Alhoewel baie beskawings regoor die wêreld 'n tradisie het van klassieke musiek, as dit as 'n algemene term gebruik word, word die frase gewoonlik verstaan as verwysend na die tipe klassieke musiek wat ontstaan het Europa.
Verstaan
| “ | Penso che una vita per la musica sia una vita spesa bene ed è a questo che mi sono dedicato. "Ek dink 'n lewe in musiek is 'n goeie lewe en dit is waaraan ek myself toegewy het." | ” |
—Luciano Pavarotti, 1935-2007 | ||
Geskiedenis
Alhoewel klassieke musiek in die Middeleeue wortels het, is die bekendste tydperke die Barokperiode (laat 16de tot middel 18de eeu), die Klassieke tydperk (middel 18de tot vroeë 19de eeu) en die Romantiese tydperk (19de tot vroeë 20ste eeu). In die praktyk het die oorgang van die een periode na die volgende natuurlik geleidelik oor 'n aantal jare plaasgevind, en musiek wat gedurende die oorgangstydperke geskryf is, bevat dikwels aspekte van die tydperke wat hulle gespan het. Daar word ook vandag nog baie klassieke musiek geskryf, en hedendaagse klassieke musiek het ten minste 'n nis in baie dele van die wêreld.
Sedert die laat 19de eeu word Europese klassieke musiek sterk beïnvloed deur musiek van regoor die wêreld. In die besonder is impressionistiese komponiste (Claude Debussy en Maurice Ravel die bekendste) beïnvloed deur Javaans en Balinese gamelan musiek en musiek van Sjina; Afro-Amerikaans musiek soos ragtime, jazz en die blues het talle klassieke komponiste beïnvloed; en die ingewikkelde polyritmiese musiek van Afrika het baie modernistiese komponiste geïnspireer om ingewikkelde ritmes te gebruik en perkussiewe klanke te beklemtoon. Op hul beurt versprei kolonisasie en kulturele uitruil die uitvoering en samestelling van klassieke musiek in Europese styl en klassieke musiek, wat duidelik beïnvloed word deur plaaslike en Europese tradisies regoor die wêreld. Dit is interessant dat die belangrikste middelpunt van klassieke musiek in die 21ste eeu waarskynlik van Europa en Noord-Amerika na Oos-Asië verskuif, aangesien die deel van die wêreld die tendens van die stygende gemiddelde ouderdom van gehore vir klassieke musiek oor die algemeen gekelder het.
Klassieke ensembles was gewoonlik afhanklik van beskermhere. In die ou tyd was dit veral groot keiserlike howe soos dié van die Oostenryks-Hongaarse Ryk, die Russiese Ryk, Frankryk, Pruise, Bourgondië, die Koninkryk van Napels en die pousdom en die Rooms-Katolieke Kerk in die algemeen, asook prominente stadstate soos Venesië en Florence wat musiek ondersteun het, terwyl dit deesdae dikwels nasionale, provinsiale of munisipale regerings of stigtings is wat deur welgestelde individue en korporasies begin is.
Klassieke musiek vandag
Alhoewel klassieke musiek in die moderne tyd ietwat 'n nisgebied is, is dit ten minste in 'n groot deel van Europa in die samelewing aanwesig. Die meeste groter dorpe het 'n munisipale orkes, daar is baie klein professionele en amateur-ensembles, en die meeste kore en blaasorkes het 'n paar klassieke stukke in hul repertorium. Die meerderheid Europese dorpe bied ten minste een of twee konserte per jaar aan, hetsy in hul kerk of gemeentesaal of op 'n plaaslike baken. Sodoende vind u maklik konserte oral in Europa. Baie groot stede regoor die wêreld het ook orkestalle of bandshells in een of meer van hul parke, waar die plaaslike ensembles vir klassieke musiek gratis konserte kan hou vir spesiale geleenthede, gewoonlik in die somermaande.
'N Groot deel van die musiek van die groot klassieke komponiste uit die verlede het voortgegaan om die moderne lewe deur te dring, en sulke musiek word dikwels gebruik in filmpartiture, adverteer en word selfs in moderne popmusiek aangehaal. Klassieke musiek word vandag nog gekomponeer vir moderne films, met Ennio Morricone (die Dollartrilogie, Die Sending, Die hatige agt), John Williams (Star Wars, Harry Potter, Indiana Jones, Jurassic Park, E.T. die buite-aardse), Howard Shore (Die Here van die ringe, Die Hobbit, Die stilte van die lammers) en Hans Zimmer (Die leeu koning, Pirates of the Caribbean, Die donker ridder) naamlik selfs vir nie-musikant-geneigde mense. Nog 'n gebied waar kontemporêre klassieke musiek 'n belangrike rol speel, is in die videospeletjiebedryf, met Nobuo Uematsu (bekende komponiste van videospeletjies)Finale fantasie, Chrono Trigger), Christopher Tin (Beskawings IV, Beskawings VI), Koji Kondo (Super Mario Bros, Die legende van Zelda) en Martin O'Donnell (Halo).
