Turkye - Turkey

Vir ander plekke met dieselfde naam, sien Turkye (onduidelikheid).

Turkye (Turks: Türkiye) is 'n tweekontinentale land: geografies is die grootste deel van die land in Asië, Oostelike Thrakië is deel van Europa en baie Turke het 'n gevoel van Europese identiteit.

Turkye bied 'n rykdom aan bestemmingsvariëteite aan reisigers: van die koepel-en-minaret-skyline van Istanbul tot Romeinse ruïnes langs die westelike en suidelike kusstreke, van swaar ingekeepe kuslyn teen 'n bergagtige agtergrond van Lycia en wye en sonnige strande van Pamfilie na koue en sneeu berge van die Oos, van mal "skuimpartytjies" van Bodrum na die Midde-Oosterse gegeurde stede van Suidoos-Anatolië, uit groen mistige berge van Oostelike Swart See tot wye steppelandskappe van Sentraal-Anatolië, daar is iets vir elkeen se smaak - of hulle nou met 'n uiterste begroting reis of met 'n miljoen seiljag.

Streke

Stede

• 39.95632.8541 Ankara - die hoofstad van Turkye en sy tweede grootste stad
• 36.91130.692 Antalya - die stad wat die vinnigste groei, met 'n verskeidenheid strandoorde
• 37.03827.423 Bodrum - 'n nuwerwets kusdorp in die suidelike Egeïese Zee, wat gedurende die seisoen 'n druk stad word wanneer dit dien as 'n speelplek vir Turkse en internasionale vakansiegangers, met 'n sitadel, Romeinse ruïnes, nuwerwets klubs en 'n aantal dorpe rondom die skiereiland, elk met 'n ander karakter van klassiek tot rustiek
• 41.67726.5644 Edirne - die tweede hoofstad van die Ottomaanse Ryk
• 41.01828.975 Istanbul - Turkye se grootste stad, die voormalige hoofstad van sowel die Ottomaanse as die Bisantynse ryk, en die enigste groot stad ter wêreld wat twee vastelande oorskry het
• 38.41527.1446 Izmir - Turkye se derde grootste stad, die middelpunt van 'n verskeidenheid strandoorde
• 37.87232.4927 Konya - 'n taamlike groot stad wat die hartland is van die mistieke Sufi-orde, die plek van Rumi se graf, en met 'n paar elegante Seljuq-argitektuur, alles omring deur uitgestrekte steppe
• 41.006339.72588 Trabzon - die wonderlike klooster Sumela is net buite die stad en dit is 'n uitstekende poort om die Turkse Noordooste te verken
• 37.16138.7929 Urfa - 'n stad met pragtige argitektuur en uiters vriendelike inwoners aan die hekke van Eastern World; waar die Turkse, Koerdiese, Arabiese en Assiriese kulture meng

Ander bestemmings

• 40.50861343.5722051 Ani - indrukwekkende ruïnes van die Middeleeuse Armeense hoofstad in die verre ooste van die land; bekend as die stad van 1000 kerke
• 38.658334.85362 Kappadosie - 'n gebied in die sentrale hooglande wat veral bekend is vir sy unieke maanagtige landskap (die "feë skoorstene"), ondergrondse stede, grotkerke en huise wat in die rotse gekap is
• 37.941927.34153 Efese - goed bewaarde ruïnes van die Romeinse stad aan die weskus
• 40.36722226.4554 Gallipoli - terrein van 1915 Anzac landing en baie gedenktekens van die Eerste Wêreldoorlog
• 37.783338.61675 Mount Nemrut - a UNESCO-wêrelderfenisgebied met kopbeelde wat aan antieke gode op sy kruin toegewy is
• 36.550329.12236 Ölüdeniz - onvergelykbare skoonheid van die poskaart van die "Blue Lagoon", miskien die bekendste strand van Turkye, wat u op enige toerismebrosjure sal sien
• 37.927229.12587 Pamukkale - "The Cotton Castle", 'n wit wêreld van travertyne rondom watervlakke swembaddens gevul met warm water
• 40.686439.65428 Sümela - 'n pragtige klooster op die kranse van 'n berg, 'n moet-sien op enige reis na die noordoostelike kus
• 40.06944429.2213899 Uludağ - 'n nasionale park met skoolhandboeke van verskillende soorte woude wat wissel volgens hoogte, en die belangrikste wintersportoord in die land

Verstaan

Geskiedenis

Sien ook: Hetiete, Antieke Griekeland, Romeinse Ryk, Bisantynse Ryk, Ottomaanse Ryk

Daar is bewyse dat die bedding van die Swartsee vroeër 'n bewoonde vlakte was voordat dit in die prehistoriese tyd deur stygende seevlakke oorstroom is. Berg Ararat (Ağrı Dağı), op 5.165 m, is Turkye se hoogste punt en die legendariese landingsplek van Noag's Ark aan die oostelike rand van die land. Die gebied wat nou Turkye is, was deel van baie van die wêreld se grootste ryke deur die geskiedenis. Die stad van Troy, beroemd vernietig deur die Grieke in Homer's Illiad, was nog altyd geassosieer met die ingang na die Dardanelles-seestraat in die noordweste van Anatolië. Vervolgens sou die gebied deel word van die Romeinse Ryk, en daarna die Oos-Romeinse (Bisantynse) Ryk nadat die Romeinse ryk in twee gespoeg het, met die stad Konstantinopel (nou Istanbul) wat as die streekhoofstad dien, asook die Oos-Romeinse hoofstad na die skeuring. Die Ottomaanse Ryk het daarna die Oos-Romeinse Ryk verslaan en die oostelike Middellandse See oorheers tot sy nederlaag deur die Geallieerdes in Eerste Wêreldoorlog.

Die Turkse Republiek (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) is in 1923 gestig uit die oorblyfsels van die Ottomaanse Ryk. Kort daarna het die land sekulêre wette ingestel om tradisionele godsdienstige figure te vervang en baie ander radikale hervormings wat ontwerp is om die staat vinnig te moderniseer. Die verandering van die Arabiese skrif na die Turkse alfabet met 29 letters, gebaseer op die Romeinse alfabet, was een van die vele persoonlike inisiatiewe van die stigter van die Turkse Republiek, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Atatürk bly eerbiedig en jy kan sien hoe sy gesig op baie of baie plekke regoor Turkye op jou neerkyk of vaderlik, visioenêr of vasberade. Atatürk sterf in 1938 en word opgevolg deur sy regterhand İsmet İnönü, wat die eerste premier van die nuwe Republiek was. Dit was Inönü wat die kultus van persoonlikheid rondom Atatürk hoofsaaklik versterk het en wat Turkye eintlik langer gelei het as sy voorganger wat groter was as die lewe. In 1945 het Turkye by die VN aangesluit, en in 1952 het dit 'n lid van die NAVO geword.

Aardrykskunde

Turkye beslaan 'n landmassa wat net groter is as Texas, met net meer as 750 000 km² en is meer as drie keer so groot as die Verenigde Koninkryk. Wat die verskeidenheid terreine en veral die diversiteit van sy plantlewe betref, vertoon Turkye die eienskappe van 'n klein kontinent. Daar is byvoorbeeld ongeveer 10 000 plantspesies in die land (vergeleke met ongeveer 13 000 in die hele Europa), waarvan een uit drie endemies aan Turkye is. Daar is inderdaad meer inheemse plantspesies binne die stadsgrense van Istanbul (2000) as in die hele Verenigde Koninkryk. Alhoewel baie mense van Turkye se ryk argeologiese erfenis weet, beskik dit oor 'n ewe waardevolle verskeidenheid ekosisteme - veenmoerasse, heide, steppe en kusvlaktes. Turkye besit baie bosse (ongeveer 'n kwart van die land), maar net so belangrik is dat die helfte van die land 'n semi-natuurlike landskap is wat nie heeltemal deur die mens opgeknap is nie.

Kultuur

Alhoewel dit na 'n toerisme-brosjure-cliché mag klink, is Turkye regtig 'n vreemde mengsel van die weste en die ooste - u mag sweer dat u in 'n Balkan land of in Griekeland wanneer in noordwes en westelike dele van die land (behalwe dat deur Bisantynse beïnvloedde kerke vervang word deur mosantes wat deur Bisantynse beïnvloed is), wat inderdaad gedeeltelik bewoon word deur mense uit Balkanlande wat tydens die onrus voor, tydens en na die Eerste Wêreldoorlog geïmmigreer het, terwyl suidoostelik die uithoeke van die land vertoon min of geen kulturele verskille met die van Turkye nie suidelike en oostelike bure. Invloede van die Kaukasus voeg by die mengsel in die noordoos deel van die land. Dit kan eenvoudig gestel word dat Turkye die mees oosterse van Westerse nasies is, of, afhangend van die oogpunt, die mees oostelike van oosterse nasies.

Miskien is een ding wat algemeen is vir die hele land Islam, die geloof van die grootste deel van die bevolking. Die interpretasie daarvan verskil egter baie oor die hele land: baie mense in die noordwestelike en westelike kus is redelik liberaal oor die godsdiens (omdat hulle nominale Moslems is, soms tot die feit dat hulle nie godsdienstig is nie), terwyl die mense van die sentrale steppe is baie meer konserwatief (moenie verwag om 'n Saoedi-Arabië of 'n Afghanistan selfs daar, alhoewel). Die res van die land val êrens tussen, met die kusstreke relatief liberaal, terwyl die binnelandse streke as 'n algemene reël relatief konserwatief is. Die grootste godsdienstige minderheid in die land is die Aleviete, wat tot 20% van die bevolking uitmaak en wat 'n vorm van Islam onderskryf nader aan die van die Sjiïtiese weergawe van Islam en waarvan die rituele sterk spruit uit die sjamanistiese seremonies van antieke Turke. Ander godsdienstige minderhede - die Grieks-Ortodokse, Armeense Apostoliese, Jode, Siriese Oosterse Ortodokse en Rooms-Katolieke, waarvan laasgenoemde hulle hoofsaaklik in die afgelope 500 jaar in Wes-Europese lande in Turkye gevestig het - was eens talle regoor die land, is nou meestal beperk tot die groot stede van Istanbul en Izmir, of dele van Suidoos-Anatolië in die geval van die Siriese Oosterse Ortodokse. Ondanks sy groot Moslem-meerderheidsbevolking, bly Turkye amptelik 'n sekulêre land, sonder verklaarde staatsgodsdiens.

Vakansies

Daar is verskeie vakansiedae wat vertragings in reis, verkeersopeenhopings, bespreekte akkommodasie en drukke plekke kan veroorsaak. Banke, kantore en besighede is gedurende amptelike vakansiedae gesluit en die verkeer neem toe gedurende al die volgende vakansiedae, so doen u navorsing voordat u dit besoek. Moenie deur hierdie vakansiedae afgeskrik word nie, dit is nie so moeilik nie en dit is baie interessant om tydens die Turkse vakansie te reis; beplan soveel as moontlik vooruit.

Amptelike vakansiedae

• 1 Januarie: Oujaarsdag (Yılbaşı)
• 23 April: Nasionale Soewereiniteit en Kinderdag (Ulusal Egemenlik ve Çocuk Bayramı) - herdenking van die stigting van die saamtrekke van die Turkse Groot Nasionale Vergadering, Turkse vlae en Atatürk-portrette oral, alle reiswyses besig
• 1 Mei: Arbeids- en Solidariteitsdag (Emek ve Dayanışma Günü, ook nie-amptelik bekend as İşçi BayramıWerkersdag) is lank byna 40 jaar lank as vakansie verban en is eers weer in 2009 weer as nasionale vakansiedag begin omdat dit gewoonlik in geweld ontaard het. Moenie vasgevang word in die middel van 'n parade of byeenkoms op die eerste dag nie.
• 19 Mei: Atatürk-herdenking en jeug- en sportvakansie (Atatürk'ü Anma Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı) - die aankoms van Atatürk in Samsun, en die begin van die Vryheidsoorlog
• 30 Augustus: Oorwinningsdag (Zafer Bayramı) - Viering van die einde van die oorlog vir die Turkse onafhanklikheid oor invalsmagte. 'N Groot dag van die weermag en die uitstalling van militêre mag deur groot militêre parades.
• 29 Oktober: Republiekdag (Cumhuriyet Bayramı of Ekim Yirmidokuz) is herdenking van die verklaring van die Turkse Republiek. As dit byvoorbeeld op 'n Donderdag val, moet Vrydag en die naweek in u reisplanne oorweeg word. 29 Oktober is die amptelike einde van die toeristeseisoen in baie oorde in Mediterreense Turkye en gewoonlik is daar 'n groot viering op die stadsplein.
• 10 November, 09:05 - Verkeer stop gewoonlik en sirenes blaas vir twee minute vanaf 09:05, die tyd toe Atatürk, stigter van die Turkse Republiek, sterf in Dolmabahçe-paleis in Istanbul in 1938. Daardie oomblik word amptelik regdeur die land waargeneem, maar besighede en amptelike plekke is nie vir die dag gesluit nie. Moet egter nie verbaas wees as u op straat is nie, u hoor 'n harde oplewing en skielik stop mense en verkeer op die sypaadjies en strate vir 'n oomblik stilte in ag te neem.

Godsdienstige vakansiedae

Ramadan Ramadan is die 9de en heiligste maand in die Islamitiese kalender en duur 29–30 dae. Moslems vas elke dag vir sy duur en die meeste restaurante sal gesluit wees totdat die vinnige skemer breek. Niks (insluitend water en sigarette) is veronderstel om van dagbreek tot sononder deur die lippe te gaan nie. Nie-Moslems is hiervan vrygestel, maar moet steeds nie in die openbaar eet of drink nie, aangesien dit baie onbeleefd word. Die werksure word ook verminder in die sakewêreld. Die presiese datums van Ramadan hang af van plaaslike astronomiese waarnemings en kan ietwat van land tot land verskil. Ramadan word afgesluit met die fees van Eid al-Fitr, wat 'n paar dae kan duur, gewoonlik drie in die meeste lande. 13 April - 12 Mei 2021 (1442 AH) 2 April - 1 Mei 2022 (1443 AH) 23 Maart - 20 April 2023 (1444 AH) 11 Maart - 9 April 2024 (1445 AH) 1 Maart - 29 Maart 2025 (1446 AH) Oorweeg dit om te lees as u van plan is om tydens die Ramadan na Turkye te reis Reis tydens Ramadan.

Ramadan (Ramazan in die Turks) is 'n maand lange vas, gebed en viering waartydens vroom Moslems niks drink nie, selfs nie water nie, van son tot sononder. Besighede, banke en amptelike plekke is gedurende hierdie tyd nie gesluit nie. In sommige dele van Turkye, soos die meeste van binnelands en oostelike as inwoners meer konserwatief is as mense in die res van die land, word dit beskou as slegte smaak om versnaperinge te eet of soda voor die plaaslike bevolking in openbare plekke of vervoer te drink - om heeltemal aan die veilige kant te wees, kyk hoe plaaslike mense optree — maar restaurante is gewoonlik oop en dit is geen probleem om soos gewoonlik daarin te eet nie, alhoewel sommige restauranteienaars dit as 'n geleentheid vir 'n broodnodige vakansie (of opknapping) gebruik en hul besigheid vir 30 dae heeltemal sluit. U sal egter waarskynlik nie 'n geslote onderneming in groot stede, sentrale dele van die stad en toeristiese dorpe sien nie westelike en suidelike Turkye. Met sonsondergang, roep vir gebed en 'n kanonboom, waarnemende waarnemers sit dadelik vir iftar, hul eerste maaltyd van die dag. Banke, besighede en amptelike plekke is NIE gedurende hierdie tyd NIE gesluit nie.

Tydens Ramadan, het baie stadsrade tentagtige strukture in die belangrikste pleine van die stede opgerig wat veral vir behoeftiges, armes of bejaardes of gestremdes bedoel is, en ook bedien word vir verbygangers, met warm maaltye gedurende die sonsondergang (iftar) gratis (baie soos sopkombuise, in plaas daarvan om volle maaltye te bedien). Iftar is 'n vorm van liefdadigheid wat baie lonend is, veral as u iemand wat behoeftig is, voed. Dit is vir die eerste keer deur die profeet Mohammed tydens die koms van Islam beoefen. Reisigers is welkom om aan te sluit, maar gebruik dit nie gedurende die hele vasperiode nie, net omdat dit gratis is.

Onmiddellik daarna Ramazan is die Eid-ul Fitr, of die drie dae lange nasionale vakansiedag van Ramazan Bayramı, ook genoem Şeker Bayramı (dws "Suiker" of meer presies "Lekkergoedfees") waartydens banke, kantore en besighede gesluit is en swaar gaan reis. Baie restaurante, kafees en kroeë sal egter oop wees.

Kurban Bayrami (uitgespreek koor-BAHN bahy-rah-muh) in Turks, (Eid el-Adha in Arabies) of offervakansie is die belangrikste Islamitiese godsdiensfees van die jaar. Dit duur etlike dae en is 'n openbare vakansiedag in Turkye. Byna alles sal gedurende die tyd gesluit wees (baie restaurante, kafees, kroeë en 'n paar klein winkels sal egter oop wees). Kurban Bayrami is ook die tyd van die jaarlikse pelgrimstog (Hajj) na Mekka, dus is die reis binne en buite Turkye tans intens. As u in kleiner dorpe of dorpe is, kan u selfs 'n dier waarneem, gewoonlik 'n bok, maar soms 'n koei, op 'n openbare plek geslag word. Die Turkse regering het hierdie nie-amptelike slagtings toegeslaan, so dit is nie so algemeen soos vroeër nie.

Die datums van hierdie godsdienstige feeste verander volgens die Moslemmaankalender en kom dus 10-11 dae voor (die presiese verskil tussen Gregoriaanse en Maankalenders is tien dae en 21 uur) vroeër elke jaar. Hiervolgens is

• Şeker / Ramazan Bayramı
• Kurban Bayramı hou vier dae aan

Baie stede voorsien gedurende albei godsdienstige vakansiedae openbare vervoer gratis (dit sluit nie minibusse in privaat besit in nie, dolmuşes, taxi's of busse in die stad). Dit hang af van die plek en tyd. Byvoorbeeld, IstanbulDie owerheid vir openbare vervoer het gratis vervoer in Eid-ul Fitr voorsien, maar nie in Eid-ul Adhaw nie, terwyl sy passasiers 'n afslagprys moes betaal. Sommige jare lank was dit gratis in albei vakansies, terwyl daar in sommige ander glad nie afslag was nie. Om seker te wees, kyk of ander passasiers 'n kaartjie / teken gebruik of nie.

Klimaat

Die klimaat in Turkye word dikwels (taamlik simplisties) beskryf as 'n Middellandse See, en dit herinner aan die beeldmateriaal van sonnige, warm somers en warm see. Die werklikheid is egter 'n bietjie ingewikkelder as dit. Alhoewel die meeste van die suidelike en westelike kus van Turkye hierdie beskrywing goed pas, pas die grootste deel van Turkye nie. Trouens, die noordelike kusreën is reënerig genoeg om gematigde reënwoude te bevat, met die welige Euxine-Colchic-woude wat tot in die noorde van Istanbul strek (sien Belgrad-bos) na Georgië. Intussen kan die kontinentale binnelandse streke, veral in die ooste, kry wreedaardig koud met temperature wat -40 ° C gedurende die koudste nagte van die winter nader.

