm-paleis.
• 16 Maart 1792: Gustav III word in die operahuis vermoor.
• 19 Maart 1848: Soldate vermoor minstens 18 stemgeregtigde betogers by Storkyrkobrinken.
• 3 September 1864: Alfred Nobel se nitrogliserienfabriek in Heleneborg ontplof en ses mense is dood. Twee jaar later bedink hy dinamiet.
• 10 Desember 1901: Eerste Nobelprysuitdeling
• 6 Julie 1912: Opening van die Vyfde Olimpiese Somerspele
• 27 Augustus 1922: Eerste nasionale peiling: 51% van die Swede verwerp die verbod op alkohol
• 1 Oktober 1950: Die eerste Stockholm-metrolyn word vanaf Slussen na Hökarängen geopen
• 11 Junie 1956: Ruiterbyeenkomste van die XVI Olimpiese somerspele wat in Stockholm gehou word (hoofbyeenkoms gehou in Melbourne)
• 25 Augustus 1956: Vasa word weer ontdek en vyf jaar later gered.
• 29 Junie 1958: Swede bied die FIFA Wêreldbeker aan, en die Sweedse nasionale span speel die eindstryd in Solna noord van Stockholm. Brasilië wen 5-2.
• 3 September 1967: Skakel oor na regterverkeer
• 12 Mei 1971: Elmbetoging in Kungsträdgården
• 23-28 Augustus 1973: Norrmalmstorg-gyselaarskrisis
• 28 Februarie 1986: Olof Palme word vermoor.
• 1995: Swede sluit aan by die Europese Unie.
• 10 September 2003: Anna Lindh word vermoor.
• 2008: Spotify word gestig. Die kuberkrakers agter The Pirate Bay word vervolg. Die wêreldwye finansiële krisis is swaar.
• 7 April 2017: 'n Terreuraanval op Drottninggatan maak vyf mense dood.

Gaan volgende

• Drottninggatan, Västerlånggatan en Götgatan: 4 kilometer inkopies en eet
• Södermalm hoogtes toer: Stockholm se grootste foto- en kunswandeling met baie pre-industriële geboue
• Stockholm-waterkant paleis toer: 'n vertoonvenster van Stockholm se rykes en beroemdes vanaf die Middeleeue tot vandag toe
• Millennium Toer: Stieg Larsson se misdaaddrama
• Nobeltoerisme, wat verband hou met Alfred Nobel se lewe en die Nobelprys
• Ekerö met Birka (Swede se eerste stad) en Drottningholm (die koninklike woning)
• Sigtuna
• Uppsala