Die Europese Unie vier die kontinent se musikale erfenis deur gebruik te maak van Beethoven se musikale samestelling van Ode tot vreugde as sy volkslied. Baie Latyn nasionale liedere, veral dié van Argentinië, Frankryk, Italië, en Uruguay, is deur entoesiaste van klassieke musiek bekend vir hul operakwaliteite, terwyl die melodie vir die volkslied van Duitsland is gekomponeer deur die beroemde 18de-eeuse Oostenrykse komponis Joseph Haydn (alhoewel oorspronklik vir 'n ander doel met verskillende lirieke). Russies komponis Alexander Alexandrov in opdrag van 'n aanhanger (Joseph Stalin) om die epiese koorstaatlied van die Sowjetunie te skryf, waarvan die melodie steeds gebruik word vir die moderne Russiese volkslied. Die openingstawe van Kanadase volkslied lyk ook vreemd met dié van The March of the Priesters uit Mozart Die Zauberflöte.
Genres
Klassieke musiekwerke word in verskillende genres ingedeel.
- Kamermusiek is musiek geskryf vir 'n klein ensemble (gewoonlik 3-9 spelers).
- A simfonie is geskryf vir 'n volledige simfonieorkes en het gewoonlik 3-4 bewegings.
- A konsert is 'n stuk vir een of meer solo-instrumentaliste en orkes, gewoonlik in drie bewegings.
- Liturgiese musiek is bedoel vir optrede in 'n godsdiensdiens. A massa is 'n musikale opset van die woorde van standaard Katolieke gebede; a rekwiem is 'n begrafnismis; vespers is die standaardreeks Katolieke aandgebede; a motet is 'n toonsetting van ander godsdienstige tekste, soos uit die Bybel; an volkslied is 'n soort Anglikaanse koormusiek wat gewoonlik gebruik maak van tekste uit die Heilige Skrif; a passie is 'n toonsetting van Evangeliese gedeeltes oor die gebeure wat gelei het tot die kruisiging van Jesus. Sien Christenskap # Christelike musiek vir meer inligting.
- A kantate is 'n werk vir een of meer vokale soliste met begeleiding van 'n orkes of klein ensemble en bevat dikwels 'n koor. Kantates is liturgies in die Lutherse kerk, maar hulle kan ook oor sekulêre onderwerpe handel.
- A sonate is 'n werk vir instrumente, gewoonlik 3-4 bewegings lank en gewoonlik vir 1-2 spelers, maar soms (soos in die geval van Barok-triosonates) vir vier of meer.
- Ballet is klassieke dans, of die musiek vir sulke dans.
- Opera is die klassieke eweknie vir musiekteater. Anders as in musiekteater word daar van sangers verwag om hul stemme te projekteer sonder die gebruik van mikrofone. Baie Franse opera's bevat ook een of meer balletsegmente. U kan die term soms ook raakloop operette, wat 'n lighartige werk is met gesproke dialoog, en word algemeen beskou as die voorloper van die moderne musiekteater.
- 'N oratorium is soortgelyk aan 'n opera, maar word minder gereeld opgevoer en meer dikwels in 'n kerk of konsertsaal opgevoer, en die teks is dikwels godsdienstig.
- 'N kunslied of Gelieg (uitgespreek soos die Engelse woord "lead"; meervoud Lieder) is 'n toonsetting van die woorde van 'n bekende digter, gewoonlik vir 'n solosanger onder begeleiding van die klavier en soms ook 'n ander instrument.
- Toevallige musiek is musiek geskryf vir 'n toneelstuk, film, videospeletjie of 'n ander aanbiedingsmedium wat nie hoofsaaklik musikaal is nie.
Terminologie
Musiek wat voor 1700 geskryf is, en veral voor 1600, word dikwels 'vroeë musiek' genoem, en instrumentale ensembles wat spesialiseer in die uitvoering van hierdie repertoire, word dikwels 'vroeë musiek'-groepe genoem, of as hulle instrumente gebruik wat in 'n soortgelyke styl gebou is as dié gebruik in daardie eeue, "oorspronklike instrumente" -groepe.
Musiek wat sedert 1900 geskryf is, en veral na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog, word dikwels 'moderne' of 'kontemporêre' musiek genoem, en ensembles wat spesialiseer in die uitvoering van hierdie periodes van klassieke musiek word dikwels 'kontemporêre musiek'-ensembles genoem, of veral as dit konsentreer. op wêreldpremières en ander onlangs saamgestelde musiek, "nuwe musiek" -ensembles.