As u hierdie inligting in gedagte hou, is dit baie belangrik om daarvolgens te beplan.

Swartkus (Zonguldak, Samsun, Trabzon)

Gebiede aan die Swart See-kuslyn ervaar 'n oseaanklimaat, soortgelyk aan Wes-Europa, alhoewel die Swart See-kuslyn nogal reëniger is.

Die somers is warm, maar gereelde reënbuie bevat dus die risiko van oorstromings en modderstortings.

Die winter wissel van sag tot koud, maar is gewoonlik koud met lang periodes van reën en kort sonskyn.

Sneeu in die streek is af en toe en val die meeste winters. Pasop as u besluit om die berge te beklim, kan dit intense sneeuvalle hê.

Marmara-streek (Istanbul, Bursa, Edirne)

Gebiede aan die kus van die Marmara-see, insluitend Istanbul, het ook 'n oseaniese klimaat, maar dit kan akkurater wees om dit 'n droë somer-oseaanklimaat te noem, soortgelyk aan gebiede soos die Noordwes-Stille Oseaan.

Marmara se winters is moontlik die moeilikste vakansieverkoopplek in die land, behalwe miskien kontinentale plekke in Oos-Turkye. Alhoewel dit op geen manier wreedaardig koud is nie, is dit heeltemal ellendig, want dit ervaar - alhoewel die meeste plaaslike inwoners die term dalk meer akkuraat kan ly - byna 20 dae reën per maand.

Die somers is baie warm in Istanbul en warm in die suide van Marmara, maar in teenstelling met die Swartsee-streek reën die hele streek gedurende die somer relatief minder, maar met 'n hoë humiditeitsvlak.

Sneeu in hierdie streek kom af en toe voor, maar val elke winter, en dit sal waarskynlik die padtoestande beïnvloed, veral op betreklik hoogliggende plekke.

Egeïese (Bodrum, İzmir, Pamukkale) en Middellandse See (Antalya, Adana, Ölüdeniz)

Gebiede aan die Middellandse See en die Egeïese kus het 'n tipiese Mediterreense klimaat, soortgelyk aan die Central Valley in Kalifornië, Adelaide in Australië, en natuurlik die res van die Mediterreense kom.

Die somers is warm en droog, met temperature wat gereeld 35 ° C bereik.

Die winter is matig met reënbuie wat soms swaar kan word.

Sneeu in hierdie streek is skaars, behalwe in Gallipoli, waar 'n paar sneeutydperke tipies is.

Binnelandse streke

Binnelandse streke het oor die algemeen 'n kontinentale klimaat, met warm, droë somers (verwag ongeveer 30 ° C gedurende die dag, tensy hieronder vermeld) en koue, sneeu winters (verwag ongeveer 0 ° C gedurende die dag, tensy hieronder aangedui). Die individuele verskille binne hierdie streke is te veel en te ingewikkeld om hier oor te praat; daar is egter algemene waarskuwings wat nuttig is.

• Somers in die suidoostelike deel van die land en naby valleie in die binneland van die Egeïese kus kan baie warm word, met bedagsgemiddelde naby of hoër as 35 ° C (95 ° F)
• Winters in die oostelike deel van die land kan ook baie koud word, en die nagtemperature daal gereeld onder -18 ° C (0 ° F)
• Lente is 'n donderstormseisoen op binnelandse plekke, en ernstige storms kan beslis 'n probleem wees.

Gaan in

Toelatingsvereistes

Turkye is een van slegs drie lande in die Midde-Ooste wat Israeliese paspoorthouers in hul land aanvaar.

Visumvry

Turkse visumvereistes is verslap in 2020. Gewone paspoorthouers van die onderstaande lande kan Turkye visumvry betree vir toerisme en handel, tot 90 dae, tensy 'n korter tydperk vermeld word. U paspoort moet 60 dae langer as u maksimum verblyf geldig wees, dus vir die meeste besoekers is dit 150 dae na toegang. Dit is net minder as vyf maande: hulle vra beleefd om geldigheid van ses maande by inskrywing, maar dit is nie 'n vereiste nie. (Wees bereid om hierdie punt met lugdienste te bespreek.) Geen visum nodig as u van:

• alle EU- en EER-lande, plus Monaco, Liechtenstein, Andorra en die Vatikaan, en die Verenigde Koninkryk, behalwe die Republiek van Ciprus. Vir Letland is toegang slegs 30 dae.
• ander Europese lande is Albanië, Bosnië en Herzegovina (60 dae), Kosovo, Moldawië (30), Montenegro, Noord-Macedonië, Serwië, Oekraïne (60) en die Turkse Republiek Noord-Ciprus.
• GOS-lande: Rusland (60), Belo-Rusland (30), Azerbeidjan (30), Georgië, Kazakstan (30), Kirgisië (30), Mongolië (30), Tadjikistan (30), Turkmenistan (30) en Oesbekistan (30); maar nie Armenië.
• Sentraal- en Suid-Amerika en die Karibiese Eilande: Argentinië, Belize, Bolivië, Brasilië, Chili, Colombia, Costa Rica (30), Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, St Kitts en Nevis, Trinidad en Tobago, Uruguay en Venezuala.
• Ander is Brunei, Hong Kong (slegs SAR-paspoorte), Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordanië, Koeweit, Libanon, Libië (afhangend van ouderdom), Macau (30), Maleisië, Marokko, Nieu-Seeland, Katar, Seychelle, Singapoer, Suid-Afrika. Korea, Sirië, Thailand (30) en Tunisië.

'N Nasionale ID-kaart is aanvaarbaar in plaas van 'n paspoort van die EU- en EER-lande in Duitsland, België, Frankryk, Nederland, Spanje, Switserland, Italië, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Malta, Portugal en Griekeland, plus Georgië, TR Noord-Ciprus en Oekraïne. Dit is dubbelsinnig of die kaart 90 dae oorblywende geldigheid by die inskrywing benodig.

Vir sommige van hierdie lande kan u selfs 'n paspoort / ID invoer wat binne die afgelope vyf jaar verval het. Moet dit nooit doen nie, want dit is onwaarskynlik dat u die vorige land mag verlaat of op 'n vlug of boot kan klim. Daar moet 'n spesiale rede wees. "Om die afgelope tien jaar in Sirië te veg" sal nie doen nie, aangesien die kwytskelding spesifiek die aankomelinge uit Iran, Irak of Sirië uitsluit.

Die visumvrye stelsel is slegs vir toeriste- en kommersiële besoeke. Indiensneming of studie vereis 'n visum van die Turkse konsulaat; e-visums is nie hiervoor beskikbaar nie.

E-visum

Ander burgers het 'n visum nodig, maar die meeste kan 'n e-visum kry aanlyn. Amptelike pryse is vanaf Mei 2014 in Amerikaanse dollars gekwoteer en was nog steeds in Maart 2020: dit is byvoorbeeld US $ 20 vir die VS, US $ 60 vir Australië en Kanada, en geen fooi vir Mexiko nie. (Pas op dat webwerwe van derdepartye u vir meer inligting vergroot.) Hierdie tariewe is slegs vir voorafgaande toepassing.

'N E-visum is geldig vir drie maande vir paspoorthouers van Antigua en Barbuda, Australië, Bahamas, Barbados, Kanada, Dominica, Dominikaanse Republiek, Grenada, Haïti, Hongkong (BNO Paspoort), Jamaika, Maldives, Mexiko, Oman, Saoedi-Arabië, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent en die Grenadines, Verenigde Arabiese Emirate en die Verenigde State. dit is geldig vir een maand van Armenië, Bahrein, China, Ciprus, Oos-Timor, Fidji, Indonesië, Mauritius, Namibië, Suid-Afrika, Suriname, Taiwan en Zambië.

'N Lang lys van nasionaliteite kan 'n e-visum kry geldig vir een maand, met 'n groot vangs: u moet reeds 'n ander geldige visum hê, soos 'n EU-Schengen-, Britse of Ierse visum. Hierdie mense sal deur verskillende amptelike hoepels gespring het om so 'n visum te kry, dus is dit asof Turkye sy konsulêre prosesse uitgewis het en nie sulke aansoekers hoef te veearts nie. Die reëls wissel - vir sommige is daar 'n ouderdomsbeperking, of selfs 'n vereiste om by Turkish Airlines aan te kom. Hierdie addisionele lande is Afghanistan, Algerië, Angola, Bangladesj, Benin, Botswana, Burkino Faso, Burundi, Kameroen, Kaap Verde, Sentraal-Afrikaanse Republiek, Tsjad, Comore, Kongo, Ivoorkus, Demokratiese Republiek Kongo, Djiboeti, Egipte, Ekwatoriaal-Guinee, Eritrea, Ethiopië, Gaboen, Gambië, Ghana, Guinee, Guinee-Bissau, Indië, Irak, Lesotho, Liberië, Madagaskar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritanië, Mosambiek, Nepal, Nigerië, Noord-Korea, Pakistan, Palestina, Filippyne, Rwanda, Sao Tome en Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalië, Sri Lanka, Soedan, Swaziland, Tanzanië, Togo, Uganda, Viëtnam, Jemen en Zimbabwe.

Visa met aankoms

U kan ook u visum kry by 'n Turkse lughawe, maar betaal gewoonlik US $ 10 meer. Dieselfde voorwaardes geld vir die e-visum. U moet egter lugrederyklerkies in die gesig staar en sê dat u nie sonder 'n visum kan aanmeld as u na 'n ander land na Turkye vertrek nie.

Gebruik 'n bankkaart in die lughawemasjiene om hartseer oor aanvaarbare banknote te voorkom.

Met die vliegtuig

Turkye se vernaamste internasionale poort per lug is Istanbul lughawe (IST ^IATA), geopen in Oktober 2018. Dit het uitstekende wêreldverbindings, aangesien die vlagvervoerder Turkish Airlines met die Golf-lugdiens meeding om verkeer tussen Europa en die Midde- en Verre-Ooste vas te lê; dit bedien ook alle groot Turkse stede. Dit is 40 km noordwes van die middestad en bereik die stad per bus.

Die voormalige hooflughawe Atatürk het in April 2019 gesluit. Pasop vir verouderde padaanwysings en kaarte, en krom taxibestuurders wat u kan probeer neem na 'n sloopterrein.

Nog 'n poort is Istanbul se tweede lughawe, Sabiha Gökçen-lughawe (SAG ^IATA), 50 km oos van sentraal Istanbul op die Asiatiese kant. Dit word veral gebruik deur goedkoop lugdienste soos Pegasus. Die vliegverbindings is nie so uitgebreid soos dié van Istanbul nie, maar dit sluit die belangrikste Turkse stede, Ercan in Noord-Ciprus, en verskeie Golfstate in. Hierdie lughawe is ook gerieflik vir die Pendik-treinstasie, vir vinnige treine na Eskişehir, Ankara en Konya. Daar is pendelbusse vanaf die Taksim-plein na die lughawe.

Strandoorde soos Antalya, Bodrum en Dalaman het direkte pakketvlugte vanaf Europa, ook vanaf klein- en sekondêre lughawens. U kan dit dalk slegs as vlug bespreek.

Daar is soms somervlugte direk na ander Turkse stede soos Ankara, Adana en Izmir. Maar normaalweg beteken dit om vliegtuie in Istanbul te verander en immigrasie, veiligheid en gebruike daar te verwyder. U moet die beste gedeelte van twee uur hiervoor toelaat. Vra op u vertreklughawe of u tasse na u bestemming nagegaan word, of u dit in Istanbul moet gaan haal.

Met die trein

Van Wes-Europa na Turkye per trein, gaan die roete deur Boedapest en dan oornag van Boekarest of Sofia na Istanbul. 'N Slaaptrein vertrek omstreeks 21:00 elke aand via Sofia wat via Plovdiv, Kapikule aan die grens en Edirne ry om om 07:40 by Halkali te eindig. TCDD bestuur 'n verbindingsbus tussen Halkali en Sirkeci in die middestad, anders gaan u oor na die gereelde Marmaray-stadstrein om Sentraal-Istanbul te bereik. Van Junie tot Sept vertrek 'n ander slaper, die Bosphor Express, om 12:45 van Boekarest en loop via Ruse na Kapikule. Hier is dit gekoppel aan die trein vanaf Sofia, en alle passasiers moet uitstap vir grensprosedures voordat hulle na Halkali gaan. Die trein in westelike rigting vertrek om 21:40 van Halkali om Sofia om 09:00 en Boekarest om 19:00 volgende dag te bereik. Van Oktober tot Mei ry die deurtrein vanaf Boekarest nie, en daarom wissel u weer by Ruse by Kapikule, met 'n soortgelyke rooster. Treine van verder wes (dws Boedapest en Belgrado) verbind nie met die treine na Turkye nie, dus moet u in Sofia of Boekarest oornag. Tweedeklas enkel tariewe beloop ongeveer € 20 vanaf Sofia, € 40 vanaf Boekarest, plus 'n bankaanvulling van € 10. Die standaard van akkommodasie aan boord is soortgelyk aan die Turkse binnelandse stadige treine.

Optima Express loop 'n motor-trein tussen Villach in Oostenryk en Edirne ongeveer twee keer per week April-November, wat 33 uur geneem het. Vertrekdae wissel. Met hierdie trein kan motoriste die moeilike, vermoeiende paaie deur die Balkan vermy; dit is egter ook oop vir passasiers sonder motors. Optima bied nie kaartjies van tussenstasies soos Zagreb aan nie.

In Junie 2019 het 'n ander dag dag tussen Plovdiv in Bulgarye en Edirne gery. Dit was bedoel om 'n permanente diens te wees, maar het net een naweek geduur en toe het hulle gekanselleer! Dit is nie bekend of dit ooit sal hervat nie - dit het 'n nuttige ekstra roete tussen Bulgarye en Turkye geskep, wat die aankoms / vertrek in die klein ure vermy.

Die lyn van Boedapest-Belgrado is tot 2022 gesluit vir ingenieurswerke, en Belgrado-Sofia-treine kan dalk nie in 2021 ry nie, daarom is dit beter om Turkye via Boekarest te bereik.

Dit is moord op die Orient Express Die Orient Express het vanaf 1883 tussen Parys en Konstantinopel gery, aanvanklik met verskeie treine en veerbote, met die eerste deurdiens in 1889. Van meet af aan het dit verskeie roetes gebruik, sodat Boekarest en Sofia albei kan beweer dat hulle op die oorspronklike roete is. Dit is die trein wat beroemd vasgeval het in 'n sneeustorm naby Çerkezköy Agatha Christie was daardie dag ses dae lank nie aan boord nie, maar in 1931 het sy 24 uur vertraging gely en haar te veel tyd gegee om vieslike motiewe en dade vir die karakters van haar volgende roman te beplan. Die volledige Orient Express loop tot 1977, dan word dit beperk tot Boekarest, dan na Boedapest, dan na Wene, en is vir die laaste keer in 2007 gehardloop. toeristetreine gaan voort om die naam te gebruik, veral bekend as die Venice-Simplon Orient Express, wat een of twee keer per jaar tot in Istanbul gaan. Die naam leef ook voort in 'n restaurant by Sirkeci.

Die nuwe spoorweg tussen Turkye en Georgië vervoer slegs vrag, maar passasierstreine tussen Ankara, Kars, Tbilisi en Baku sal na verwagting in 2021 begin.

Treine na Iran ry een keer per week. Van Istanbul moet u Saterdag na Ankara reis om seker te wees dat u die Sondagstrein na Tatvan haal. Van daar steek jy die meer na Van oor, en sluit dan die Maandag-treintog na Tabriz en Teheran aan. Dit is dus altesaam drie dae. Hierdie diens het vroeër die "Trans-Asia Express" genoem, maar hulle gebruik die naam nie nou nie.

U het waarskynlik vooraf 'n visum nodig om per trein Turkye binne te gaan - sien die afdeling oor visums hierbo en onder Istanbul Lughawe.

Daar is geen grenstreine na enige ander land nie. Vir Griekeland reis u na Sofia en verander dan na Thessaloniki. Daar is geen voorsienbare vooruitsig op dienste na Armenië, Irak, Sirië of die eksklusiewe Azerbeidjan Nakhchivan nie.

Met die motor

Van Sentraal-Europa, om na Turkye te kom, is nie te moeilik nie. In elk geval benodig u u Internasionale Versekeringskaart (Green Card). Let daarop dat 'TR' nie gekanselleer word nie en maak seker dat u versekering ook geldig is vir die Asiatiese deel van Turkye. Andersins moet u Turkse motorversekering afsonderlik koop. Hoe dit ook al sy, die Turkse doeane sal in u paspoort 'n vermelding gee wanneer die motor (en dus u) weer uit Turkye moet vertrek.

A carnet de passage is nie nodig nie, tensy u van plan is om oor te gaan na Iran, wat vereis dat u 'n carnet de passage moet hê.

Nasionale rybewyse van sommige van die Europese lande word aanvaar. As u nie seker is oor u situasie nie, moet u vooraf 'n internasionale rybewys verkry.

Groot paaie vanaf Europa is:

• E80 gaan Turkye binne by die Kapikule-grenshek (NW van Edirne, SE van Svilengrad) van Bulgarye
• E87 gaan Turkye binne by Dereköy grenspoort (noord van Kırklareli, suid van Tirnovo) uit Bulgarye
• E90 gaan Turkye binne by İpsala grenshek (wes van Keşan, oos van Alexandroupolis) van Griekeland

En sien "Met die trein" hierbo vir die motor-trein tussen Villach in Oostenryk en Edirne. Die voormalige EuroTurk-motortrein van Bonn ry nie meer nie.

Groot paaie vanaf middel ooste betree Turkye by talle grenshekke rondom Antakya (Antiochië), van Siries stede soos Aleppo en Latakia, Habur border gate (south of Silopi, north of Zakho) from Iraq, en Dogubeyazit border gate (near Ararat) from Iran.

Major roads from Caucasia enter Turkey at Sarp/Sarpi border gate from Georgia (south of Batumi) and Türkgözü border gate south of Akhaltsikhe (this is the nearest border gate from Tbilisi but the last few kilometres on the Georgian side were really bad as of summer 2009). The border with Armenia is closed, thus impassable by car.

There are also other border gates (unlisted here), from all the countries Turkey has a common land border with (except Armenia), leading to secondary roads passable with a car.

During holidays these border gates may be extremely congested at times. Especially during the summer many Turks who live in Germany drive back home and this creates huge lines at the border.

Met die bus

Europa

Van Boekarest there is a daily bus to Istanbul at 16:00 for RON125. There are also several daily buses from Constanta, Roemenië and from Sofia, Bulgarye and from there you can get connections to the major cities of Europe. Another possibility is the bus from Athene in Griekeland via Thessaloniki. You may also find smaller bus companies offering connections to other countries in the Balkans.

A couple of Turkish bus companies operate buses between Sofia and Istanbul. These buses typically stop at various cities along the way. A direct bus service connects Odessa, Oekraïne met Istanbul once a week for 1,000 грн (about €40) (2015).