Volgrootte orkeste word dikwels 'simfonieorkes' of 'filharmonie' genoem. 'N Simfonieorkes is geskik vir die speel van die standaard simfoniese repertorium, tot en met die simfonieë van Sjostakowitsj (vir Mahler-simfonieë moet daar dalk ekstra personeel gehuur word vir die konsert). "Filharmonie" beteken "liefde vir harmonie". Alhoewel hierdie terme verskillende afleidings het, verwys "simfonieorkes" en "filharmonie" in die praktyk na dieselfde grootte ensemble met dieselfde aanvulling op instrumente wat musiek uit dieselfde repertoire speel. Dit gesê, die presiese samestelling van orkeste wissel van stuk tot stuk, en baie operas en ballette benodig orkeste wat aansienlik van die standaard simfonieorkes verskil. Byvoorbeeld, Mozart s'n Die Zauberflöte vereis 'n glockenspiel, Tsjaikofski Die Neutkraker vereis 'n celesta, en die meeste barokstukke en operas uit die klassieke periode vereis 'n basso continuo bestaande uit 'n klavesimbel en miskien 'n tjello, theorbos en / of fagotte.
Die meeste orkeste bestaan uit vier instrumentfamilies, naamlik die strykers, houtblasers, koperblasers en slagwerkfamilies. Ondanks hul name, verwys die terme "houtblaas" en "koper" nie na die materiaal waarvan die instrument gemaak is nie, maar word dit eerder gebruik om die instrumente te klassifiseer op grond van hoe die klank geproduseer word. Die saxofoon is byvoorbeeld meestal van koper, maar word as 'n houtblaasinstrument geklassifiseer, terwyl die cornett en alphorn gewoonlik van hout is, maar as koperblaasinstrumente. Die verskil is dat houtblaasinstrumente vereis dat die kunstenaar 'n riet of mondstuk in hul mond steek of oor 'n lipplaat blaas, terwyl koperinstrumente vereis dat die kunstenaar hul lippe moet gons teen 'n mondstuk wat teen albei lippe gedruk word.
'N Ander vraag wat mense onlangs aan orkeste bekendstel, is wat die verskil is tussen die "eerste viole" en "tweede viole". Die antwoord is dat net soos in 'n strykkwartet, daar twee verskillende vioolpartye is wat dikwels verskillende note en ritmes speel, maar al hierdie musikante speel op viole.
In koormusiek is die vier hoofstemtipes in dalende volgorde van die sopraan, contralto of alto, tenoor en bas, met eersgenoemde twee gewoonlik deur vroue en die laasgenoemde gewoonlik deur mans gesing, alhoewel sommige kerkkore en opera's seuns die sopraan- en contralto-dele sing. Soliste in operas en konsertmusiek soos oratoriums sluit ook gereeld in mezzosoprane en baritone, wat gewoonlik die middelstemme van onderskeidelik die vroue en mans is. A countertenor verwys na 'n man wat in falsetto sing en hom dus hoër toonhoogtes kan gee. In 'n opera staan die hoofvrouesanger as die prima donna, terwyl die hoofsanger bekend staan as die primo uomo. Die prima donna is tipies 'n sopraan, terwyl die primo uomo sedert die romantiese periode tipies 'n tenoor was, alhoewel die primo uomo-rolle van die Italiaanse opera gewoonlik deur castrati tydens die barokke en vroeë klassieke periodes geneem is (castrati is mans wat voorheen gekastreer is. puberteit; hul rolle word gewoonlik gespeel deur countertenors of vroue in broeke / broekrolle in hedendaagse herlewings).
In getaloperas (so genoem omdat elke afdeling in die partituur met 'n nommer gemerk is, in volgorde van voorkoms), word die ouverture of sinfonia (of in die operas van Wagner, die voorspel) is die openingsafdeling, gespeel deur die orkes sonder sangers; dit bevat dikwels grepe van die mees onvergeetlike wysies wat jy later sal hoor. Sommige opera's uit die laat 19de eeu of later, soos dié van Giacomo Puccini, laat die ouverture heeltemal weg. 'N aria is 'n lied vir solo-stem en orkes, met dié vir twee stemme wat bekend staan as 'n duet, a driemanskap vir drie stemme en so meer (nommers met vier of meer sangers wat bepaalde rolle in 'n opera vertolk, word dikwels genoem ensembles, en daar is ook kore wat 'n skare stedelinge, kleinboere, herders, getuies van 'n misdaad of enige ander groep wat vir die plot relevant is, kan verteenwoordig. In deurgesonge operas is dialoog tussen karakters in die vorm van resitatiewewaarvan twee hoofsoorte bestaan: recitativo secco dit word slegs vergesel deur 'n klawerbord (klavesimbel of klavier) en recitativo companagnato dit word begelei deur die volledige orkes, of 'n wesenlike deel daarvan. Sommige opera-genres, soos die Duits Singspiel of die Franse opéra comique, bevat gesproke dialoog in die plek van gesingde resitatiewe. Romantiese opera gebruik die arioso, wat elemente van beide aria en resitatiewe style kombineer, eerder as om die voorheen algemene formule te gebruik om 'n resitatief te hê, gevolg deur 'n aria. Operas wat was deurgekomponeer het ook op die toneel gekom. Hierdie tipe opera is nie duidelik in verskillende afdelings verdeel nie, maar elke afdeling kan oorgaan sonder om na die volgende pauze te breek totdat die einde van 'n daad bereik is.