Georgia

There are several border points between Turkey and Georgia, in particular in Batumi en Tbilisi. You may have to change at the border, but should be able to find direct buses from Istanbul to Batumi, Tbilisi and Baku in Azerbaijan.

Iraq

Bus companies also connect Erbil to the Turkish cities of Diyarbakır (10–15 hours) and Istanbul (36–48 hours). The list of companies here is incomplete; there are at least two other Turkish companies running buses from Erbil to cities in Turkey - look around for flyers on Iskan Road in Erbil. Arrival time depends on border formalities.

• Cizre Nuh (Tel Erbil: 0750 340 47 73) runs everyday at 15:30 from the New City Mall, 60m Road to Istanbul ($100) via Silopi ($40) Diyarbakır and other cities in between. Tickets can be bought at the New City Mall, Flyaway on Barzani Namir and at a phone shop on Shekhi Choly close to the Bazaar.
• Can Diyarbakir (Tel Erbil: 0750 895 62 17-18-19) leaves daily from Family Mall on 100mt Road to Istanbul via Ankara, Diyarbakır and other cities in between.
• Best Van runs from Ainkawa Road in Erbil to Istanbul via Adana, Aksaray, Ankara (departure at 14:00) and Diyarbakır (departure at 16:00, via Hasankeyf en Batman). The bus back from Diyarbakır to Erbil departs at 11:00.

Iran

There is a direct bus to Istanbul van Teheran in Iran which takes approx 48hr and costs USD$35 for a one-way ticket between Istanbul or Ankara and Tehran.

• Dogubeyazit/Bazerghan This Turkey/Iran border crossing is easily (and quickly) done by public transport. Take a bus to Bazerghan and a shared taxi to the border (US$2-3). Cross the border stretch per pedes and catch a frequent minibus (~5 TL, 15 minutes) to Dogubeyazit. Check the security situation in the region, due to the unsolved PKK conflict.
• There are also buses from Van aan Urmia crossing the Turkey/Iran border at Esendere/Sero. The buses cost ~€13 and it takes more than 6 hr to finish the 300 km path. This is because of the poor roads, harsh snowy conditions during the winter and also many military checkpoints because of security reasons concerning the PKK.

This southern route is less frequent than the northern Dogubeyazit/Bazerghan, as it is much slower but therefore a scenic mountainous route.

Make sure you get a clear idea about exchange rates if you want to change Turkish lira or rial as the official bank at the border does not exchange these currencies and you have to deal with the plentiful black market.

Syria

If you're sure you want to go . . . assume it'll be a change of bus at the border. The through-buses for Damascus and Beirut haven't run for years.

Per boot

To Istanbul there are Black Sea ferries several times a week from Chornomorske, the main port for Odessa in Ukraine. They run all year and take vehicles.In bygone years ferries sailed between Istanbul and other Black Sea ports, and elsewhere in the Med, but they no longer do so.

Cruise ships usually dock on Istanbul's European side, around Karaköy / Galataport close to the historic centre. These ships are on cruise itineraries, check with the operator whether a point-to-point journey ending in Istanbul is possible.

Several Greek islands lie close to the Turkish Aegean coast and are linked by hydrofoil fast ferries, and also have westward ferries that ultimately reach Piraeus the port for Athens. Routes (some seasonal) include Bodrum-Kos, Çeşme-Chios, Datça-Rhodes & Symi, Kuşadası-Samos and Marmaris-Rhodes.

From July 2019 a direct ferry sails between Turkey and mainland Greece, run by Aegean Seaways^{[dooie skakel]}. This sails overnight M W F from Lavrion near Athene at 22:00 to reach Çeşme naby Izmir in Turkey at 06:00, sailing back from Çeşme Tu Th Sa at 22:00 overnight. On Sunday the ferry sails from Lavrion at 11:00 to reach Çeşme at 19:00, then sails back near midnight to return to Lavrion at 08:00. It is intended to run this service year-round.

There are ferry connections from Kyrenia in Noord-Ciprus aan Taşucu, Mersin (near Adana) en Alanya. A year-round truckers ferry goes to Taşucu, while seasonal fast ferries depart to both Taşucu and Mersin.

Kry rond

Met die vliegtuig

It's a huge country, with mountains impeding the highways and railways, so domestic air travel is well-developed. Especially on routes to Istanbul it's also very competitive, with Turkish Airlines, Onur Air en Pegasus Airlines fighting for your custom, so fares are affordable. There are flights between Istanbul and Ankara hourly; Izmir and Adana have several flights a day to Istanbul (both IST and SAW) and Ankara, and every city has at least a daily flight.

Regional airports usually have a connecting Havaş bus to the city centre, which will wait for incoming flights within reason. Buses and minibuses also fan out from the airports to other nearby towns, so you may not need to travel into the city before heading out again.

Met die bus

Turkey has a very good long-distance bus network with air-conditioned buses, reserved seats and generally good-quality service, at least with the major operators. There are now quite a number of companies providing more comfortable buses with 2 1 seats per row. Standard buses, however, have seats narrower than those of economy class on aircraft. Buses are often crowded and smoking is prohibited.

Go to the Otogar (bus station) in any of the major cities and you can find a bus to almost any destination departing within half an hour, or a couple of hours at the most. Buses are staffed by drivers and a number of assistants. During the ride you will be offered free drinks, a bite or two, and stops will be made every 2½ hr or so at well-stocked road restaurants. The further east you travel, the less frequent buses will be, but even places as far as Dogubeyazit or Van will have regular services to many places hundreds of kilometers away. Only the smallest towns do not have a bus straight to Istanbul or Izmir at least once every two days.

The four biggest bus companies are:

• Metro Bus
• Pamukkale
• Ulusoy
• Kamil Koç

Although, even the smallest company can nowadays be booked via a streamlined website of that bus company. All of them demand a Turkish phone number, but you might just fill in a fake one starting with "539" or so. But the email address should work, to get the ticket. All companies accept foreign passengers and passport IDs. In high season it might make sense to book ahead—just check out the situation a couple of days ahead online. You can also use websites that accumulate all the connections, like obilet of busbud—check both, they have different companies. Buses are reliable and will pick you up—remember Istanbul has at least 3 bus stations.

Otherwise, bus tickets can also be bought inside of bus terminals. Often checking out several ticket booths will give you a better price, since some specialize on certain bus companies and others do not.

Be careful, scammers will be waiting for you in and before bus stations, and some may assist you in buying a ticket to a bus that won't depart in the next two hours. Sometimes there simply is no other bus, but on other occasions you will be sitting there while other buses with the same destination start well ahead. If you have some time to spare: check the departure (and arrival) times of other companies, that may save you time overall. Still, if you indicate you really want to leave nou (use phrases like "hemen" or "şimdi", or "acelem var" - I am in a hurry ), people will realize you are in hurry, and off you go on the next bus departing for your destination.

If you have several operators to choose from, ask for the number of seats in the buses you compare. Roughly, a larger capacity implies a greater comfort (all bus-seats have approximately the same leg-room, but larger 48-seat buses are certainly more comfortable than a 15-seat Dolmuş, which may be considered a 'bus' by the company selling the seat). Also, the bus company with the largest sign is usually the one with the most buses and routes. If possible, ask other travellers you meet about their experiences with different operators: even big operators have different standards of service, and even with the same operator the standards may vary from region to region.

Don't be surprised if halfway to some strange and far-off destination you are asked out of the bus (your luggage will often be already standing next to it) and transferred to another. The other bus will "buy" you, and will bring you to the destination. This may even happen for 'direct' or 'non-stop' tickets.

Sometimes long-haul bus lines will leave you stranded on some ring-road around a city, rather than bringing you to the center. That can be annoying. Inquire ahead (and hope they don't lie). On the other hand, many companies will have "servis aracı" or service vehicles to the center, when the Otogar is on the periphery of a city, as they nowadays often are. In some cities these service vehicles are used by many companies combined, and a fleet of them, to different parts of the metropolis, will be waiting. The company may also choose to combine the passengers of multiple buses; meaning that you may have to wait until another bus or two arrives before departing. Keep your ticket ready as proof you were on a bus (though most of these services are run on good faith). In some cities (including Ankara, excluding Istanbul), the municipality have prohibited the use of service buses due to their effect on traffic. In that case, you might have to take a public bus or metro to get to your destination. One should probably avoid using taxis (at least departing from the Otogar) since they usually tend to abuse their monopolistic position by refusing to go to closer destinations, behaving rudely towards the passenger, charging on the night tariff, etc. If you have to take a taxi, it is usually suggested that you do it from outside the bus terminal.

Seating within buses is partly directed by the "koltuk numarası" or seat number on your ticket, partly by the ritualistic seating of women next to women, couples together and so forth. So don't be too annoyed if you are required to give up your seat. In general, as a foreigner, you will have the better seat much of the time. It is often easiest to take a seat in the back, whatever the number of your koltuk, and not be bothered for much of the ride. This is particularly true if you travel alone, and want to keep it that way, even though the last row may be reserved for the driver-off-duty, who wants to sleep. And remember: many buses pick up short-track fare along the ride, and park them in the last two or three rows. The back of the bus may be more noisy than the front, since that is where the engine is located.

If you have a bicycle it will be transported free of extra charge. In most buses it fits in the luggage area of the bus. Make sure you have the tools to fold your bike as small as possible (height matters most)

Fez Bus. This is another alternative, a Hop on hop off travel network that links Istanbul to the most popular tourist destinations in western Turkey, and a few other destinations. The buses runs hostel to hostel and have an English speaking tour leader on board. The pass can be purchased for a few days or all summer. Departures are every other day. More expensive than local buses, but could be far less hassle, and offers a different experience. The main office in Istanbul is in Sultanahmet next to the Orient Youth Hostel on Yeni Akbiyik Cd. [1]

Met die trein

Mainline train services in Turkey fall into three categories: i) very fast and modern; ii) slow and scenic; and iii) suspended long-term for rebuilding or for other reasons. The train operator is TCDD, Turkish Republic State Railways, visit their website for timetables, fares and reservations. The trains are inexpensive, but trains often sell out. See below for how to buy tickets.

Most cities in Turkey have a rail connection of some sort, but not the Mediterranean and Aegean holiday resorts, which have been built in the 21st century and are hemmed in by mountains. (Kuşadası is the exception, being close to Selçuk on the line between Izmir and Pamukkale.) For some destinations, connecting buses meet the trains, eg at Eskişehir for Bursa, and at Konya for Antalya en Alanya. The main cities also have metro and suburban lines, described on those cities’ pages.

The very fast, modern trains are called YHT: yüksek hızlı tren. These serve Istanbul, Eskişehir, Konya en Ankara. They are clean, comfortable and modern; fares are low and reservations are compulsory. They run on new, dedicated track at up to 300 km/h so they keep to time. Thus, from Istanbul it’s under 5 hours to Ankara (8 per day, standard single about €20), and likewise 5 hours to Konya (3 per day). Because journey times are short, YHT trains only run daytime, and have only snack-catering. On-train announcements in English forbid “smoking, alcohol, smelly food and peanuts.” The smoke-free and alcohol-free rules are enforced, it’s unclear how zealous they are about peanuts. Between the cities, YHTs make a few momentary intermediate stops. The only one likely to be relevant to visitors is Eryaman, as an interchange with the Ankara suburban system.

The YHT network is gradually extending: routes under construction are from Ankara towards Kars, from Konya towards Adana, and from Istanbul towards Edirne. The long-term strategy is to create a high-speed, high-capacity passenger and freight route from Edirne on the western border through to Kars in the east.

But where the YHT services terminate, the line closures and disruptions immediately begin, as Turkey’s Ottoman-era railways are upgraded for the 21st century. The main closures (as at 2021) are from Adana east to Gaziantep, and between Izmir and Bandirma (for the Istanbul ferry).

Conventional trains are slow and scenic, with the emphasis on slow: most run overnight, with journeys from Ankara to eastern cities taking 24 hours. They are infrequent, at best daily, sometimes only one or two per week. The typical train set includes a sleeping car (yataklı vagon), a couchette car (kuşetli), and three open saloons (layout is single row-aisle-double row), plus a buffet that may or may not have any food, plan on bringing your own. How clean and comfortable they are depends on how busy: at quiet times they are fine, but when crowded they soon become filthy. (Always carry your own toilet-roll and hand-wipes.) They are difficult for anyone with impaired mobility to use, and station re-building makes access worse. Nominally these trains are non-smoking, but there’s often a smell of tobacco smoke aboard. They are diesel-hauled and run on single track: on straight level sections they can rattle along at 100 km/h, but in the mountains they plod up steep gradients and round tight bends. So they generally start on time but become delayed along the route.

Tourist trains operated by TCDD run several long-distance routes, eg Ankara to Kars. These cost about twice the normal fare; they make a few 2-3 hour stops for tourist excursions, so the total running time is a little longer. You're tied to the tourist itinerary without flexibility of stopover. The accommodation is the same as on conventional trains: indeed the rolling stock has been provided by pulling sleeping cars off the conventional trains, so the travel experience on these has been degraded. A private tourist train is Cappadocia Express, expected to launch in 2022: it will run overnight from Istanbul to Kayseri in luxury sleeping cars then bus tourists to Cappadocia National Park. It's aimed at the Japanese market but anyone will be able to book. Details are not yet announced but you can expect a hefty price tag.

Buying tickets: Reservations are essential for YHT trains and recommended for other mainline services. YHT and standard mainline (anahat) trains are best booked via the TCDD website. International trains (uluslararası) can be booked by other methods (below) but not via the website; and regional (bolger) trains are not bookable. TCDD replacement buses are considered trains, and bookable (or not) on the same basis. Consult the timetable first, for the latest on timings and disruptions, but beware that timetable and reservations system sometimes give different days of running for some services, for no discernable reason. The timetable only lists the main stations, where the train waits for about ten minutes, and you'll just have time to dash to the station kiosk and replenish your food supplies. The trains also stop momentarily at many little wayside halts, where sometimes food vendors will hop on.

Then to buy your ticket, move to the reservation system, but this only opens 15 to 30 days in advance – look further ahead and it will seem like there aren’t any trains. Pick your preferred train service and seat or berth, whereupon the system will display the price and give you the choice of immediate purchase, or of holding the option for a few days. Immediately note your confirmation number, and print your ticket at home whenever convenient – it doesn’t need validating at the station. It’s unclear whether a soft ticket on your phone is acceptable without validation.

Die Inter Rail Global Pass en Balkan Flexipass are valid for all trains within Turkey and the trains to & from Europe, but you may still need a seat reservation. TCDD also offer discounts for those under 26 (genç bilet, whether or not you’re a student) and for those over 60 (yaşlı bilet). Check their website for other discount offers, but usually these are aimed at commuters and others making multiple repeat journeys.

Tickets can also be bought from the stations (either at the counter, or from self-service kiosks), from travel agents, or from PTT post offices. The main stations (including Sirkeci) accept credit cards and can book you onto any bookable train, but they’re unlikely to accept non-Turkish cash. (And nowadays you may struggle to find a money-changer, as they’re replaced by ATMs.) Advance reservations are strongly recommended during summer, on Fridays and Sundays, and around public holidays and religious festivals. Of course you may be able to get a reservation for immediate departure, and the non-YHT trains usually have non-bookable seats, and a scrummage on the platform to claim them. Bear in mind that the main stations may involve a queue for security just to get into the station hall, then another queue for tickets, then a further queue for security and document-check to get onto the platform. You can’t just rock up and jump on.

Met die motor

Like all of its neighbours (except Cyprus off the southern coast of Turkey), driving is on the right side of the road in Turkey.

It is illegal to use a mobile phone while driving. Maximum permitted amount of alcohol in blood for drivers is 0.05mg per ml (0.05%), just like in most European countries. A pint of beer enjoyed right before driving might get your license temporarily confiscated in case of police checks. The use of seat belts both at the front and back line is obligatory, but, although failing to use one carries a penalty, this is not always adhered to by locals, including the drivers themselves.

Turkish signboards are almost identical to the ones used in Europe, and differences are often insignificant. The place names written on green background lead to motorways (which you should pay a toll, unless it is a ring road around or within a city); on blue background means other highways; on white background means rural roads (or a road inside a city under the responsibility of city councils); and on brown background indicates the road leads to a historical place, an antique city, or a place of tourist interest (these signboards used to be on yellow background till a few years ago, so still there is a chance of unreplaced yellow signboards existing here and there). These signboards are sometimes not standardized.

Most intercity highways avoid city centres by circling around them. If you'd like to drive into the centre for shopping, dining, and the like, follow the signposts saying Şehir Merkezi, which are usually on white background, and are accompanied by no further translations though you can still spot some old signs saying "Centrum" besides Şehir Merkezi. City centres typically have two or more entrances/exits from the ringroads that surround them.

As Turkey uses the metrieke stelsel, all distances on the signboards are in kilometres, unless otherwise stated (such as metres, but never in miles).

Motorways

There are no fees to use the highways except intercity motorways (otoyol). While Turkish highways vary widely in quality and size, the toll motorways have three lanes and are very smooth and fast. Motorways are explicitly signed with distinct green signs and given road numbers prefixed with the letter O. The motorway network consists of the routes stretching out to west, south and east from Istanbul (towards Edirne, Bursa en Ankara respectively), a network in Central Aegean fanning out of Izmir, and another one connecting the major eastern Mediterranean city of Adana to its neighbouring cities in all cardinal directions.

Most motorways no longer have toll booths (two glaring exceptions are the third bridge crossing the Bosphorus north of Istanbul and the bridge and motorway across the Gulf of İzmit to the direction of Bursa, where you can still pay in cash) and instead have lanes automatically scanning the windowpane for the RFID stickers (HGS) or tags (OGS) while accessing and again exiting the motorway. HGS stickers are easier to use and allow you to install as much liras as you need. To buy an HGS sticker, look for the service buildings at the major toll stations. They are also available in postoffices.

KGS, a system using prepaid cards, has been phased out.

In addition to the distance driven, motorway fees also depend on the type of your vehicle. Edirne–Istanbul motorway—about 225 km and the main entry point to Istanbul from Europa—costs 8.50 TL for a car, for example. The newest additions to the network, such as the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge and the Osman Gazi Bridge (crossing the Bosphorus and the Gulf of İzmit, respectively) tend to be much more expensive per km.

Fuel and charging

Fossil fuel in Turkey is more expensive than some neighbouring countries. For example, a litre of gasoline costs a little less than 5 TL. Diesel and LPG are less damaging to your wallet, but not that drastically.

Petrol stations (benzin istasyonu) are frequent along highways, most are open round the clock and accept credit cards (you have to get out of the car and enter the station building to enter your PIN code if you are using a credit card). In all of them you can find unleaded gasoline (kurşunsuz), diesel (dizel of motorin), and LPG (liquid petroleum gas, LPG). Some also sell CNG (compressed natural gas, CNG). However the rare fuel stations in remote villages often only have diesel, which is used for running agricultural machinery. So keep your gas tank topped up if you are going to stray away from main roads. Also petrol stations along motorways are rarer than other highways, usually only about every 40-50km, so don't get too low on these roads either.

Biofuels are not common. What most resembles a biofuel available to a casual driver is sold in some of the stations affiliated with national chain Petrol Ofisi under the name biyobenzin. But still it is not mostly biofuel at all – it consists of a little bioethanol (2% of the total volume) stirred into pure gasoline which makes up the rest (98%). Biodiesel is in an experimental stage yet, not available in the market.

As of 2021 there are very few electric vehicle charging stations, however more will be added during 2022.

Repair shops

In all cities and towns, there are repair shops, usually located together in complexes devoted to auto-repairing (usually rather incorrectly called sanayi sitesi of oto sanayi sitesi in Turkish, which means “industrial estate” and “auto-industrial estate” respectively), which are situated in the outskirts of the cities.

In all cities and towns,there are big 3 s plants (sales, service, spare parts). These are more corporate than sanayi sitesi these called oto plaza.

Renting a car

You may rent a car to get around Turkey from an international or local car rental agent. The main airports all have car rental desks, but book ahead for the best deals.

By dolmuş

Die minibus (or Minibüs as called in Istanbul) is a small bus (sometimes car) that will ride near-fixed routes. The ride may be from the periphery of a major city to the centre or within a city, but may also take three to four hours from one city to the next, when demand along the route is not sufficient to justify large buses. They sometimes make a detour to bring some old folks home or collect some extra heavy luggage. You will find them in cities as well as in inter-city traffic. All during their journey people will get in and out (shout “Inecek var” – “someone to get off” – to have it stop if you’re in). The driver tends to be named “kaptan” (captain), and some behave accordingly. The fare is collected all through the ride. In some by a specially appointed passenger who will get a reduction, in others by a steward, who may get off halfway down the journey, to pick up a dolmuş of the same company heading back, and mostly by the driver himself. If the driver collects himself, people hand money on from the back rows to the front, getting change back by the same route. On some stretches tickets are sold in advance, and things can get complicated if some of the passengers bought a ticket and others just sat inside waiting – for maybe half an hour - but without a ticket.

The concept of dolmuş in Istanbul is different than the rest of Turkey. The vehicles are different and they take a maximum of 7 sitting passengers, with no standing. They do not tend to take passengers along the way, they depart immediately when they are full, and many of them operate 24 hours a day. The name derives from “dolmak”, the verb for “to fill”, as they usually depart only when they are full, though they sometimes start at fixed hours, whatever the number.

Per boot

Fast ferries (hızlı feribot) are fast (50-60km/hour) catamaran-type ferryboats that connect for instance Istanbul to the other side of the Marmara Sea. They can cut travel time dramatically. Again for instance leaving from the Yenikapı jetty in Istanbul (just a bit southwest of the Blue Mosque) you can be at the Bursaotogar in two hours, with less than an hour for the actual boat ride to Yalova. Similar services are operated to connect several parts of Istanbul with the Asian side, or places farther up the Bosporus. And this type of fast ferry is increasingly seen all over the country wherever there is enough water.

There are also ferry connections between Istanbul and Izmir operating only in summer months.

All inhabited Turkish islands have at least one daily cruise to the nearest mainland city or town during summer. But as winter conditions at the seas can go harsh, the frequency of voyages drop significantly due to the bad weather.

Perhaps one of the best cruising grounds in the world, Turkey offers thousands of years of history, culture and civilization set against a stunning mountainous backdrop. The coastline is a mixture of wide gulfs, peaceful coves, shady beaches, uninhabited islands, small villages and bustling towns. Many of these locations are still only accessible by boat. Rare in the Mediterranean, one can still find some seclusion on a private charter in Turkey. In fact, Turkey offers more coastline than any other Mediterranean country. The best way to see Turkey is from your own private yacht on your own schedule. Turkey offers some of the most exquisite yachts in the world known as gulets.

Per fiets

Simply put, long distance cycling is not a very easy task to do in Turkey, mainly for two reasons: most of the country's terrain is hilly, and special lanes devoted to bicycles are virtually non-existent, especially along the intercity routes. That being said, most coastal cities nowadays have cycling lanes of varying shapes and lengths along the shores (mainly built for a leisurely ride rather than serious transportation, though) and most highways built within the last decade or so have quite wide and well surfaced shoulders, which can double as bicycle lanes.

If you have already made up your mind and give cycling a try in your Turkey trip, always stay as much on the right side of the roads as possible; avoid riding a bicycle out of cities or lighted roads at night, do not be surprised by drivers hooting at you, and do not go on the motorway, as it is forbidden. You could better prefer rural roads with much less traffic density, but then there is the problem of freely roaming sheepdogs, which can sometimes be quite dangerous. Rural roads also have much much less signboards than the highways, which turns them into a labyrinth, in which it is easy to get lost even for non-local Turkish people, without a detailed map.

Air can be pumped into tyres at any petrol station without a charge. Bicycle repair-shops are rare in cities and often in hard-to-locate places; motorcycle repair shops can be tried alternatively (however, they are very reluctant to repair a bicycle if they are busy with their customers who have motorcycles).

On Istanbul's Princes' Islands, renting a bike is an amusing and cheaper alternative to hiring a horse-drawn carriage. On these islands well-paved roads are shared only by horse-drawn carriages, bicycles and public service vehicles (like ambulances, police vans, school buses, garbage trucks).

Ebikes with removable batteries are manufactured and sold at reasonable prices, but check first with your airline if you plan to fly with it. As elsewhere, ebikes with non-removable batteries are strictly forbidden on all flights.

By thumb

Almost every driver has an idea about what universal hitchhiking sign (“thumb”) means. Don’t use any other sign which may be equivalent of a signal meaning a danger. In addition to the thumb, having a signboard with the destination name certainly helps. Waiting for someone to take you generally doesn't exceed half an hour, though this dramatically varies depending on the density of traffic (as is elsewhere) and the region, for example, it usually takes much longer to attract a ride in Mediterreense Turkye than in Marmara Region. Best hitchhiking spots are the crossroads with traffic lights, where ring-roads around a city and the road coming from the city center intersect. Don’t be so away from the traffic lights so drivers would be slow enough to see you and stop to take you; but be away enough from the traffic lights for a safe standing beside the road. Don’t try to hitchhike on motorways, no one will be slow enough to stop, it is also illegal to enter the motorways as a pedestrian. Don’t start to hitchhike until you are out of a city as cars may head for different parts of the city, not your destination, and if not in hurry, try to avoid hitchhiking after night falls, especially if you are a lone female traveler.

Although the drivers are taking you just to have a word or two during their long, alone journey, always watch out and avoid sleeping.

On some occasions, you may not be able to find someone going directly to where your destination is, so don’t refuse anyone stopped to take you – refusing someone stopped to take you is impolite - unless he/she is going to a few kilometres away, and if he/she would go to a road that doesn’t arrive at your destination in a coming fork. You may have to change several cars even on a 100-km course, changing in each town after town. However, because of the enormous numbers of trucks carrying goods for foreign markets, you could possibly find unexpected long-haul trips.

Not many, but some drivers may ask for money (“fee”) from you. Refuse and tell them that if you had money to waste, you would be on a bus, and not standing on the side of the road.

Drivers staying in the area may point downwards (to the road surface) or towards the direction they’re driving or flash their headlights while passing, indicating that they wouldn't make a good long-haul ride. Smile and/or wave your hand to show courtesy.

Op voet

Trail blazing is on the rise in Turkey lately and nowadays all Turkish regions have waymarked stap trails of various lengths and shapes. Most of them follow a theme, such as connecting to the sites of an ancient civilization, retracing the footsteps of a historical figure or chasing the treats of a specific regional cuisine. The oldest, and the most popular trail is the Lycian Way, which snakes its way over the mountains backing the Turquoise Coast in the southwest. Die website of the Culture Routes Society maintains an up-to-date list of the major hiking trails in the country. Guided tours, often involving hiking the most scenic sections and homestays in the villages, along some of these trails are offered by local travel agencies as well as those based in major cities.

Inside the cities, there are white-, or rarely yellow-painted pedestrian crossings (zebra crossing) on the main streets and avenues, which are normally pedestrian-priority spots. However, for many drivers, they are nothing more than ornamental drawings on the road pavements, so it is better to cross the streets at where traffic lights are. Still, be sure all the cars stopped, because it is not unusual to see the drivers still not stopping in the first few seconds after the light turns to red for vehicles. As a better option, on wide streets, there are also pedestrian overpasses and underground pedestrian passages available. In narrow main streets during rush hour, you can cross the street anywhere and anytime, since cars will be in a stop-go-stop-go manner because of heavy traffic. Also in narrow streets inside the residential hoods, you need not to worry about keeping on the sidewalk, you can walk well in the middle of the road, only to step aside when a car is coming.

Praat

Sien ook: Turkse frase-boek

The sole official language of Turkey is Turks. Turkish is a Turkic language and its closest living relatives are other Turkic languages, which are spoken in southwestern, central and northern Asia; and to a lesser degree by significant communities in the Balkans. Because Turkish is an agglutinative language, native speakers of non-agglutinative languages, such as Indo-European languages, generally find it difficult to learn. For many centuries, Turkish was written in the Arabic alphabet, evident in many historical texts and documents, but it has been written in the Latin alphabet since 1928. This means that Turkish is now written using the same letters as English, albeit with the addition of ç/Ç, ğ/Ğ, ı, İ, ö/Ö, ş/Ş and ü/Ü and the exclusions of q/Q, w/W and x/X.

Kurdish is also spoken by an estimated 7-10% of the population. Language policy towards Kurdish has varied from brutal suppression to trying to ignore the language since the "Young Turkish" revolt shortly before World War I and speaking Kurdish can be seen as a political statement. Several other languages exist, like Laz in the North-East (also spoken in adjacent Georgia), and in general people living near borders will often speak the language of the other side too. For example, people in the south-east often speak Arabic.

Thanks to migration, even in rural areas most villages will have at least one person who has worked in Germany and can thus speak Duits. The same goes for other Western European languages like Dutch/Flemish or French. Recent immigration from the Balkan means there is also the possibility of coming across native Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, and Albanian speakers mainly in big cities of western Turkey. English is also increasingly popular among the younger generation. The "universities" that train pupils for a job in tourism pour out thousands of youngsters who want to practice their knowledge on the tourist, with varying degrees of fluency. Language universities produce students that nowadays are pretty good at their chosen language.

Sien

Oor die algemeen is die meeste museums en terreine van antieke stede in Turkye Maandae gesluit (selfs Hagia Sophia). Die Turkse regering bied 'n museumpas vir baie besienswaardighede en museums in Turkye vir 375 TL. Kyk wat is ingesluit, en koop dit as dit vir u sinvol is. Talle besienswaardighede kan wel steeds gratis gesien word.

Antieke ruïnes en argitektoniese erfenis

Op die kruispad van beskawings is alle dele van Turkye vol met 'n groot aantal antieke mense ruïnes.

Göbekli Tepe, 'n antieke argeologiese terrein naby die stad Şanlıurfa in Suidoos-Anatolië, Turkye.

Hetiete, die eerste inheemse volk wat 'n staat in Anatolië gestig het — hoewel Çatalhöyük en Göbekli Tepe voorafgaan, die vroegste nedersetting en vroegste tempel ooit tot op datum in Turkye gevind is - het die bewys van hul bestaan ​​aan die ruïnes van Hattuşaş, hul kapitaal. Die Hetiete praat 'n Indo-Europese taal (die oudste wat skriftelik getuig is) en was tydgenote van die 'Nuwe Koninkryk' van Antieke Egipte, besig met uitgebreide korrespondensie en diplomasie met die oostelike Mediterreense wêreld.

Antieke Grieke en noukeurig volg Romeine het meestal hul stempel gelaat Egeïese en Mediterreense streke, en laat die marmerruïnes van honderde stede, tempels en monumente. Sommige word grotendeels in hul vorige glorie herstel, soos Efese asook talle ander langs die Egeïese kus wat op die kontrolelys van die meeste reisigers na Turkye is, saam met 'n paar meer obskure persone buite die gebaande paden soos Afrodisias naby Denizli, en Aizanoi naby Kütahya.

Intussen het 'n paar ander inheemse volke, soos Lyciërs, was mooi kerfwerk grafte— Baie daarvan is redelik goed bewaar en kan oral gesien word Lycia—Vir hul dierbaar-afgestorwenes op die rotsagtige heuwels.

Legendaries Troy staan ​​uit as 'n voorbeeld van verskillende beskawings wat letterlik op mekaar leef. Terwyl dit wat vandag sigbaar is, duidelik hellenisties is, het die plek sy oorsprong as Hetiet Wilusa, en later baie keer herbou deur Antieke Grieke.

Miskien is die mees unieke "argitektoniese" erfenis in die land, sommige van die Cappadociangrothuise en kerke gekerf in "feë skoorstene" en ondergrondse stede (in letterlike sin!) dateer uit vroeë Christene wat wegkruip vir vervolging.

Opvolgers van Romeine, die Bisantyne, het nuwe grondgebied gebreek met meer ambisieuse projekte, wat uitgeloop het op groot Hagia Sophia van Istanbul, gebou in 537, en wat die onderskeiding gehad het dat dit die grootste katedraal in die wêreld vir byna duisend jaar was. Terwyl 'n verdwaalde klooster of twee wat dateer uit die era, in byna enige deel van die land gevind kan word, word die grootste deel van die Bisantynse erfenis vandag ongeskonde aangetref. Marmara-streek, veral in Istanbul, en in die omgewing Trabzon in die ver noordoos, wat die domein was van die Ryk van Trebizond, 'n romp Bisantynse staat wat die val van Konstantinopel vir ongeveer 'n dekade oorleef het.

Seljuks, die eerste Turkse staat ooit wat in Klein-Asië gestig is, het die meeste van hul monumente gebou - wat daarin opgeneem is groot majestueuse portale en swaar fyn klipwerk, wat herinner aan sommige landmerke in dele van Asië—In groot sentrums van destyds in Oostelik en Sentraal-Anatolië, veral in Konya, hul kapitaal.

Ottomane, wat hulself tot hul dood as 'n Balkanstaat beskou het, het die meeste van hul landmerke in gebou Balkan en die natuurlike uitbreiding van die Balkan binne die huidige Turkye -Marmara-streek- net soos die Bisantyne, deur wie die Ottomane op soveel maniere geïnspireer het. Meeste van die vroeër Ottomaanse monumente ingebou is Bursa, wat min Byzantynse en seleksiewe groot Seljuk-invloede het, en later, toe die dinastie na Europa verhuis, in Edirnewaarvan sommige van die belangrikste bakens 'n soort "oorgangs" en redelik eksperimentele styl vertoon. Dit was eers met die val van Konstantinopel dat die Ottomane Bisantynse argitektuur byna volskaal met enkele aanpassings aangeneem het. Die Ottomaanse imperiale argitektuur het egter moontlik nie in Istanbul nie, maar in Edirne - in die vorm van Selimiye-moskee, 'n werk van Sinan, die groot Ottomaanse argitektuur van die 16de eeu.

19de eeu het die Griekse en Romeinse smaak van argitektuurstyle teruggebring, en daar was 'n groot ontploffing van neo-klassieke argitektuur, soveel modieus in Turkye as in die grootste deel van die res van die wêreld in daardie tyd. Galata kant van Istanbul, Izmir (alhoewel die meeste van die groot brand in 1922 helaas verlore gegaan het), en talle dorpe langs die kus, waarvan een die mees prominente en goed behoue ​​voorbeeld was Ayvalık, vinnig gevul met elegante neo-klassieke geboue. Terselfdertyd was mense op meer binnelandse plekke voorkeur aan aangename, meer tradisionele en minder pretensieuse houtwerk witgekalkte huise, wat skilderagtige dorpe vorm soos Safranbolu, Beypazarı, en Inceirince in onderskeidelik die noordelike, sentrale en westelike deel van die land. Dit was ook hierdie keer mooi en indrukwekkend hout herehuise van Istanbul s'n kusbuurte en eilande gebou is. Ander hedendaagse tendense van die era, soos Barok en Rokoko, het nie veel opgang in Turkye gemaak nie, hoewel daar eksperimente was om dit in Islamitiese argitektuur te kombineer, soos gesien kan word by die Ortaköy-moskee aan die oewer van Bosporus saam met sommige ander.

Namate die landskappe verander hoe meer oos u gaan, verander die argitektoniese erfenis ook. Die afgeleë valleie en heuweltoppe van Oos-Karadeniz en Oos-Anatolië is met talle besaai Middeleeuse Georgiese en Armeense kerke en kastele- Sommige daarvan is mooi goed bewaar, maar nie almal was so gelukkig nie. Armeense katedraal aan Akdamar-eiland van Lake Van en Middeleeuse Ani is twee wat êrens in die middel lê tussen perfek bewaar en algehele vernietiging ondergaan, maar albei is absoluut 'n moet-sien as jy so ooswaarts gekom het. Vir 'n verandering, Suidoos-Anatolië bevat meer middel ooste-beïnvloed argitektuur, met geboë binnehowe en swaar gebruik van geel klippe met uiters pragtige messelwerk. Dit word die beste gesien in Urfa, en veral in Mardin en naby Midyat.

Om meer dikwels as op die kruispad van beskawings te staan, beteken ook dat u die slagveld van beskawings moet wees. Dit is dus geen wonder waarom so baie nie kastele en sitadels stip die landskap, beide in dorpe en platteland, en beide aan die kus en binneland. Die meeste kastele wat gedurende verskillende stadiums van die geskiedenis gebou is, is vandag die belangrikste besienswaardighede van die dorpe waarop hulle staan.

20ste eeu was nie gaaf met Turkse stede nie. As gevolg van die druk wat veroorsaak word deur hoë immigrasiesyfers van landelike na stedelike gebiede, is baie historiese woonbuurte in stede platgeslaan ten gunste van siellose (en gewoonlik saai lelike) woonstelblokke, en die buitewyke van die groot stede het na kusstede verander. Daar is nie regtig 'n juweel in die naam van moderne argitektuur in Turkye. Staal-en-glas wolkekrabbersdaarenteen word dit nou stadig en yl in groot stede opgerig, een voorbeeld waar hulle baie konsentreer om 'n skyline-aansig te vorm besigheidsdistrik van Istanbul, hoewel dit amper indrukwekkend is in vergelyking met groot metropole regoor die wêreld wat bekend staan ​​vir hul wolkekrabbergevulde luglyne.