Die teks van 'n opera staan bekend as die libretto, en iemand wat libretti skryf, staan bekend as 'n libretis. Terwyl die komponis en librettis gewoonlik afsonderlike individue is, het sommige komponiste, miskien die bekendste Richard Wagner, ook die libretti vir hul eie opera geskryf. U kan ook sien dat die woord "libretto" gebruik word om die intrige van 'n ballet te verwys.
Praat
Italiaans word gewoonlik beskou as die belangrikste taal in klassieke musiek, met musikale terminologie byna uitsluitlik in Italiaans en die meeste opera's in Italiaans. Behalwe Italiaans, is die ander belangrikste operatale Duits en Frans, terwyl 'n handjievol belangrike werke in is Russies, Tsjeggies, Engels en Napolitaans. Frans is die belangrikste taal in ballet, met byna alle balletterminologie, sowel as die libretti van die meeste ballette in Frans.
Vir heilige musiek is Latyn die belangrikste liturgiese taal wat in die Rooms-Katolieke kerk gebruik word, terwyl Duits in die Lutherse kerk gebruik word, Engels in die Anglikaanse kerk en Church Slavonic in die Russies-Ortodokse kerk. Dit gesê, oratoriums, wat poog om Bybelse verhale in 'n meer operatiese styl te vertel om die publiek op te voed en te vermaak, kom in 'n wye verskeidenheid tale, soos Frans en Italiaans, bykomend tot die bogenoemde tale.
Bestemmings
Europa
As u in Europa is, is die Franse kabel-televisiekanaal Mezzo TV is 'n kanaal wat toegewy is aan klassieke musiekuitvoerings, en versprei gereeld optredes van opera's en ballette, insluitend 'n paar relatief obskure.
Benelux
- 1 Amsterdam, Nederland. Amsterdam is die tuiste van die beroemde Royal Concertgebouw-orkes wat gereeld in die Concertgebouw-konsertsaal optree saam met 'n verskeidenheid bekende orkeste wat besoek. Die Nederlandse Nasionale Opera en Ballet bied 'n eersteklas seisoen vir liefhebbers. Gedurende die somer bied Amsterdam ook drie fantastiese musiekfeeste aan: die Holland Festival, Robeco SummerNights en die Grachtenfestival.
- 2 Luik, België. Geboorteplek van André Grétry (1741-1813), die bekendste eksponent van die Franse opéra comique styl tydens die Klassieke tydperk, bekend vir meesterstukke soos Zémire en Azor (1771) en Richard Cœur-de-leeu (1784). Sy geboortehuis is omskep in die Musée Grétry, wat uitstallings oor die komponis se lewe en werke bevat.
Britse eilande
- 3 Cambridge, Engeland. Die kapel van King's College aan die Universiteit van Cambridge huisves een van die mees gesogte seunskore ter wêreld. Die koor, wat in 1441 deur Henry VI gestig is, sing elke dag van die jaar in die kapel en toer deur die hele Europa. Dit is steeds die bekendste vir sy Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols wat elke Oukersaand gehou word en regoor die wêreld op televisie en radio uitgesaai word.
- 4 Edinburgh, Skotland. Die Ou stad het St Cecilia's Hall, 'n klein konsertsaal wat in 1763 gebou is, en 'n museum met 'n groot versameling klassieke instrumente, en die Usher Hall. In die Suid is die Queen's Hall, basis vir die Skotse Kamerorkes.
- 5 Glasgow, Skotland. Die Royal Scottish National Orchestra (RSNO) is in die Royal Concert Hall gevestig. Scottish Opera is gebaseer in die Theatre Royal en tree gereeld op in Edinburgh, Aberdeen en Inverness. Skotse Ballet tree ook op in die Theatre Royal. Die Royal Conservatoire of Scotland het verskeie openbare opvoeringsruimtes waar ballet en klassieke musiek gesien kan word.
- 6 Londen, Engeland. Londen het 'n lang en gesiene musiekgeskiedenis, eers as die middelpunt van die Elizabethaanse musikale grootsheid (geassosieer met koningin Elizabeth I aan die begin van die 17de eeu, nie die huidige koningin nie) en daarna as die stad waarheen baie komponiste van die vasteland getoer of verhuis het. om hul fortuin te verdien, onder wie Handel, Johann Christian Bach, Haydn en Mendelssohn. Terwyl Engeland meestal komponiste met die roem van Mozart en Beethoven ontbreek, het dit nogtans verskeie internasionaal bekende komponiste opgelewer soos Thomas Tallis (1505-1585), Henry Purcell (1659-1695), Thomas Arne (1710- 1778, bekend vir Rule Britannia), Arthur Sullivan (1842-1900, bekend as die helfte van die operetteskryfspan van Gilbert & Sullivan), Edward Elgar (1857-1934), Gustav Holst (1874–1934) en Benjamin Britten ( 1913-1976), wat almal 'n groot deel van hul loopbane in Londen deurgebring het. Vandag is Londen een van die wêreld se voorste stede vir klassieke musiek. Dit is die tuiste van die London Philharmonic, die Royal Philharmonic, die London Symphony, die Royal Opera in Covent Garden en talle ander uitvoerende organisasies en het 'n fantastiese konsertsaal, die Royal Albert Hall, vanwaar die Proms (sien "Gebeurtenisse" hieronder) word elke jaar uitgesaai. In moderne tye is Londen ook bekend vir sy musiekkonservatoriums, waarvan die bekendste die Royal Academy of Music, die Royal College of Music en die Guildhall School of Music and Drama is. Westminster Abbey, een van die bekendste kerke in Londen, is ook bekend vir sy gesogte seunskoor.
- 7 Onderste Broadheath, Engeland. Geboorteplek van Edward Elgar (1857-1934), alom beskou as Engeland se eerste inheemse groot komponis sedert die dood van Henry Purcell in 1695, en bekend vir talle werke soos sy Pomp en omstandighede optogte, die klavier- en vioolduet Salut d'Amour, die Enigma-variasies en miskien sy kroonprestasie, die koorwerk Die droom van Gerontius, een van die beste stukke Engelse Katolieke godsdienstige musiek. Elgar se geboortehuis is omskep in 'n museum wat sy lewe herdenk.
- 8 York, Engeland. York se ikoniese Minster is 'n wonderlike atmosfeer vir klassieke musiek, waarvan konserte twee of drie keer per maand plaasvind. Hierdie antieke stad is ook die gasheer van die Nasionale Sentrum vir Vroeë Musiek, 'n belangrike sentrum vir die akademiese studie en uitvoering van musiek uit die Barok- en vroeë Klassieke tydperke, en die nog vroeër musiek uit die Middeleeue en Renaissance waaruit Klassieke musiek ontwikkel het. Die NCEM hou twee jaarlikse vroeë musiekfeeste in sy omgeboude hoofkwartier uit die 11de eeu, in die hoogsomer en tydens Kersfees. Aan die ander tydelike uiterste is York die tuisdorp van wyle John Barry, Oscar- en Grammy-bekroonde komponis van klankbane in films soos Dans met wolwe, James Bond en Uit Afrika; sy kinderhuis is versier met 'n blou gedenkplaat.
Sentraal-Europa
- 9 Bayreuth, Duitsland. Beroemd geassosieer met Richard Wagner. Die Festspielhaus, wat volgens Wagner se spesifikasies ontwerp is, bied elke somer die Richard Wagner-fees aan. Kaartjies is baie gewild, wat vereis dat 'n voornemende gehoorlid jare op 'n waglys moet wees, maar u kan nog steeds die stad besoek. Daar is ook die ouer barok-era Margravial Opera House, bekend vir sy weelderige interieur.
- 10 Berlyn, Duitsland. Die hoofstad van Duitsland het 'n lewendige musiektoneel, waaronder twee groot operaondernemings. Sy Filharmoniese Orkes het 'n geskiedenis en word al lank as een van die top 3 of so in die wêreld beskou. As gevolg van 40 jaar van afskorting, het dit 'n nalatenskap van beide kante van die muur, wat die munisipale finansies kan benadeel, maar dit is 'n plesier vir musiekliefhebbers.
- 11 Bonn, Duitsland. Ludwig van Beethoven se geboortestad. Die Beethoven Orkes speel simfoniekonserte in die Beethovenhalle en begelei opera-optredes in die operahuis. Die Beethoven-fees vind jaarliks in September en Oktober plaas.
- 12 Boedapest, Hongarye. Die Hongaarse hoofstad en voormalige tweede stad van die Oostenryks-Hongaarse Ryk het 'n pragtige 19de-eeuse operahuis en die serre, wat die Musiekakademie Liszt Ferenc genoem is, is een van die mooiste musiekshelde in Hongarye. Dit is ook 'n pragtige gebou met 'n uitstekende konsertsaal. Die groot 20ste-eeuse komponis, pianis, klavierpedagoog en musiek folkloris, Béla Bartók (in Hongarye Bartók Béla genoem), het sy ateljee in Csalánweg in Buda vanaf 1932 tot met sy vertrek na New York in 1940, en dit word vandag as 'n gedenkhuis onderhou deur die Budapesti History Museum.
- 13 Český Krumlov, Tsjeggiese Republiek. Die tuiste van die pittoreske kasteel Český Krumlov, waarvan die teater die enigste in die wêreld is wat in sy oorspronklike 18de-eeuse vorm oorleef sonder moderne toevoegings. Historiese ingeligte opera-optredes word steeds hier aangebied, wat gebruik maak van die steeds funksionele 18de-eeuse stel, rekwisiete en verhoogmasjinerie. Die verhoog en orkesput word steeds tydens kerslig verlig.