Reisroetes

• Langs die Troad Coast - antieke legendes verweef met pragtige landskappe en die diepblou Egeïese See
• Lycian Way - stap langs die afgeleë gedeelte van die land se Mediterreense kus, verby antieke stede, vergete gehuggies en sagte dennewoude

Doen

• Strande langs die hele Mediterreense kus, maar diegene met goed ontwikkelde oorde is tussen Alanya na die ooste en Kuşadası aan die Egeïese kus in die weste. Daar is nog talle klein plekkies waarna net plaaslike inwoners op pad is, soos die Golf van Saros, wat handig is vir Istanbul. Die strande Marmara en die Swart See is nie die moeite werd om op te soek nie.
• Nargiel (hooka of waterpyp) - Eens was die nargile, of Turkse waterpyp, die middelpunt van Istanbul se sosiale en politieke lewe. Van die plaaslike inwoners beskou dit vandag nog steeds as een van die groot plesier in die lewe en is iets interessant om te probeer.
• Hamam - 'n Besoek aan a hamam of 'n Turkse bad is 'n belangrike deel van elke reis na Turkye en is iets wat u seker sal herhaal voordat u vertrek. Daar is ten minste een historiese hamam in elke woonbuurt van Istanbul en ander groot stede. Wees versigtig met die keuse van 'n hamam, want dit kan baie wissel in netheid. Die meeste plekke bied skrop en / of massering aan. Net in die Hamam (as 'n sauna), is genoeg om die plek te sien en ervaar, maar skrop is 'n wonderlike ervaring. Die massering is nie noodwendig beter as in Westerse lande nie. Baie hamams maak deesdae voorsiening vir toeriste en is baie duur, let op hulle. 'N Tradisionele en outentieke hamam hoef nie duur te wees nie en u sal beslis nie daar in euro's betaal nie.
• Wintersport - Nie wat u hier mag verwag nie, maar die bergagtige binneland van Turkye het bitter koue winters met betroubare sneeubedekking. Sommige gewilde oorde in die noordweste is Uludağ naby Bursa, Kartepe naby Izmit, Kartalkaya naby Bolu en Ilgaz naby Kastamonu; in die noordooste is Palandöken naby Erzurum en Sarıkamış naby Kars; en sentraal is Erciyes naby Kayseri. By Saklıkent naby Antalya jy is veronderstel om in die oggend te kan ski, en dan in die middag die Med te kan swem, maar die sneeubedekking is kort en onbetroubaar.
• Kyk sokker - Süper Lig is die beste sokker in Turkye, met 16 spanne wat Augustus tot Mei speel. Istanbul het ses spanne op hierdie vlak en Ankara het twee. Die nasionale span speel gewoonlik tuiswedstryde in die Atatürk Olimpiese stadion in Istanbul.
• Fietsry - Die eerste ren is die Presidentstoer deur Turkye, wat in April meer as 'n week gehou is.

Koop

Geld

Wisselkoerse vir Turkse lira Vanaf Januarie 2020: VS $ 1 ≈ 6,0 TL € 1 ≈ 6,7 TL Verenigde Koninkryk £ 1 ≈ 7,8 TL Wisselkoerse wissel. Huidige tariewe vir hierdie en ander geldeenhede is beskikbaar by XE.com

Wat kos dit? Soms (vrugte- en groentesak) het marktekens prystekens. Andersins, as u 'n toeris is, sal u waarskynlik 'n baie hoër prys kry. Daarom is dit nuttig om daar te koop, tensy u die regte prys weet. In die volgende enkele algemene pryse. Çig Köfte dürüm: 4 TL Chicken dürüm: vanaf 8 TL Pide: vanaf 15 TL Appels / mandariene: ~ 3 TL / kg Gedroogde vye: 15-30 TL / kg Okkerneute: 15-30 TL / kg Olywe: 16-30 TL / kg Water 0,5 L: 1 TL (0,30 TL in die supermark) Ayran: 1,50 TL (0,70 TL in die supermark) Çay (tee): 2 TL Turkse koffie: 5 TL Bier: vanaf 15 TL Turkse lekkerny / baklava: 30-80 TL / kg Kardemom (kakule): ~ 300 / kg Sagte roomys: 3 TL Rosted castanie: 100 TL / kg Valse tekkies: 60-80 TL Waterpyp / waterpyp: 40-80 TL Bus (middestad): ~ 3 TL Intercity bus (10-12 uur): ~ 100 TL Begrotingsakkommodasie: vanaf 50 TL / persoon

Die geldeenheid van die land is die Turkse lira, aangedui deur die simbool "₺"of"TL"(ISO-kode: PROBEER). Wikivoyage-artikels sal gebruik word TL om die geldeenheid aan te dui.

Die lira is verdeel in 100 kuruş (afgekort kr).

In 2005 het Turkye ses nulle van sy geldeenheid laat val, wat elke lira na 2005 een miljoen werd was voor 2005 (of sogenaamde "ou lira"). Moenie verward wees as u sien dat die geldeenheid YTL of ytl gesimboliseer word nie yeni lira). Banknote en muntstukke voor 2009 (wat dra yeni lira en yeni kuruş) is nie wettige betaalmiddel, en kan nie meer by banke verruil word nie.

Die nuwe Turkse lira-simbool, , is in 2012 deur die Sentrale Bank geskep ná 'n landwye wedstryd.

Banknote is in 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 en 200 TL denominasies. Muntstukke van 5, 10, 25 en 50 kuruş is wettige betaalmiddels. Daar is ook 'n 1 TL-muntstuk.

Valutawissel

Daar is wettige uitruilkantore in alle stede en byna enige dorp. Banke ruil ook geld, maar dit is nie die moeite werd nie, want hulle is gewoonlik druk en gee nie beter tariewe as wisselkantore nie. U kan die tariewe sien wat 'n kantoor aanbied op die (gewoonlik elektroniese) borde êrens naby die hek. Euro's en Amerikaanse dollars is die nuttigste geldeenhede, met 'n koop-verkoopspreiding van minder as 1%. Maar pond pond (slegs Bank of England-note, nie Skotse of Noord-Ierse note nie), Switserse frank, Japannese jen, Saoedi-riyale en 'n aantal ander geldeenhede is ook nie baie moeilik om te ruil nie (teen 'n goeie koers).

Dit is belangrik om te onthou dat die meeste ruilers slegs banknote aanvaar, dit kan baie moeilik wees om buitelandse munte te verruil. Op sommige plekke, waar daar 'n betekenisvolle verklaring daarvoor is, kan meer ongewone geldeenhede ook omgeruil word, byvoorbeeld Australiese dollars kan in Çanakkale waar kleinkinders van Australiese en Nieu-Seelandse soldate uit die Eerste Wêreldoorlog bymekaarkom om hul oupas jaarliks ​​te herdenk, of in Kaş, wat oorkant die Griekse eiland Kastelorizo, wat weer 'n groot diaspora in Australië het. As 'n plek baie besoekers uit 'n land lok, is dit gewoonlik moontlik om die land se geldeenheid daar te verruil.

Toerisme-georiënteerde bedrywe in toerisme-georiënteerde dorpe, sowel as winkels waar groot bedrae geld van eienaar verwissel, soos supermarkte, in die meeste dele van die land, aanvaar gewoonlik buitelandse valuta (gewoonlik beperk tot Euro en Amerikaanse dollars), maar die tariewe hulle aanvaar dat die geldeenheid gewoonlik 'n bietjie slegter is as dié van wisselkantore. Vra of hulle buitelandse valuta aanvaar.

Kredietkaarte

Visa en MasterCard word algemeen aanvaar, American Express veel minder. Alle kredietkaartgebruikers moet hul PIN-kodes invoer wanneer hulle hul kaarte gebruik. Ouer, magnetiese kaarthouers is hiervan uitgesonder, maar onthou dat, in teenstelling met sommige ander plekke in Europa, verkoopspersone die wettige reg het om u te vra om 'n geldige identiteitsbewys met 'n foto aan te dui om te erken dat u die eienaar van die kaart is.

OTM's

Geldmasjiene is verspreid deur die stede, gekonsentreer in sentrale dele. Dit is moontlik om met u buitelandse Visa-, Mastercard- of Maestro-kaart (nie noodwendig 'n kredietkaart) Turkse lira (en soms Amerikaanse dollars of euro's) uit hierdie kitsbanke te trek nie. Enige groot stad het ten minste een kitsbank.

Kitsbanke vra of hulle instruksies in Engels of Turks (en soms ook ander tale) moet gee sodra u 'n buitelandse kaart invoeg (of 'n Turkse kaart wat nie die eie bank is nie).

Die meeste kitsbanke bied 'n direkte valuta-omskakeling (CC) aan in u tuisgeldeenheid (€, VS $, ens.), Dus word u bankkaart in u eie geldeenheid gehef en nie in Turkse lira nie. Die basis vir hierdie (vals) argument is dikwels om veilig te wees teen negatiewe valuta-beweging. Die tariewe wat hierdie kitsbanke bied, is egter veel slegter as wat u bank u sal hef vir die Turkse lira wat u onttrek het. Valutazekerheid is ook nie 'n werklike argument nie, dit kan ook goed wees vir u - gemiddeld sal dit u inderdaad glad nie negatief beïnvloed nie. So ... Nooit behalwe sodanige valuta-omskakeling nie!

Spesifieke koste vir onttrekkings van kitsbanke hang af van u buitelandse bank, maar baie kitsbanke in Turkye voeg 'n kommissie / fooi bo-op die uitbetaalde bedrag (selfs vir onttrekkings in Amerikaanse dollar en euro), wat dan saam met u bank gehef word. In die volgende 'n oorsig van banke en koste:

• Halkbank: geen koste ook nie CC aangebied nie
• odeabank: geen koste ook nie CC aangebied nie
• Sekerbank: geen koste
• TEB: 2,1%
• Türkiye Bankasi: 2,9%
• DenizBank en VakifBank: 3%
• Garanti BBVA: 3,5%
• AKBank: 7,95%

Inkopies

Vra altyd die prys as dit nêrens vertoon word nie, selfs nie vir 'n cay. Andersins, sal u voortdurend as toeris te veel betaal.

Afgesien van klassieke toeriste-aandenkings soos poskaarte en snuisterye, is hier 'n paar wat u uit Turkye kan terugbring.

• Leerklere - Turkye is die grootste leerprodusent ter wêreld, en die leerklere is dus goedkoper as elders. Baie winkels in die distrikte Laleli, Beyazıt, Mahmutpaşa van Istanbul (rondom die tramlyn wat deur die Sultanahmet-plein gaan) is op leer gespesialiseer.

• Tapyte en kilims - Baie streke in Turkye vervaardig handgemaakte kilims en tapyte. Alhoewel die simbole en figure verskil na gelang van die streek waarin die tapyt vervaardig word, is dit meestal simboliese uitdrukkings gebaseer op antieke Anatoliese godsdienste en / of nomadiese Turkse lewe wat meer as 1000 jaar gelede gestalte kry rondom sjamanistiese oortuigings. U kan winkels vind wat spesialiseer in handgemaakte matte en kilims in enige groot stad, toeristeplek en Sultanahmet-gebied.

U kan ernstig nêrens in Turkye gaan sonder dat iemand u 'n mat probeer verkoop nie. Mense sal jou op straat nader, 'n vriendelike gesprek voer oor waar jy vandaan kom, hoe hou jy van Turkye en "wil jy saam met my na my oom se winkel kom? Dit is net om die draai en het die beste outentieke kilims. ' Dit kan irriterend wees as u dit toelaat, maar onthou dat 'n groot deel van die ekonomie van hierdie mense afkomstig is van toeriste se beursies, sodat u nie die skuld kan gee daarvoor nie.

• Silk - Rokke en serpe. Alhoewel dit in baie dele van die land gevind kan word, moet sywaaiers op soek wees na Bursa en voor dit, haal die basiese beginsels van bedinging.
• Aardewerk - Handgemaak Cappadocian erdewerk (amfora's, ou borde, blompotte, ens.) word van plaaslike soutklei gemaak. Die soutinhoud van klei, danksy die soutbespuiting wat deur die Salt Lake geproduseer word - wat die tweede grootste meer in Turkye is - in die hartland van Sentraal-Anatolië, maak plaaslike erdewerk van topkwaliteit. In sommige Cappadociese dorpe is dit moontlik om te sien hoe hierdie artefakte geproduseer word, of selfs om dit te ervaar, by die toegewyde werkswinkels. Teëls met klassieke Ottomaanse motiewe wat in vervaardig word Kütahya is ook beroemd.
• Turkse lekkers en Turkse koffie - As u hiervan hou tydens u reis na Turkye, moet u nie vergeet om 'n paar pakkette huis toe te neem nie. Oral beskikbaar.
• Liefie - Die denne heuning (çam balı) van Marmaris is beroemd en het 'n baie sterker smaak en konsekwentheid as gewone blomhone. Alhoewel dit nie maklik bereik kan word nie, moet u die heuning van nie mis nie, as u dit kan vind Macahel vallei, gemaak van blomme van 'n gematigde semi-reënwoud, wat byna heeltemal buite menslike impak is, in die noordooste van die Swart See-streek.
• Kastanje-nagereg - Gemaak van stroop en kastaiings wat aan die voetheuwels van Mt. Uludağ, kastaiingoed nagereg (kestane şekeri) is 'n bekende en smaaklike produk van Bursa. Daar is baie variasies, soos sjokolade-bedekte. Kastanje-nagereg kan ook elders gevind word, maar relatief duurder en in kleiner verpakkings.
• Meerschaum-aandenkings - Ondanks die naam wat dit beteken "seeskuim" soos dit lyk, meerschaum (lületaşı) word slegs op een plek in die wêreld onttrek: ingeslote Eskişehir provinsie in die uiterste noordwestelike deel van Sentraal-Anatolië. Hierdie rots, soortgelyk aan gips wat gesien word, is in rookpype en sigarethouers gekap. Dit het 'n sagte en romerige tekstuur en sorg vir 'n wonderlike dekoratiewe item. Beskikbaar by sommige winkels in Eskişehir.
• Castilla (olyfolie) seep - Natuurlik, 'n syagtige aanraking op u vel en 'n warm Mediterreense atmosfeer in u badkamer. Absoluut goedkoper as dié in Noord- en Wes-Europa. Straatmarkte in die Egeïese streek en suidelike Marmara-streek is vol olyfolie seep, byna almal is handgemaak. Selfs 'n paar ou mense in die Egeïese streek produseer hul kastiel-seep op die tradisionele manier: tydens of net na die olyfoes oes bure hulle in tuine rondom groot ketels wat deur houtvuur verhit word, en dan word loog afkomstig van die houtas by warm water gevoeg. en olyfolie meng. Onthou: supermarkte in die Egeïese streek bied gewoonlik nie meer as industriële talg-seep vol chemikalieë aan nie. In stede buite die Egeïese streek kan natuurlike olyfolie seep gevind word in winkels wat spesialiseer in olyfolie en olyfolie. Sommige van hierdie winkels bied selfs ekologiese seep aan: gemaak van organiese olyfolie en soms met toevoegings van organiese essensiële olies.
• Ander seep uniek aan Turkye is: laurierseep (defne sabunu) wat hoofsaaklik in Antakya (Antiochië), seep van Isparta verryk met roosolie wat volop geproduseer word in die omgewing van Isparta, en bıttım sabunu, 'n seep gemaak van die olie van sade van 'n plaaslike verskeidenheid pistache-bome afkomstig van die berge van Suidoostelike streek. In Edirneword daar seep gevorm soos verskillende vrugte vervaardig. Dit word nie vir hul skuim gebruik nie, maar eerder 'n goeie verskeidenheid as verskillende "vrugte" in 'n mandjie op 'n tafel geplaas word, en hulle vul ook die lug met hul soet geur.
• Olyf-gebaseerde produkte behalwe seep - Ander olyfolieprodukte om te probeer, is olyfolie-sjampoe, eau de colognes op olyfolie en zeyşe, afkorting van die eerste lettergrepe van zeytin şekeri, 'n nagereg soortgelyk aan kastanje-nageregte, maar van olywe gemaak.

Bedinging

In Turkye, bedinging Dit is 'n moet; dit is noodsaaklik. Mens kan oral beding wat nie te luuks lyk nie: winkels, hotelle, kantore van busmaatskappye, ensovoorts. Moenie so beïndruk en belangstel tydens u onderhandeling nie, en wees geduldig. Aangesien daar van die buitelanders (veral Westerse mense) nie verwag word om goed te onderhandel nie, is verkopers vinnig om enige bedingingspoging te verwerp (of is dit ten minste vinnig om so te lyk), maar wees geduldig en wag, die prys sal daal! (Moenie vergeet nie, selfs as u suksesvol is met u bedingingspoging, as u u kredietkaart uit u beursie haal, eerder as kontant, kan die ooreengekome prys weer styg, maar waarskynlik tot 'n laer vlak as die oorspronklike).

BTW-terugbetaling

U kan 'n BTW-terugbetaling kry (18% of 23% op die meeste items) as u nie 'n burger of permanente inwoner van Turkye is nie. Soek die blou "Belastingvrye" plakker op die vensterruit of ingang van die winkels. Hierdie soort winkels is die enigste plek waar u 'n BTW-terugbetaling kan kry. Moenie vergeet om die nodige papiere van die winkel af te neem wat u in staat stel om 'n BTW-eis terug te kry wanneer u Turkye verlaat nie.

Alhoewel Turkye vir sommige goedere in 'n doeane-unie met die Europese Unie is, is daar, in teenstelling met die situasie in die EU, nie 'n inisiatief om belastingvrye winkels op die lughawes af te skaf nie.

Antieke aandenkings

Die neem van enige antiek (gedefinieer as iets meer as 100 jaar oud) uit Turkye is onderhewig aan hewige beperkings of, in baie gevalle, verbode. As iemand u bied om 'n antiek te verkoop, is hy of sy 'n leuenaar wat probeer om goedkoop namaaksels te verkoop, of dat hy / sy 'n misdaad pleeg waarby u 'n bykomstigheid sal wees as u die artikel koop.

Kantel

Oor die algemeen word wip nie as verpligtend beskou nie. Dit is egter baie algemeen dat u 'n fooi van 5 tot 10% in restaurante agterlaat as u tevrede is met die diens. By hoë restaurante is 'n fooi van 10-15% gebruiklik. Dit is NIE moontlik om 'n fooi by die kredietkaartrekening te voeg nie. Dit is baie algemeen onder Turkse mense om die rekening met 'n kredietkaart te betaal en die fooi in kontant of muntstukke te laat. Die meeste kelners sal u geld soveel as moontlik in muntstukke terugbring, want Turkse mense hou nie daarvan om muntstukke rond te dra nie en laat dit gewoonlik aan tafel.

Taxibestuurders verwag nie wenke nie, maar dit is algemeen gebruik om hulle die verandering te laat hou. As u daarop aandring om presiese veranderinge terug te neem, vra dan vir para üstü? (uitgespreek "pah-rah oos-too", wat "verandering" beteken). Die bestuurder sal eers huiwerig wees om dit te gee, maar u sal uiteindelik slaag.

As u gelukkig is om 'n Turkse bad te probeer, is dit gebruiklik om 15% van die totaal af te gee en dit onder al die dienaars te verdeel. Dit is 'n belangrike ding om in gedagte te hou as u in Turkye kantel, en dit sal verseker dat u ervaring vlot en aangenaam verloop.

Superiers-kassiere rond gewoonlik die totale bedrag op na die volgende 5 kuruş as u kontant betaal (die presiese bedrag word egter onttrek as u dit met 'n kredietkaart betaal). Dit is nie 'n soort onwillekeurige wenk nie, aangesien die 2-3-4 kuruşes nie in hul sakke gaan nie. Dit is bloot omdat hulle nie genoeg 1 kuruş-munte voorsien nie, aangesien dit baie skaars in omloop is. Moet dus nie verbaas wees as die verandering wat aan u gegee word, 'n paar kuruşes kort van wat aan u gegee moet word volgens wat die elektroniese raad van die kassa sê nie. Dit is heeltemal goed om die presiese bedrag te betaal as u genoeg 1 kuruş-muntstukke het.

Eet

Sien ook: Midde-Oosterse kookkuns

Turkse kookkuns kombineer invloede uit die Mediterreense, Sentraal-Asiatiese, Kaukasiese en Arabiese gebied en is uiters ryk. Vleis is die belangrikste vleis (lamsvleis is ook algemeen, maar varkvleis is baie moeilik om te vind, hoewel dit nie onwettig is nie), en eiervrug (aubergine), ui, lensie, boontjie, tamatie, knoffel en komkommer is die belangrikste groente. 'N Oorvloed speserye word ook gebruik. Die belangrikste krammetjies is rys (pilav), bulgurkoring en brood, en geregte word gewoonlik in groente-olie of soms botter gekook.

Daar is baie soorte gespesialiseerde restaurante om van te kies, aangesien die meeste nie ander soorte kos voorberei of bedien nie. Tradisionele Turkse restaurante bedien daagliks etes wat voorberei en in 'n bain-marie gestoor word. Die etes is by die ingang, sodat u maklik kan sien en kies. Kebapçis is restaurante wat in baie soorte kebab spesialiseer. Sommige Kebab-restaurante bedien alkohol, terwyl ander nie. Daar is subtipes soos ciğerci, Adana kebapçısı of İskender kebapçısı. Visrestaurante bedien gewoonlik meze (koue olyfoliegeregte) en Rakı of wyn. Dönerci's kom algemeen deur die land voor en dien döner kebap as 'n kitskos. Köfeci's is restaurante met frikkadelle (Köfte) wat as hoofgereg bedien word. Kokoreçci, midyeci, tantunici, mantıcı, gözlemeci, lahmacuncu, pideci, çiğ köfteci, etsiz çiğ köfteci is ander soorte plaaslike restaurante wat in Turkye voorkom, wat spesialiseer in een ete.

'N Volledige Turkse maaltyd in die Kebab-restaurant begin met 'n sop, dikwels lensiesop (mercimek çorbasi), en 'n stel meze voorgeregte met olywe, kaas, piekels en 'n wye verskeidenheid klein geregte. Meze kan maklik in 'n volledige maaltyd gemaak word, veral as dit saam met dit verbruik word rakı. Die hoofgereg is gewoonlik vleis: 'n gewone geregsoort en die bekendste kulinêre uitvoer van Turkye is kebab (kebap), gegrilde vleis in verskillende vorme, insluitend die beroemde döner kebap (dun skyfies vleis geskeer van 'n reuse draaiende spit) en şişkebab (skeer vleis), en nog baie meer. Köfte (frikkadel) is 'n variasie van die kebab. Daar is honderde soorte köfte in die hele Anatolië, maar slegs 10 tot 12 daarvan is bekend aan die inwoners van die groter stede, kike İnegöl köfte, Dalyan köfte, sulu köfte ens.

Om goedkoop te eet, word meestal by Kebab-staanplekke gedoen, wat oral in Istanbul en ander groot stede te vinde is. Vir 'n paar dollar verdien u 'n brood wat in die middel gesny is, gevul met gebraaide vleis, blaarslaai, uie en tamaties. Vir Noord-Amerikaners wat vertroud is met 'donairs' wat in pitabroodjies toegedraai is, moet u die woord soek dürüm of dürümcü op die vensters van die kebab staan ​​en vra dat u kebab in 'n dürüm- of lava-brood toegedraai word, afhangende van die streek.

Vegetariërs

Vegetariese restaurante kom nie algemeen voor nie, en kan slegs in baie sentrale dele van groot stede en sommige van die toeristeplekke gevind word. Elke goeie restaurant bied egter groentegeregte aan, en sommige van die restaurante wat tradisionele "ev yemeği" ("huislike kos") bied, het olyfolie-spesialiteite wat vegetaries van aard is. 'N Vegetariër sal baie gelukkig wees in die Egeïese streek, waar allerhande wilde kruie as hoofmaaltye geëet word, gekook of rou, geklee met olyfolie. Maar 'n vegetariër sou regtig sukkel om kos te soek, veral in die suidoostelike streek, waar 'n gereg sonder vleis nie as 'n gereg beskou word nie. Op so 'n plek kan supermarkte dalk help met hul rakke vol ingemaakte groente, of selfs ingemaakte olyfolieblokkies en vars vrugte. As u 'n vegetariër is en landelike gebiede in die suidoostelike streek gaan besoek, neem dan beter u blikkieskos saam, want daar sal geen supermarkte wees wat u kan red nie.

Nageregte

Sommige Turkse nageregte is geskoei op die soet en neutagtige Arabiese soort: bekende geregte sluit in baklava, 'n lae deeg met fyngemaalde neute en filodeeg wat deur heuning en speserye geweek is, en Turkish Delight (lokum), 'n lekker lekker gebak van rooswater en suiker. Daar is ook baie meer soorte nageregte wat hoofsaaklik met melk voorberei word, soos kazandibi, keşkül, muhallebi, sütlaç, tavuk göğsü, güllaç ens.

Ontbyt

Turkse ontbyt bestaan ​​meestal uit çay (tee), brood, olywe, fetakaas, tamatie, komkommer en smeer soms af soos heuning en konfyt. Dit kan na 'n ruk baie eentonig raak. 'N Goeie alternatief om te probeer (sou u die opsie hê) is menemen: 'n Turkse variasie op roereiers / omelet. Paprika (rooi soetrissie), ui, knoffel en tamatie word alles met eiers gekombineer. Die ete word tradisioneel in 'n kleibak gekook (en bedien). Probeer 'n bietjie chili byvoeg om dit op te kruid en gebruik ook baie brood vir 'n warm ontbyt. Brood is alomteenwoordig in Turkye. By elke maaltyd word 'n groot mandjie met bros brood aangebied.

Alomteenwoordig simit (ook bekend as gevrek in sekere Egeïese stede soos Izmir), amper soos bagel, maar ietwat dunner, korser, en met geroosterde sesamsaad oraloor, is te koop vanaf trollies van straatverkopers in feitlik enige sentrale deel van enige stad en stad op enige tyd, behalwe laat in die nag. Miskien met die toevoeging van Turkse fetakaas (beyaz peynir) of roomkaas (krem peynir of karper), 'n paar simits maak 'n vulsel en 'n baie begrotingsontbyt op (want elkeen kos ongeveer 0,75 TL), of selfs 'n middagete wat onderweg geneem word.

Drink

Turkse koffie (kahve), bedien in piepklein koppies, is sterk en lekker, wees net versigtig om nie die slykgrond aan die onderkant van die beker te drink nie. Dit verskil baie van die sogenaamde Turkse koffies wat in die buiteland verkoop word. Sade kahve word swart bedien, terwyl as şekerli, orta şekerli en çok şekerli sal u 'n bietjie, 'n bietjie of baie suiker in u koppie kry.

Koffies, cappuccino's en espresso's word daagliks meer gewild en kan met baie verskillende geure gevind word.

Ondanks die feit dat koffie 'n wesenlike rol speel in die nasionale kultuur, tee (cay) is ook baie gewild en is inderdaad die gewone drankie wat u verkies. Die meeste Turke drink in hul daaglikse lewens sterk tee. Nadat hy eers in die dertigerjare die toneel betree het, het tee vinnig veld gekry teen koffie, omdat dit Jemen, die tradisionele koffieverskaffer aan Turkye, is in die vroeë 20ste eeu van die res van die Ottomaanse Ryk afgesny en die eerste teeplante het wortel geskiet in Oos-Karadeniz na 'n paar onsuksesvolle proewe om dit in die land te laat groei, as gevolg van proteksionistiese ekonomiese beleid wat na die Eerste Wêreldoorlog in werking gestel is. Wees versigtig, as u tee deur plaaslike inwoners berei, kan dit baie sterker wees as waaraan u gewoond was. . Alhoewel dit nie tipies inheems is nie en 'n taamlike toeristiese kenmerk is, moet u die spesiale smaak proe appeltee (elma çayı) of salie tee (adaçayı, letterlik eilandtee) van Turkye.

Ayran is 'n gewilde drankie water en jogurt, nie anders as die Finse / Russiese "karringmelk" of Indiese "lassi" nie, maar word altyd sonder suiker bedien (en, eintlik, met 'n bietjie sout bygevoeg). If you're travelling by bus over the Taurus Mountains, ask for "köpüklü ayaran' or "yayık ayaranı", a variety of the drink much loved by locals.

Boza is a traditional cold, thick drink that originates from Central Asia, but is also common in several Balkan countries. It is fermented bulgur (a kind of wheat) with sugar and water additions. Vefa Bozacisi is the best known and traditional producer of boza in Istanbul. In Ankara, you get excellent Boza from Akman Boza Salonu in the old city area of Ulus. Boza can also be found on the shelves of many supermarkets, especially in winter, packaged in 1-litre PET bottles. However these bottled bozas lack the sourness and consistency of traditional boza, they are sweeter and less dense.

Sahlep (of Salep) is another traditional hot drink, made from milk, orchid root and sugar, typically decorated with cinnamon. It is mostly preferred in winter and can be found in cafés and patisseries (pastane) and can be easily confused by the looks of it with cappuccino. You can also find instant sahlep in many supermarkets sold with the name Hazır Sahlep.

Red poppy syrup is one of the traditional Turkish drinks made of red poppy petals, water and sugar by natural ways. Bozcaada is famous for red poppy syrup.

International brands of colas, sodas en fruit-flavoured sodas are readily available and much consumed alongside some local brands. In Turkish, soda means mineral water, whereas what is called as soda in English is gazoz of sade gazoz in Turkish.

While a significant proportion of Turks are devout Muslims, alcoholic beverages are legal, widely available, and thoroughly enjoyed by the locals. The local firewater of choice is rakı, an anise-flavoured liquor double distilled from fermented grape skin. It is usually mixed with water and drunk with another glass of iced water to accompany it. You may order tek (single) or duble (double) to indicate the amount of rakı in your glass. Make sure to try it but don't overindulge as it is very potent. Remember not to mix it with anything else. There is a wide selection of different types in supermarkets. Mey en Efe Rakı are two of the biggest producers. Only the connoisseurs know which type is the best. Yeni Rakı which is a decent variety has the wıdest distribution and consumption.

As for Turkish wine, the wines are as good as the local grape varieties. Kalecik Karası van Ankara, Karasakız van Bozcaada, Öküzgözü van Elmalı, Boğazkere van Diyarbakır are some of the most well-known varieties. The biggest winemakers are Kavaklıdere, Doluca, Sevilen, en Kayra with many good local vineyards especially in the Western part of the country. In addition liquory fruit wines of Şirince naby Izmir are well worth tasting. One specific sweet red wine to try while you're there is Talay Kuntra.

There are two major Turkish breweries. Efes and Tekel Birası are two widely known lagers. In addition, you can find locally brewed Tuborg, Miller, Heineken, and Carlsberg too.

Smoke

All cigarettes except ecigs are sold freely and are still relatively cheap by western standards.

Although many Turkish people do smoke, there is a growing health awareness about smoking and the number of smokers is slowly but steadily declining, and the rigid smoking ban that was introduced is surprisingly enforced.

Smoking in the presence of someone who does not smoke in a public place requires their permission. If someone does not like the smoke, they will ask you not to smoke or they will cough, then just stop and apologize. This is what the locals do.

If you are invited to someone's home, do not smoke unless the host does first, and after they do, then you can ask for their permission to smoke.

Smoking ban

Smoking is banned in public places (e.g. airports, metro stations and indoor train stations, schools, universities, government administration buildings, in all workplaces, concert halls, theatres and cinemas) and on public transport (airplanes, ferries, trains, suburban trains, subways, trams, buses, minibuses, and taxis). Smoking is banned in sports stadiums, the only outdoor areas where this ban is extended. It is a finable offence of 69 TL. Separately smoking is also banned, in restaurants, bars, cafes, traditional teahouses, the remaining air-conditioned public places including department stores and shopping mall restaurants; and there are no exceptions as indoor non-smoking sections are also banned. Apart from a fine for smokers, there is a heavy fine of 5,000 TL for owners, for failing to enforce the ban properly and that is why it is strictly enforced by these establishments.

In Istanbul, especially in non-tourist areas, some bars/restaurants/music venues and even work places will bring you an ashtray as there will be many people smoking inside, even though there is a sign on the wall forbidding it, many people consider it to be up to the discretion of the owners/workers of the building. However, bars/restaurants/music venues in tourist areas (e.g. Beyoğlu, Sişli etc...) are relentlessly "raided" (and in case of any violations – not just for flouting the smoking ban – fined heavily) by the zabıta (municipal official), so these establishments will much less likely dare to violate the bans. Although such "raids" will be disconcerting for tourists, customers will not be affected as the zabıta does not issue fines to customers – at most will be asked to leave the place, in case of serious violations.

However the smoking ban is openly flouted in government administration buildings, where the civil servants seem to think that they are somehow above the law.

Outside the cities and tourist resorts, the smoking ban is less rigidly enforced in small towns and in the villages hardly at all, because the municipal police (zabıta) rarely comes to these places to enforce it and issue fines, leading to some establishments and its customers to ignore this, but even there it is nevertheless best to follow the less enforced smoking ban.

While smoking is strictly prohibited on public transport, you will see some taxi drivers smoking in their taxis, which are also included in the smoking ban, but is the only form of public transport where this ban is openly flouted. When entering the taxi just request the taxi driver not to smoke, and he will politely oblige - in fact most of them will put out their cigarettes immediately once they see a customer hailing them or approaching them.

Slaap

Accommodation in Turkey varies from 5-star hotels to a simple tent pitched in a vast plateau. So the prices vary hugely as well.

Hotels

All major cities and tourist spots have 5-star hotels, many of them are owned by international hotel chains like Hilton, Sheraton, Ritz-Carlton, Conrad to name a few. Many of them are concrete blocks, however some, especially the ones out of cities, are bungalows with private gardens and private swimming pools.

If you are into holiday package kind of thing in a Mediterraneanresort, you would definitely find better rates when booking back at home rather than in Turkey itself. The difference is considerable, compared with what you would pay when booking at home, you may end up paying twice as much if you simply walk in the resort.

Hostels and guesthouses

Hostels are not widespread, there are a few in Istanbul, mainly around Sultanahmet Square where Hagia Sophia and Blue Mosque are, and around Taksim Square, and still fewer are recognized by Hostelling International (HI, former International Youth Hostel Federation, IYHF). Alternatively, guesthouses (pansiyon) provide cheaper accommodation than hotels (expect around 50 TL daily per person). B&Bs are also generally covered by the word pansiyon, as most of them present breakfast (not always included in the fee, so ask before deciding whether or not to stay there).

Unique in the country, Olympos to the southwest of Antalya is known for its welcoming visitors in the wooden tree-houses or in wooden communal sleeping halls.

It is possible to rent a whole house with two rooms, a kitchen, a bathroom, and necessary furnitures such as beds, chairs, a table, a cooker, pots, pans, usually a refrigerator and sometimes even a TV. Four or more people can easily fit in these houses which are called apart hotels and can be found mainly in coastal towns of Marmara and Northern Aegean regions, which are more frequented by Turkish families rather than foreigners. They are generally flats in a low-story apartment building. They can be rented for as cheap as 25 TL daily (not per person, this is the daily price for the whole house!), depending on location, season and the duration of your stay (the longer you stay, the cheaper you pay daily).

Öğretmenevi (teacher's house)

Like Atatürk statues and crescent-and-star flags etched into the sides of mountains, the öğretmenevi (“teacher’s house”) is an integral part of the Turkish landscape. Found in almost every city in Turkey, these government-run institutions serve as affordable guesthouses for educators on the road and—since anyone is welcome if space is available—for those traveling on a teacher’s budget (about 35 TL/person, WiFi and hot water avalaible, breakfast (kahvalti) 5 TL).

For the most part, these guesthouses are drab affairs, 1970s-era concrete boxes usually painted in a shade of pink and found in some of the least interesting parts of town.To find the teacher's house in a town ask around for öğretmenevi.

Agritourism

The Bugday Association has launched a project named TaTuTa (acronym from the first syllables of Tarım-Turizm-Takas: Agriculture-Tourism-Barter [of knowledge]), a kind of agritourism, which connects farmers practising organic/ecological agriculture and individuals having an interest at organic agriculture. The farmers participating in TaTuTa share a room of their houses (or a building in the farm) with the visitors without charge, and the visitors help them in their garden work in return. For more about TaTuTa, see http://www.bugday.org/tatuta/index.php?lang=EN

Camping and RV-camping

There are many private estates dotting the whole coastline of Turkey, which the owner rents its property for campers. Hierdie campsites, which are called kamping in Turkish, have basic facilities such as tap water, toilets, tree shade (this is especially important in dry and hot summers of the western en southern coasts) and some provide electricity to every tent via individual wires. Pitching a tent inside the cities and towns apart from campsites is not always approved, so you should always ask the local administrator (village chief muhtar and/or gendarme jandarma in villages, municipalities belediye and/or the local police polis in towns) if there is a suitable place near the location for you to pitch your tent. Pitching a tent in the forest without permission is OK, unless the area is under protection as a national park, a bioreserve, a wildlife refuge, a natural heritage or because of some other environmental concern. Whether it is an area under protection or not, setting fire in forests apart from the designated fireplaces in recreational (read “picnic”) areas is forbidden anyway.

Stores offering camping gear are hard to come across, usually in back alleys, underground floors of large shopping arcades. So, unless you are exactly sure you can obtain what you need at your destination, it's best to pack along your gear if intending to camp. In smaller stores in non-major towns, the price of many of the stuff on sale is pretty much negotiable—it is not uncommon for shop attendants to ask 30 TL for camp stove fuel, whereas it would cost typically 15 TL or even less in another store in a neighbouring town.

Caravan/trailer parks cannot be found as much as they used to be; there remains only a few, if any, from the days hippies tramped the Turkish highways with their vans—perhaps the most famous one, the Ataköy caravan park, known amongst the RV-ers for its convenient location in the city of Istanbul is long history (but there is another one still in operation several kilometres out in the western suburbs of the city). However, caravan riders can stay overnight in numerous resting areas along the highways and motorways, or virtually in any place which seems to be suitable. Filling the water tanks and discharging wastewater effluent seems to matter most.

Booking.com

The service to make reservations for Turkey is only available outside of Turkey. This is due to a tax struggle between the website and the government. So, you best book your accommodation before coming to Turkey. Otherwise, you can always use Tor or a VPN to get around this limitation.

Learn

• Naile's Art Home [2] is a marbling paper (Ebru) gallery and workshop in Cappadocia.
• Kayaköy Art School [3]^{[dooie skakel]}, in Kayaköy, a ghost town near Fethiye is offering art classes in summer, specializing on photography, painting, and sculpture.
• You can take the Ottoman Turkish classes in Adatepe, a village frequented by intellectuals near Küçükkuyu/Altınoluk in the northern Aegean Region. You can also participate in philosophy classes [4] taking place every summer in nearby Assos, organized as a continuation of the ancient “agora”/”forum” tradition of Mediterranean cities.
• Glass workshops around Beykoz on the northern Asian banks of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, are offering one-day classes that you can learn making (recycled) glass and ornaments made of glass.
• There are many language schools where you can study Turkish in most of the big cities. Ankara University affiliated Tömer is one of the most popular language schools in Turkey and has branches in many big cities, including Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir among others.
• Many Turkish universities (both public and private) participate in pan-European student exchange programs (Socrates, Erasmus, and the like). Some also have agreements with non-European universities, too. Check with your own university and the one where you intend to study in Turkey.
• Many foreigners living in Istanbul support themselves by teaching English. Finding a good teaching job is usually easier with a well-recognized certificate like the ones listed below:
  • ITI Istanbul in 4. Levent runs Cambridge University's CELTA and DELTA courses year-round [5]

Werk

Work as an English teacher is reasonably easy to stumble upon. ESL teachers with a Bachelor’s Degree and TESOL Certificate can expect to earn 800-2,500 TL (monthly) and will usually teach 20–35 hours in a week. Contracts will sometimes include accommodations, airfare, and health-care.