- 14 Dresden, Duitsland. Die Semperoper word beskou as een van die mooiste en beroemdste operahuise in Duitsland, en die Staatskapelle is een van die land se voorste simfonieorkeste. Komponiste wie se biografieë aan Dresden gekoppel is, sluit in Heinrich Schütz, Carl Maria von Weber, Richard Wagner en Sergei Rachmaninoff.
- 15 Eisenach, Duitsland. Geboorteplek van Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), met 'n museum gewy aan sy lewe en werke. Martin Luther, die leier van die Protestantse Hervorming, was in sy tyd ook 'n bekende luitenis en komponis van gewyde musiek en het 'n groot deel van sy kinderjare hier deurgebring.
- 16 Eszterháza, Hongarye. Landgoed van die familie Esterházy, die tuiste van Joseph Haydn van 1766 tot 1790, waar hy 'n hele orkes vir homself gehad het om te regisseer en te oefen. Hy dirigeer sy eie en ander opera's, dikwels met meer as honderd optredes per jaar.
- 17 Kasteel Esterházy, Eisenstadt, Oostenryk. Hoofhuis en administrasiesentrum van die Eszterházy-gesin. Die belangrikste trekpleister is die Haydnsaal, wat deur kenners gereken word onder die mooiste en akoesties perfekste konsertsale ter wêreld, die einste plek waar baie van Joseph Haydn se werke gekomponeer en in première gebring is.
- 18 Halle, Duitsland. Geboorteplek van George Frideric Handel (Georg Friedrich Händel in Duits) (1685-1759), 'n museum en 'n jaarlikse musiekfees (Mei / Junie) word gewy aan die beroemdste seun van die stad. Daarbenewens is daar die Staatskapelle simfonieorkes en die Stadtsingechor, een van Duitsland se langste seunskore.
- 19 Hamburg, Duitsland. Die komponiste Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy en Johannes Brahms is in Hamburg gebore; Georg Philipp Telemann, George Frideric Handel, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach en Gustav Mahler het elkeen etlike jare van hul lewe hier deurgebring. Die stad is bekend vir sy Staatsopera (die eerste openbare operahuis in Duitsland), die Hamburg Filharmonie orkes, Hamburg-ballet en die serre daarvan. Die Elbphilharmonie geopen in 2017 in die Hafen City en bied ook wêreldklas konserte aan.
- 20 Leipzig, Duitsland. Johann Sebastian Bach het hier gewerk as die Cantor (musikale regisseur en onderwyser) van die St. Thomas-kerk, vanaf 1723 tot sy dood in 1750. Sy oorskot is begrawe onder 'n bronsskrif naby die kerk se altaar. Die Bach-museum is reg langsaan. Daar is 'n internasionale Bach-fees in Junie van elke jaar. Die romantiese komponis Richard Wagner en die klaviervirtuosa Clara Schumann is in Leipzig gebore; Robert Schumann en Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy het etlike jare van hul lewe hier deurgebring. Daar is museums wat toegewy is aan hierdie musikante en hul werke in hul onderskeie huise. 'N Ander museum vertoon seldsame en historiese musiekinstrumente. Beide die Gewandhaus Orchestra en die St Thomas Boys 'Choir is klassieke musiekgroepe van internasionale naam. Uiteindelik het die stad 'n noemenswaardige musikale konservatorium (u sal moontlik die gevorderde studente kan luister).
- 21 München, Duitsland. Die tuiste van die Beierse Staatsopera (Bayerische Staatsoper), een van Duitsland se voorste operageselskap, wat in die historiese Nasionale Teater gehuisves word (Nasionale teater). Verskeie bekende werke, soos Wagner se Tristan und Isolde (1865) het hier hul première gehad.
- 22 Kasteel Neuschwanstein, Duitsland. Die argitektuur en versiering van die kasteel is volledig geïnspireer deur Richard Wagner se epiese opera's Tannhäuser (1845) en Lohengrin (1850), baie bewonder deur koning Ludwig II van Beiere, wat die bou daarvan beveel het.
- 23 Praag, Tsjeggiese Republiek. Hoofstad van die Tsjeggiese Republiek in die moderne tyd, en die hoofstad van die Koninkryk Boheme in die tyd van Mozart, met seker die bes bewaarde 18de-eeuse middestadkern van enige groot stad in Europa. Mozart was eintlik meer gewild in Praag as in Salzburg of Wene gedurende sy leeftyd, en sy beroemde opera Don Giovanni (1787) het hier première in die Estates-teater (Stavovské divadlo), wat onderskei word as die enigste oorlewende plek ter wêreld waarin 'n Mozart-opera sy première gehad het, asook die enigste oorblywende plek waarin Mozart sy opera persoonlik gedirigeer het. Gepas, die Oscar-bekroonde fliek Amadeus is heeltemal in Praag geskiet. Dit was ook die geboorteplek van Josef Mysliveček, een van die tydgenote van Mozart, wat in sy tyd geweldig gewild was, maar vandag grootliks verdof het, en ook waar baie latere Tsjeggiese komponiste van die Romantiese tydperk, soos Antonín Dvořák, Bedřich Smetana en Leoš Janáček het die meeste van hul loopbane deurgebring. Tans is Praag nog steeds die tuiste van 'n vooruitstrewende klassieke musiektoneel, met talle wêreldklas plekke soos die Staatsopera (Státní opera) en die Nasionale Teater (Národní divadlo), wat voortgaan om gereeld opera- en balletuitvoerings te lewer, asook Collegium 1704, 'n ensemble wat toegewy is aan die uitvoering van barokmusiek op tydelike instrumente.
- 24 Rohrau, Oostenryk. Geboorteplek van Joseph Haydn (1732-1809), 'n gevierde komponis van die Klassieke Tydperk, vandag veral bekend vir sy instrumentale musiek, veral sy simfonieë, maar ook beroemd vir sy heilige musiek en opera gedurende sy leeftyd. Haydn se geboortehuis is nou 'n museum wat sy lewe herdenk.
- 25 Salzburg, Oostenryk. Geboorteplek van Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791), miskien die mees geliefde komponis van klassieke musiek aller tye. Afgesien van die verpligte besoek aan sy geboortehuis, kan musiekliefhebbers 'n konsert van die Universiteit besoek Mozarteum-orkes, 'n opera-opvoering by die Salzburger Landestheater of een van die gereelde Salzburger Schlosskonzerte van kamermusiek. In Julie en Augustus van elke jaar vind die wêreldberoemde Salzburg-fees plaas.
- 26 Wene, Oostenryk. Wene was 'n baie invloedryke stad gedurende die dae van die multinasionale Oostenrykse Ryk en kan waarskynlik beskou word as die wêreld se historiese sentrum van die heelal van klassieke musiek, of ten minste klassieke instrumentale musiek, vanaf die 2de helfte van die 18de eeu tot die vroeë 20ste eeu. Baie prominente komponiste van klassieke musiek het in Wene gewoon en gewerk - veral die van die eerste (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Salieri) en die tweede (Schoenberg, Berg en Webern) Weneerskole - en die stad spog vandag nog met bekende plekke soos die Weense Staatsopera (Wiener Staatsoper) en die Feessaal (Festsaal) van die Hofburg-paleis. Dit was ook die geboorteplek van Johann Strauss II (1825-1899), bekend vir sy walse en ander dansmusiek, sowel as sy operettes. Baie aanhangers van klassieke musiek beskou die Weense Filharmonie as een van die wêreld se beste simfonieorkeste. Wene is ook die tuiste van die Burgtheater, die voormalige keiserlike teater van die Oostenryks-Hongaarse ryk, gebou in 1888 ter vervanging van 'n ouer, nou gesloopte, gelyknamige teater waarin Mozart sy beroemde operas in première gebring het Le nozze di Figaro (1786) en Così fan tutte (1790). Nog 'n belangrike plek in die geskiedenis van klassieke musiek is die Teater an der Wien, gebou in 1801 deur die groep vir wie Mozart sy finale opera, The Magic Flute, gekomponeer het (Die Zauberflöte) (1791), met sy Papageno-poort (Papagenotor) gebou is ter ere van een van die karakters in daardie opera. Die teater was ook die première van verskeie bekende opera's soos Beethoven s'n Fidelio (1805) en Johann Strauss II's Die Fledermaus (1874).
- 27 Weimar, Duitsland. Hoewel hy hoofsaaklik gekoppel was aan skrywers en dramaturgs Goethe en Schiller, was Weimar ook die tuiste van klassieke komponiste Johann Sebastian Bach, Franz Liszt en Richard Strauss. Deesdae word klassieke musiek in die operatak van die Deutsches Nationaltheater, by die Staatskapelle orkes en deur studente van die Weimar Konservatorium.
- 28 Żelazowa Wola, Pole. Geboorteplek van die beroemde klaviervirtuoos en komponis Fryderyk Chopin (1810-1849), wat later na 'n uiters suksesvolle loopbaan in Frankryk oorgegaan het. 'N Museum wat aan hom gewy is, is hier, en somerkonserte van sy musiek word dikwels ter ere van hom opgevoer.
Frankryk
- 29 Bordeaux, Frankryk. Die tuiste van die Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, met sy groot neoklassieke fasade, en pragtige fresko's op die plafon van sy hoofsaal. Die beroemde ballet La Fille mal gardée het hier in 1789 sy première gehad, en die beroemde balletchoreograaf Marius Petipa het ook baie van sy vroeë werke hier in première gebring. Vandag is die teater die tuiste van die Opéra National de Bordeaux en die gepaardgaande balletgeselskap.
- 30 Lille, Frankryk. Die tuiste van die Opéra de Lille, 'n neoklassieke struktuur wat in 1913 voltooi is, met pragtige beelde aan die voorkant, en weelderige gange aan die binnekant. Die operahuis is vandag die tuiste van Le Concert d'Astrée, 'n groep wat toegewy is aan historiese ingeligte uitvoerings van barokmusiek.