Being that import-export is huge in Turkey, there are also many opportunities outside of teaching, though these are often much more difficult to find and require some legal work.

You need to have a work permit to work in Turkey. The control over illegal workers have grown stricter in the past five years with the consequence of deportation, so take the work permit issue seriously.

However, if you have your own company in Turkey you are allowed to "manage" it without having a work permit. Setting up what is known as an FDI (foreign direct investment) company is relatively straightforward, takes a few days and costs around 2,300 TL (April 2007). You don't need a Turkish partner, the company can be 100% foreign owned and requires a minimum of two people as shareholders. Running costs for a company average about 2,500 TL per year for a small to medium enterprise, less for an inactive company.

Owning a company allows you to be treated as Turkish in respect of purchasing real estate and bypasses the need for military permission and allows you to complete a sale in one day if required.

Bly veilig

Dial 155 for police, from any telephone without charge. However, in rural areas there is no police coverage, so dial 156 in such a place for jandarma (Military Police), a military unit for rural security.

Big cities in Turkey, especially Istanbul, are not immune to petty crime. Although petty crime is not especially directed towards tourists, by no means are they exceptions. Snatching, pickpocketing, and mugging are the most common kinds of petty crime. The installation and operation of a camera network which watches streets and squares –especially the central and crowded ones- 24-hour a day in Istanbul, has reduced the number of snatching and mugging incidents. Just like anywhere else, following common sense is recommended. (The following recommendations are for the big cities, and most small-to-mid size cities usually have no petty crime problems at all.) Have your wallet and money in your front pockets instead of back pockets, backpack or shoulder bag.

You should drive defensively at all times and take every precaution while driving in Turkey. Drivers in Turkey routinely ignore traffic regulations, including driving through red lights and stop signs, and turning left from the far right lane; these driving practices cause frequent traffic accidents. Drivers who experience car troubles or accidents pull to the side of the road and turn on their emergency lights to warn other drivers, but many drivers place a large rock or a pile of rocks on the road about 10-15 m behind their vehicles instead of turning on emergency lights. You may not use a cell phone while driving. It is strictly prohibited by law.

Don’t exhibit your camera or cellphone for too long if it is a new and/or expensive model (they know what to take away, no one will bother to steal a ten-year-old cell phone as it would pay very little). The same goes for your wallet, if it’s overflowing with money. Leave a wide berth and move away from the area quickly if you see two or more people begin to argue and fight as this may be a ruse to attract your attention while another person relieves you of your valuables. Be alert, this often happens very quickly. Watch your belongings in crowded places and on public transport, especially on trams and urban buses.

Avoid dark and desolate alleys at night. If you know you have to pass through such a place at night, don’t take excessive cash with you but instead deposit your cash into the safe-box at your hotel. Stay away from demonstrating crowds if the demonstration seems to be turning into an unpeaceful one. Also in resort towns, when going to beach, don’t take your camera or cell phone with you if there will be no one to take care of them while you are swimming. If you notice that your wallet has been stolen it is wise to check the nearest trash cans before reporting the loss to the police. It is often the case that thieves in Turkey will drop the wallet into the trash to avoid being caught in possession of the wallet and proven a thief. Obviously it is highly likely that your money will no longer be in it, but there is a chance that your credit cards and papers will be.

Sien ook scams section of Istanbul article to have an idea about what kinds of scams you may come across with in other parts of the country too, especially the touristy ones, not just Istanbul.

Upon entering some museums, hotels, metro stations, and almost all shopping malls, especially in larger cities, you will notice security checkpoints similar to those found in airports. Don't worry, this is the standard procedure in Turkey and does not imply an immediate danger of attack. These security screenings are also conducted in a much more relaxed way than the airports, so you will not have to remove your belt to avoid the alarm when walking through the metal detector.

Carry your passport or other means of identification at all times. One may not be requested to show them for a long period, then all of a sudden a minibus is checked by the traffic police (or the military, particularly in Eastern Turkey), or one runs into an officer of the law with time on his hand, and one must show papers. Some government buildings may ask you to temporarily surrender your passport in return for equipment such as headphones for simultaneous translation, etc., and you may find your passport stored in an open box along with the locals ID cards which may be a little disconcerting. Hotels may request you to hand your passport in until you paid the bill, which puts you into an awkward situation. Referring to the police always made them hand the passport back, once the registration procedure was finalized. Showing a personal visiting card, one or two credit cards or knowing the address of a respectable hotel may solve the no-papers situation, but any self-respecting officer will tell you that you are in the wrong, and will be sorry next time. If treated politely however police and military can be quite friendly and even offer rides to the next city (no joke intended).

If you intend to travel to Eastern of Southeastern Anatolia, stay ahead of the news. Although it offers many beautiful sights, the situation is far from secure due to ethnic strife and protests, sometimes resulting in violence. The region is far from a war zone, but take precaution when visiting this volatile place. The real risk of threat is not very big though, if you stick on major routes and follow common sense rules (such as avoiding demonstrations).

Be careful when crossing the roads , as mentioned in the get around/on foot section.

Animals

The Turkish wilderness is home to both venomous and non-venomous snake (yılan) species. Southern and especially southeastern parts (even cities) of the country have large numbers of scorpions (akrep), so exercise caution if/when you are sleeping on open rooftops, which is common in the southeastern region in summer. If you are stung by one, seek urgent medical aid.

As for wild mammals, the most dangerous ones are wolves, bears en wild boars, but attacks on humans are extremely rare. All of these animals live only in mountainous areas (of almost all regions) and your chance of sighting one is very low (except boars which are not so rare). Wolves and bears are unlikely to attack unless you follow or disturb them (or, particularly, their young) aggressively. However, in the mating season between November and January, boars are known to attack even with only the slightest provocation.

The biggest animal threat comes from stray dogs (or sheepdogs in rural areas). Don’t assume you will come across gangs of aggressive stray dogs next to the gate of Hagia Sophia or the beach club however. They are mostly found in rural areas and non-central parts of the cities. They are usually discreet and are usually more afraid of you than you are of them. Rabies (kuduz) is endemic in Turkey (and most of the world) [6], so anyone bitten by a dog or other carnivore should seek urgent treatment, despite what you may be told by your hotel or other well meaning strangers.

Many stray dogs you’ll see in the cities bear plastic “ear rings”. Those ear tags mean the dog was cleaned up, vaccinated (against rabies and a number of other diseases), sterilized, and then returned back to the streets as this is the most humane treatment (compare with keeping them in a cage or a cage-like environment or putting them to sleep). The process is going on, so we can assume the stray dog problem in Turkey will disappear in natural ways sometime in the future.

Weather

Most of Turkey has hot summers, with extremely hot summers in the southeastern interior, and while no part of Turkey is a desert, be extra careful when going to the south and southeast if you have never been in a hot-summer climate before. Take it easy on the first few days of your vacation. It’s always an excellent idea to put extra sunscreen on and avoid alcohol as you get used to the summer heat. However despite stereotypes, Turkey isn’t hot all year round. There are harsh winters in the central and especially eastern regions of the country and in the mountains, and the northern parts of Turkey (see Marmara en Black Sea regions) have mild, maritime climates with warm but not hot summers.

Natural disasters

Much of Turkey is prone to earthquakes.

Tourism Police

There are "Tourism Police" sections of the police departments of Ankara, Antalya, Istanbul (in Sultanahmet), and Izmir providing help specifically for tourists, where travellers can report passport loss and theft or any other criminal activity, they may have become victims of. The staff is multilingual and will speak English, German, French, and Arabic.

Stay healthy

Dial 112 from any telephone, anywhere, free of charge for an ambulance.

Food safety - Food is generally free of parasitic or bacterial contamination, but be prudent anyway. Look at where local people are preferring to eat. Do not eat stuff that is sold outdoors, at least in summer and at least which local folk don’t eat. They can spoil fairly quickly without needed refrigeration. Wash thoroughly and/or peel fresh fruits and vegetables. They may be free of biological contaminants but their skin is probably heavily loaded with pesticides (unless you see the not-very-common certified organic produce marker on, of course). Food in western regions of the country is OK for (western) travellers for the most part, but the more east, south, and northeast you go, the more unaccustomed contents in the food you’ll come across, like goat or goose meat or hot/heavy spices. These contents may or may not cause diarrhea, but it is wise to have at least some anti-diarrhea medicine nearby, especially if you are going to travel to places a bit off-beaten-track.

Water safety - However tempting it may be on a hot day, try to avoid water from public water tanks and fountains (şadırvan), frequently found in the vicinity of mosques. Also, though tap water is mostly chlorinated, it is better to drink only bottled water except when in remote mountain villages connected to a local spring. Bottled water is readily available everywhere except the most remote, uninhabited spots.

The most common volumes for bottled water are 0.5 litre and 1.5 L. 5 L, 8 L, 10 L, and gigantic 19 L bottles (known as office jar in the West, this is the most common variety used in households, delivered to houses by the employees of specialized water selling shops, because it is far too heavy to carry) can also be found with varying degrees of possibility. General price for half-a-litre and one-and-a-half-litre bottled water is 0.50 TL and 1.25 TL respectively in kiosks/stalls in the central parts of the cities and towns (can be much higher in a touristy or monopolistic place such as beach, airport, café of a much-visited museum, kiosk of a roadside recreation facility), while it can be as cheap as 0.15 TL and 0.35 TL respectively in supermarkets during winter (when the number of bottled water sales drop) and a little higher in summer (still cheaper than kiosks, though). Water is served free of charge in intercity buses, packaged in 0.25 l plastic cups, whenever you request from the steward. In kiosks, water is sold chilled universally, sometimes so cold that you have to wait the ice to thaw to be able to drink it. Supermarkets provide it both reasonably chilled and also at room temperature.

If you have no chance of finding bottled water –for example, in wilderness, up in the eastern highlands- always boil your water; if you have no chance of boiling the water, use chlorine tablets – which can be provided from pharmacies in big cities - or devices like LifeStraw. Also avoid swimming in fresh water, which you are not sure about its purity, and at seawater in or near the big cities –unless a beach which is declared safe to swim exists. And lastly, be cautious about water, not paranoid.

Hospitals – In Turkey, there are two kinds of hospitals (hastane)-private and public. Private hospitals are run by associations, private parties, and private universities. Public hospitals are run by the Ministry of Health, public universities, and state-run social security institutions. All mid-to-big size cities and as major resort towns have private hospitals, more than one in many cities, but in a small town all you can find will probably be a public hospital. Public hospitals are generally crowded. So expect to wait some time to be treated. But for emergency situations this won't be a problem. Although this is not legal, you may also be denied entry to the public hospitals for expensive operations if you don’t have a state-run national (Turkish) insurance or a necessary amount of cash for prepayment which replaces it, though showing a respected credit card may solve this problem. Emergency situations are exception and you'll be treated without prepayment, etc. Travel health insurance is highly recommended because the better private hospitals operate with the “user-pays” principle and their rates are much inflated compared with the public hospitals. Also make sure your insurance includes air transport (like a helicopter) if you are going to visit rural/wilderness areas of Black Sea or Eastern regions, so you can be dispatched to a city with high-standard hospitals on time. In the outlying hoods of cities, there are usually also policlinics which can treat simpler illnesses or injuries. In the villages all you can find are little clinics (sağlık ocağı, literally “health-house”) which have a very limited supply and staff, though they can effectively treat simple illnesses or provide antibody against, for example, snake bite. On road signage, hospitals (and roads leading to hospitals) are shown with an “H” (over the dark blue background), whereas village clinics are shown with a red crescent sign, Turkish equivalent of red cross.

There is an emergency ward (acil servis) open 24 hours a day in every hospital. Suburban policlinics don’t have to provide one, but some of them are open 24-hr anyway. Village clinics do certainly have a much limited opening hours (generally 08:00 to sunset).

Dentists – There are lots of private dentist offices in the cities, especially along the main streets. Look for the diş hekimi signs around, it won’t take long before you see one. Most dentists work on an appointment, although they may check or start the treatment on your turning up without an appointment if their schedule is okay. A simple treatment for a tooth decay costs about 40 TL on the average.

Ordinary toothbrushes and pastes (both local and international brands) can be obtained from supermarkets. If you want something special, you may check out pharmacies. It is okay to brush teeth with tap water.

Pharmacies - There are pharmacies (eczane in Turkish) in all cities and many towns. Pharmacies are open 08:30-19:00, however every town has at least one drugstore on duty overnight (nöbetçi eczane), all other pharmacies in the town usually display its name, address and telephone numbers on their windows. Most basic drugs, including painkillers such as Aspirin, are sold over the counter, although only in pharmacies.

Mosquitoes - Keeping a mosquito repellent handy is a good idea. Although the risk of malaria anywhere in the country is long gone (except the southernmost areas near the Syrian border which used to have a very low level of risk until up to 1980s), mosquitoes can be annoying especially in coastal areas out of cities, including vacation towns at nights between June and September. In some towns, especially the ones near the deltas, mosquito population is so large that people desert the streets during the “mosquito raid” which occurs between the sunset and one hour after that. DEET-containing aerosol repellents (some are suitable to apply to the skin while others, the ones that are in tall tin cans are for making a room mosquito-free before going to bed, not to be applied onto skin, so choose what you buy wisely) can be obtained from supermarkets and pharmacies. There are also solid repellents coming in a tablet form which are used with their special devices indoors having an electricity socket. They release scentless chemicals into the air of the room which disturb the senses of mosquitoes and make them unable to “find” you. The tablets, together with their devices, can also be obtained from supermarkets and pharmacies. Beware! You shouldn’t touch those tablets with bare hands.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (Kırım-Kongo kanamalı ateşi in Turkish, shortly KKKA) is a serious viral disease and transmitted by a tick (kene) species. It can kill the infected person in a very short time, usually within three or four days. This disease has claimed more than 20 lives in Turkey within the past two years. The biggest risk is in the rural parts (nie urban centres) of Tokat, Corum, Yozgat, Amasya, en Sivas provinces, all situated in an area where disease-carrying tick thrives because of the area’s location between the humid climate of maritime Black Sea Region and arid climate of Central Anatolia. Authorities recommend to wear light coloured clothing which makes distinguishing a tick clinged to your body easier. It’s also recommended to wear long trousers rather than shorts if you plan to walk through dense and/or tall grass areas (the usual habitat for ticks). If you see a tick on your body or clothing, in no means try to pull it out since this may cause the tick’s head (and its mouth where it carries the virus) sticking inside your skin. Instead, go to the nearest hospital immediately to seek urgent expert aid. Being late to show up in hospital (and to diagnose) is number one killer in this disease. Symptoms are quite like that of flu and a number of other illnesses, so doctor should be informed about the possibility of CCHF and be shown the tick if possible.

Coastal Black Sea Region, Marmara Region, Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, and East Anatolia are generally deemed free of this disease (and also free of the disease-carrying species of tick) with no casualties. But in the name of being cautious, you should head for the nearest hospital anyway if you are bitten by (most likely an innocent) tick. Also remember that if you should head for the danger zone described above, ticks are not active in winter. Their active period is April to October, so is the danger period.

Public restrooms - Though many main squares and streets in the cities have a public restroom, if you cannot manage to find one, look for the nearest mosque, where you will see a public restroom in a corner of, or below its courtyard. Despite the fact that there is no shortage of cheap toilet papers anywhere in the country, however, you are unlikely to find toilet paper in almost any of the public restrooms (except lavatories of restaurants –including the road restaurants, hotels and most of the cafés and bars, of course). Instead, you are likely to find a bidet or a tap. (Don't be puzzled. That's because devout Muslims use water instead of paper to clean up and paper usually used as a dryer after cleaning.). So it is a good idea to have a roll of toilet paper in your backpack during your walkings for sightseeing. It is best to take your single roll of toilet paper from home or bathroom of the hotel you’re staying at, because the smallest size available in Turkey market is 4-rolls per package (8-rolls per package being the commonest) which would last very long (actually longer than your trip, unless you will do all the road down to India overland). It isn’t expensive but it takes unnecessary backpack space, or unnecessary landfill space if you won’t use it liberally and won’t take the unused rolls back to home as an unusual souvenir from Turkey. In the better places on the road in the country there are rest rooms that are maintained and an attendant ready to collect 1 TL from the tourist for the privilege of using one. Restroom is tuvalet in colloquial Turkish, though you’ll more likely to see WC signs, complete with diagrams and doors signed Bay of Bayan (respectively "men" and "women").

Menstrual products – Different types and designs of disposable pads are widely available. Look around in the supermarkets. However, Turkish women prefer tampons much less than European women do, so they are rarer. They are available only in some of the pharmacies.

Hamam - If you haven't been to one, you've missed one of life's great experiences and never been clean. You can catch your inner peace with history and water in a bath (hamam). See hamams in Istanbul.

Respect

Things to do

Turks are a very friendly, polite and hospitable people, sometimes even to a fault.

• When you are invited into a Turkish home, make sure to bring them a gift. Anything is fine from flowers to chocolate and indeed something representative from your country (but not wine and other alcoholic beverages if you are about to meet the host or if you do not know them well enough, as many Turks, for religious reasons or not, do not drink alcoholic beverages, and that is why it would be considered inappropriate as a gift). When you arrive at the house take off your shoes just outside or immediately inside the door, unless the owner explicitly allows you to keep them on. Even then, it might be more polite to remove your shoes. And if you really want their respect, thank your host for the invitation and compliment them. When inside the house, don't ask for anything for they will surely offer it. The host will make sure to make you feel at home, so don't take advantage of their kindness.
• People in Turkey respect elderly people, so in a bus, tram, subway and in other forms of public transportation, young(er) people will always offer you a place to sit if you are an old(er) person as well as a handicapped person or a pregnant woman or have children with you.
• It is respectful to bend slightly (not a complete bow) when greeting someone older or in a position of authority.
• Try to use some Turkish phrases. They will be complimentary if you try, and there is no reason to be embarrassed. They realize that Turkish is very difficult for foreigners and won't scoff at all at your mistakes; on the contrary, they will be delighted for trying it, even if they may not always be able to understand your pronunciation!

Things to avoid

Turkish people understand that visitors are usually not aware of Turkish culture and customs, and tend to be tolerant of blunders in this regard by foreigners. There are, however, some which will meet with universal disapproval, and these should be avoided at all costs:

Politics:

• Turks in general have very strong nationalistic views, and would view any criticisms of their country and expressions and attitudes insulting the Turkish flag, the republic and Atatürk - the founding father of the republic as very offensive and with varying degrees of hostility. Moreover, it is illegal to denigrate Turkey, the Turkish nation, or the Turkish government. To avoid getting into the bad raps of your hosts, it is advisable to only praise the country and avoid bringing up anything negative about it.
• Don't mention the Armenian Genocide, Kurdish separatism and the Cyprus problem. These are extremely sensitive topics and are definitely to be avoided. Die Turkse samelewing het 'n baie emosionele benadering tot hierdie kwessies. In die besonder is sommige verklarings oor die Armeense volksmoord, insluitend die verwysing daarna as 'n volksmoord onwettig in Turkye.

Simbole

• Wees respek vir die Turkse volkslied. Moenie die Turkse volkslied bespot of naboots nie, want Turke is baie trots en sensitief oor hul nasionale simbole en sal baie aanstoot neem.
• Wees respek vir die Turkse vlag. Moenie dit op plekke sit waar mense sit of staan ​​nie, moenie dit sleep nie, moet dit nie kreukel nie, moet dit nie besoedel nie en moet dit nie as 'n rok of uniform gebruik nie. Die Turke sal nie net baie aanstoot neem nie, en die skending van die Turkse vlag is boonop 'n strafbare oortreding. Die vlag is uiters belangrik en word gerespekteer in Turkye.
• Ondanks wanopvattings is Turkye nie Grieks, Irans of Arabies nie. Om Turkye met daardie lande te vergelyk, is baie frustrerend en aanstootlik vir plaaslike inwoners weens politieke en kulturele verskille.

Godsdiens:

• Turkye is 'n oorwegend Moslemland, hoewel wel sekulêr, en hoewel u verskillende mate van Islamitiese praktyk in Turkye sal sien, met die meeste Turke wat 'n liberale vorm van Islam onderskryf, is dit uiters onbeskof om sommige van sy tradisies te beledig of te bespot, en te verseker dat jy praat nie sleg van die Islamitiese godsdiens nie. Met betrekking tot die oproep tot gebed, wat 5 keer per dag gelees word van die sprekers van die talle moskees in Turkye. Moenie hierdie oproepe bespot of naboots nie, want Turke is uiters trots en sensitief oor hul erfenis en kultuur en sal baie aanstoot neem.

Moenie gedurende die Ramadan bedags eet, drink, rook of kougom in die openbaar kou nie. Dit is nie onwettig as u in Iran of die Arabiese lande hou nie, maar dit is oneerbiedig teenoor plaaslike inwoners. As u nie 'n Moslem is nie en wil eet, is dit goed om dit in u hotelkamer te doen. Die Ramadan-etiket is egter redelik ontspanne, veral in die toeristegebiede en internasionale gebiede van groot stede.

Inbreuke op maatskaplike gebruik en etiket:

• Moenie probeer om 'n vroom Moslem (met 'n hoofdoek) vrou te skud nie, tensy sy eers haar hand aanbied, en met 'n vroom Moslem (wat dikwels met 'n pet en baard herkenbaar is), tensy hy eers sy hand aanbied.
• Moenie neus blaas tydens etes nie, selfs nie diskreet nie. Dit word as uiters onbeskof beskou.
• Moenie tande optel tydens etes nie, selfs nie diskreet nie. Dit word as uiters onbeskof beskou.
• Moenie u voete regop sit terwyl u sit nie en probeer om nie die onderkant van u voete aan iemand te wys nie. Dit word as onbeskof beskou.
• Moenie met u vinger na iemand wys nie, selfs nie diskreet nie. Dit word as onbeskof beskou.
• Moenie kougom kou tydens 'n gesprek en tydens openbare geleenthede nie. Dit word as uiters onbeskof beskou.
• Moenie iemand aanraak sonder toestemming nie. Dit word as uiters onbeskof beskou.
• Moenie iemand met drukkies of rugklap dra nie, veral nie in formele situasies en geleenthede nie, en met iemand wat u pas ontmoet het en / of wat u nie goed genoeg ken nie. Dit word as baie onbeskof beskou.
• Moenie vloekwoorde gebruik tydens 'n gesprek of in die openbaar en ook onder vriende nie. Dit word as uiters onbeskof beskou.
• Publieke dronkenskap (veral die harde en onaangename variëteit) word beslis nie waardeer nie, en veral in meer konserwatiewe gebiede in die land word dit nie goedgekeur nie. Dronk toeriste kan ook die aandag van sakkerollers trek. Wat veral deur die polisie egter nie met dronkenskap geduld word nie, as dit gepaard gaan met fisieke aggressiwiteit teenoor ander mense, kan dit lei tot 'n boete en as dit herhaal word, kan 'n swaarder boete en / of 'n besoek aan die polisiekantoor lei ( as u 'n toeris is, kan dit lei tot 'n deportasie uit die land).
• Sekere gebare wat algemeen in Wes-Europa voorkom, word in Turkye as onbeskofte uitdrukkings beskou. Mense is geneig om verdraagsaam te wees as hulle kan sien dat jy 'n buitelander is. Hulle weet dat u dit waarskynlik onbewustelik doen, maar as u die tyd neem om dit in gedagte te hou, sal u geen misverstande hê nie. Om 'n 'O' met jou duim en wysvinger te maak (asof jy "OK!" Wil sê) is onbeskof omdat jy die gebaar maak vir 'n gat - wat konnotasies het wat verwys na homoseksualiteit in die Turkse psige. Vermy om op u tong te klik. Sommige mense doen dit onbewustelik aan die begin van 'n sin. Dit is 'n gebaar van ontslag. Ook die 'got your neus'-gebaar wat gemaak word deur 'n vuis te maak en jou duim tussen jou wysvinger en die middelvinger te plaas, word in Turkye as die ekwivalent van die middelvinger beskou.

Ander dinge om op te let

• Publieke liefdesvertoon in groter stede en toeriste-oorde word geduld, maar kan onnodige blik van die publiek uitlok. In meer landelike gebiede word dit afgekeur en moet dit vermy word. Gay en lesbiese reisigers moet enige uiterlike tekens van geneentheid vermy, want dit sal beslis onnodige blik van die publiek uitlok. Egter openlike betoning van liefde ongeag seksuele oriëntasie word as onvanpas beskou.
• Vermy skree of praat hard in die openbaar. Om hard te praat, word oor die algemeen as onbeskof beskou, veral met die openbare vervoer. Om met 'n mobiele telefoon in die openbare vervoer te praat, word nie as onbeskof beskou nie, maar normaal, tensy die gesprek te "privaat" is.
• Dit is nie so algemeen dat Turke glimlag nie. Vermy om na 'n vreemdeling te glimlag, want as u dit doen, sal hulle waarskynlik nie in natura reageer nie, en hulle sal u ook as vreemd beskou. Om in Turkye te glimlag teenoor vreemdelinge in die openbaar, word nie gedoen nie en kan as onvanpas beskou word. Glimlag is tradisioneel gereserveer vir familie en vriende; Om na 'n vreemdeling te glimlag, kan as vreemd beskou word, asof u met hulle spot, en daar is iets fout met hul klere of hare.
• Die meeste Turkse bestuurders sal nie voetoorgange respekteer nie. Wees dus versigtig wanneer u die straat oorsteek.

Moskees

Vanweë godsdienstige tradisies moet alle vroue hoofdoeke dra en nie minirompe of kortbroeke dra as hulle 'n moskee (of 'n kerk en sinagoge) binnegaan nie. Dieselfde geld ook vir die grafte van Islamitiese heiliges, as die graf nie 'n museum genoem word nie. As u nie 'n sjaal of 'n sjaal op u kop het nie, kan u een by die ingang leen. Die dra van 'n serp is egter ietwat ontspanne, veral in die groot moskees van Istanbul waar toeriste gereeld voorkom. In sulke moskees word niemand gewaarsku oor hul klere of weens die gebrek aan kopdoeke nie. Selfs as u 'n hoofdoek moet dra, hoef u nie te bekommer oor hoe hoofdoeke behoorlik gedra kan word nie; plaas dit op die kroon van u kop (u kan dit onder u ken of agter u nek draai, sodat dit nie gly nie. ), wat buitensporig voldoende sal wees.

Mans moet ook broeke dra, nie 'n kortbroek nie, wanneer hulle 'n moskee (of kerk of sinagoge) binnegaan, maar niemand word deesdae gewaarsku oor hul klere nie (ten minste in groot stede). As u in 'n meer landelike gebied 'n moskee binnegaan, kan u verwag dat u alle tradisionele prosedures sal volg.

Gedurende die gebedstyd kies aanbidders om in die voorste rye van die moskees te staan, om op so 'n tyd agter te bly en nie te probeer lawaai nie. Gedurende die Vrydagmiddag gebed, wat die meeste bygewoon word, kan u gevra word om die moskee te verlaat, moet dit nie persoonlik opneem nie, want die moskee sal baie druk wees, daar is net nie genoeg plek vir beide aanbidders nie en die toeriste. U kan terugkom sodra aanbidders buite die hek is.

Anders as in sommige ander Midde-Oosterse kulture, word daar in Turkse kultuur afgekeur om te eet, te drink, te rook (wat streng verbode is), hard te praat of te lag, te slaap of net te lê en selfs op die grond te sit. Publieke vertoon van liefde is beslis taboe.

Alle skoene moet verwyder word voordat u enige moskee binnegaan. Daar is skoene-lessenaars in die moskees, maar u kan kies om dit in u hand te hou ('n plastieksak wat slegs hiervoor gebruik sal word) sal tydens u besoek help. Sommige moskees het kluiskaste met 'n slot in plaas van skoenbankies.

Alhoewel daar amptelike openingstye is, wat gewoonlik korter is as wat die moskee eintlik oop is, by die ingange van die mooiste moskees, beteken dit eintlik niks nie. U kan 'n moskee besoek solank sy hekke oop is.

Ondanks die vreemde toeriste wat nie aan die kleredrag voldoen nie, is dit die beste om konserwatief aan te trek en alle tradisionele prosedures te volg wanneer u moskees, grafte en ander aanbiddingsplekke binnegaan; nie net omdat dit nodig is nie, maar ook as teken van respek.

Gay en lesbiese reisigers

Turkye word beskou as redelik veilig vir gay en lesbiese reisigers, en geweld teen homoseksuele is skaars. Daar is geen wette teen homoseksualiteit in Turkye nie, maar verhoudings van dieselfde geslag word nie deur die regering erken of deur die samelewing aanvaar nie. As u u seksuele oriëntasie openlik openbaar, sal u waarskynlik staar en fluister.

Verbind

Krag

Alle busse het 'n UBS-aansluiting om u foon te laai. Dit is dus nie nodig om 'ton' kragbanke te vervoer nie.

Noodgeval

Skakel 112 vir 'n ambulans op enige plek, vanaf enige telefoon, sonder koste. In geval van brand, skakel 110; vir polisie, bel 155. In landelike gebiede is daar egter geen polisie-dekking nie, skakel dus 156 vir gendarme, 'n militêre eenheid vir landelike veiligheid. Al hierdie nommers is gratis en kan gebel word vanaf 'n telefoonhokkie sonder om 'n telefoonkaart in te sit, of enige telefoon, insluitend selfone.

Telefoon

Alhoewel dit nie so algemeen was nie, openbare betaalfone kan steeds gevind word aan die kante van sentrale pleine en hoofstrate in dorpe en stede en rondom poskantore (PTT), veral om hul buitemure. Met die uitfasering van ou magnetiese kaarte werk openbare telefone nou met skyfies telekom kaarte wat in 30, 60 of 120 eenhede beskikbaar is en by poskantore, koerant- en tabakskioskies verkrygbaar is. (Noodnommers kan egter gebel word sonder 'n kaart of enige iets vanaf hierdie fone.) U kan ook u kredietkaart op hierdie fone gebruik, alhoewel dit nie moontlik werk nie. Alle telefone in die hutte het Turkse en Engelse instruksies en spyskaarte, baie het ook Duits en Frans.

Daar is ook telefone beskikbaar in sommige kiosks en winkels waar u kontant betaal na u oproep. Soek dit om dit te sien kontürlü telefon tekens. Hierdie telefone is egter duurder as dié by die hutte.

Daar word beraam dat ongeveer 98% van die bevolking van Turkye binne die dekkingsgebiede van die drie van Turkye woon loopfoon lynverskaffers, en feitlik almal het een. Lynverskaffers van die meeste lande het swerwingsooreenkomste met een of meer van hierdie ondernemings.

Voorafbetaalde SIM-kaarte vir selfone kan vir 20–50 TL gekoop word. Dit kan op die lughawe gekoop word by aankoms of by die vele winkels in Istanbul en ander groot stede. Verskaffers sluit Vodafone in.

Buitelandse selfone sonder IMEI-registrasie word na 120 dae geblokkeer. Dit gebeur slegs as u 'n Turkse SIM-kaart gebruik. Telefone met 'n buitelandse SIM-kaart word nie beïnvloed deur die verstopping nie. Hierdie webwerf verduidelik hoe u u selfoon in Turkye kan registreer.

Hier is 'n vinnige lys van area kodes vir sommige groot stede en dorpe wat belangrik is vir toeriste:

212—Istanbul-Europese kant 216—Istanbul-Asiatiese kant, en Prinsseilande 224—Bursa, en Uludağ 232—Izmir, en Çeşme 242—Antalya, Alanya, Kemer, en Kaş 252—Muğla, Bodrum, Marmaris, en Fethiye 256—Aydın, en Kuşadası

258—Denizli, en Pamukkale 286—Çanakkale, en Gallipoli 312—Ankara 332—Konya 384—Nevşehir, en die meeste van Kappadosie (alhoewel 'n paar bekende Cappadocian dorpe wat deel uitmaak van Aksaray-provinsie het 382 as hul area kode)

Areakodes word gebruik wanneer u vanaf 'n selfoon of van buite die omgewing bel. Voorvoeg die kode met '0' as u nie die landkode gebruik nie, soos wanneer u van 'n vaste telefoon elders in die land bel.

Selfone het nommers wat begin met 5xx in plaas van die areakode. Hierdie kode word altyd gebruik, ook wanneer u plaaslik skakel of vanaf 'n telefoon met dieselfde voorvoegsel.

Getalle wat begin met 0800 betaalvry is, terwyl diegene wat begin met 0900 is hoë-fooi dienste. 7-syfergetalle wat begin met 444 (word hoofsaaklik deur maatskappye gebruik) word gehef as plaaslike oproepe, waar dit ook al in Turkye geskakel word.

Skakel 00 voor landkode vir internasionale oproepe van Turkye. Wanneer u na Turkye inskakel, is die landkode wat die stadskode en telefoonnommer moet voorvoeg 90.

Post

Poskantore is herkenbaar aan hul geel en swart PTT tekens. Briewe en kaartjies moet na 'n poskantoor geneem word, aangesien die posbusse op straat skaars is (en daar is geen waarborg dat dit hoegenaamd leeggemaak word nie, selfs nie as u een sien nie). Nietemin druk Turkish Post (PTT) 'n paar pragtige seëls. Posgeld vir kaartjies en briewe kos 1,60 TL vir binnelandse versendings, en 3,70 TL vir internasionale versendings, PTT webwerf vir tariewe. Hoofposkantore in stede is oop van 08: 30-20: 30, terwyl poskantore in dorpe en kleiner poskantore in stede gewoonlik van 08: 30-17: 30 oop is.

Poste restante/ algemene afleweringsbriewe moet na 'n adres gestuur word in die formaat van: amptelike volle naam van die geadresseerde (omdat die ontvanger gevra sal word vir 'n ID-kaart, paspoort of enigiets wat kan bewys dat hy of sy die regte ontvanger is) POSTRESTANT naam van die kwartaal / omgewing / distrik in 'n stad waar daar meer as een poskantoor is, of die naam van die stad waar die poskantoor is, en die poskode (indien bekend, nie verpligtend nie, algemeen beskikbaar by die ingang of in die binneland) mure van die poskantoor) en die naam van die provinsie waarin die woonbuurt geleë is. Die ontvanger moet 0,50 TL betaal na ontvangs van die pos.

Internet

Alhoewel dit nie so wydverspreid was as in die afgelope dekade nie internetkafees of netto kafees is steeds in redelike getalle in stede en dorpe beskikbaar. In werklikheid het enige groot stad minstens een. Almal het goeie DSL-verbindings, en die prys vir die verbinding is ongeveer 1,50 TL / uur. Die meeste, indien nie almal, van hierdie internetkafees het ook CD-skrywers wat beskikbaar is vir almal wat addisioneel betaal.

• Turkcell, die grootste selfoonoperateur. Verkoop 2 GB, 5 GB en 10 GB mobiele internet vir onderskeidelik 22 Tl, 28 TL en 32 TL, insluitend enkele minute en SMS'e.
• Vodafone
• Türk Telekom, voorheen Avea genoem

Sensuur

Sommige webbladsye word deur 'n hofbevel geblokkeer (byvoorbeeld as u nie foto's op webwerwe soos hierdie kan sien nie, omdat imgur geblokkeer is). Die meeste internetkafees omseil hierdie blokke deur truuks op hul instaan-instellings. Wikivoyage is nie vanaf 2021 geblokkeer, maar laai voor die reis vanlyn weergawes van die mees toepaslike gidse af via PDF of deur gebruik te maak Osmand, waarmee u alle gidse van Wikivoyage in een aflaai kry (slegs vir Android). U kan ook 'n VPN of Tor gebruik om die blokke te omseil. Die funksie "Veilige Wi-Fi" kan gratis op mobiele toestelle gebruik word.

Wi-Fi

• Elkeen hotel het hul eie WiFi. Sommige hotelle het probleme met hul netwerkopstelling of die verbinding as gevolg van die historiese ligging, maar op die minste het u gratis WiFi by u hotel. Al wat u hoef te doen is om die Wi-Fi-wagwoord te leer om toegang tot die internet te kry.

• Elkeen kafee, bistro, restaurant deel hul internet met hul gaste. Selfs die klein restaurante het nou internettoegang. Stabiliteit en spoed hang af van waar u is en in watter soort kafee, bistro of restaurant u is. Starbucks, Nero, ens., Het gewoonlik stabiele WiFi, tensy dit baie druk is. As u in 'n Starbucks is, hoef u slegs u toestel aan te sluit (SSID moet TTNET of DorukNet wees, en as u in Nero DorukNet is) en basiese inligting invul vir die verifikasie wat u moet invul. Daarna is jy gereed om te gaan. En as u in die ander restaurant of kafees is, kan u u kelner vra om SSID en wagwoord te kry, en daarna is u gereed om te gaan.

• Vry openbare Wi-Fi word aangebied deur die munisipaliteit van Istanbul in die mees algemene middestede en pleine, sien lys. Al wat u hoef te doen is om (natuurlik as u naby een van hierdie sentrums is) u ID via u selfoon te registreer en u sal 'n toegangswagwoord kry.

• Jy kan huur 'n mobiele Wi-Fi-hotspot tydens u verblyf in Turkye. Dit werk gebaseer op 3G-verbinding in die hele land, en u kan tot tien toestelle gelyktydig verbind. Hierdie sakpas-toestelle kan maklik aanlyn bespreek word. Alhoewel daar baie internasionale maatskappye is wat 'n mobiele hotspot huur, is daar hoofsaaklik twee plaaslike ondernemings werksaam: Alldaywifi en Rent'n Connect.