- 31 Montfort-l'Amaury, Frankryk. Die komponis Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) het hier gewoon van 1921 tot sy dood, en die huis waarin hy gewoon het, is omskep in 'n museum wat sy lewe herdenk.
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- 32 Parys, Frankryk. As honderde jare lank die hoofstad van Frankryk, het Parys 'n belangrike rol gespeel in die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van klassieke musiek in Europa. Leoninus en Perotinus, die bekendste vroeë komponiste van organum, het hul musiek geskryf vir opvoering in onderskeidelik die Romaanse en Gotiese weergawes van die Notre Dame-katedraal. Gedurende die barokperiode het 'n hele paar groot komponiste, soos die Italiaanse Jean-Baptiste Lully (Giovanni Battista Lulli, die uitvinder van die Franse opera), Marc-Antoine Charpentier en Jean-Philippe Rameau, het vir die koninklike hof in Versailles, nou 'n voorstad van Parys. Die barokperiode het ook die ontwikkeling van die hoë tenoor, of haute-contre stem in die heroïese rolle van die Franse opera, want die befaamde castrati wat in die res van die vasteland gewild was, het nooit daarin geslaag om vastrapplek in Frankryk te kry nie. Later in die 18de eeu is verskeie van Haydn se simfonieë en ander werke met groot lof in Parys opgevoer, en die Franse operatradisie het voortgegaan met komponiste soos die Duitser Christoph Willibald Gluck, die Italianer Antonio Salieri en die Belg André Grétry wat baie krities saamgestel het. bekroonde werke.
In die 19de en die eerste helfte van die 20ste eeu het 'n lang lys van bekende komponiste in Parys gewoon en gewerk, waaronder die Belgiese César Franck, die Franse Hector Berlioz, Jules Massenet, Georges Bizet, Gabriel Fauré, Erik Satie, Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel en Francis Poulenc, die Italianers Gioachino Rossini en Giuseppe Verdi, die Pool Frédéric Chopin (Fryderyk Szopen) en die Russe Igor Stravinsky en Sergei Prokofiev. Verskeie bekende orreliste / komponiste het gereelde werke by kerke in die hele stad gehad, waaronder St. Sulpice en Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. Die operette is ook hier uitgevind deur die Duitse komponis Jacques Offenbach, wie se operette Orphée aux enfers (1858) bevat 'n paar stukke wat deur die hedendaagse luisteraars onmiddellik herkenbaar is.
The Opéra Garnier is a lovely, historic and iconic building that houses the world-renowned Paris Opera Ballet (Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris). The newer Opéra Bastille, widely considered one of the best in the world, houses the Paris Opera (Opéra National de Paris), one of the world's premier opera companies. Another significant though less well known venue is the Opéra-Comique, where Bizet's famed opera Carmen had its premiere in 1875. Paris today has a very varied performance scene and remains vital as a center for new and experimental music, as exemplified by the ongoing work at IRCAM, the Institute for Acoustic/Musical Research and Coordination founded by the Modernist composer and conductor, Pierre Boulez, and the Ensemble Intercontemporain, which he also founded. - 33 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Frankryk. Birthplace of Claude Debussy (1862-1918), best know Impressionist composer. His birth house has been converted to the Musée Claude-Debussy, a small museum dedicated to the composer's life.
Iberia
- 34 Aranjuez, Spanje. Made famous by the exquisite eponymous Guitar Concerto by Joaquín Rodrigo (1901-1999).
- 35 Barcelona, Spanje. Die tuiste van die Palau de la Música Catalana, a classical music performance venue designed in the Modernisme style by Lluís Domènech i Montaner (1850-1923), a contemporary and rival of the famed Antoni Gaudí (1852-1926). The city is also home to the Gran Teatre del Liceu, a beautiful opera house that was opened in 1847 and twice rebuilt after fires.
- 36 Lissabon, Portugal. Birthplace of Marcos Portugal (1762-1830), perhaps Portugal's most internationally renowned classical music composer. During his lifetime, he was the maestro of the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos.
- 37 Madrid, Spanje. Spain's capital and largest city is home to a thriving classical music scene, with its main opera house, the Teatro Real, regularly staging opera performances featuring the world's top singers.
- 38 Valencia, Spanje. Birthplace of Vicente Martín y Soler (1754-1806), a contemporary of Mozart who, though largely obscure today, was compared favourably with Mozart during his lifetime. A sextet from his opera, Una Cosa Rara (1786), was quoted by Mozart during the composition of Don Giovanni (1787). In modern times, Valencia is home to the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències, a performance venue that is widely considered to be a marvel of modern architecture and regularly stages performances of Martín y Soler's operas.
Italië
- 39 Florence, Italië. Florence is one of the most historically significant cities and arguably the foremost wellspring of secular music in Europe. In the 14th century, composer, performer and poet Francesco Landini served the city's growing merchant class by writing secular music exclusively. Regarded along with Venice as the vanguard of the Renaissance, Florence was ruled for centuries by the famed Medici family, who were great patrons of the arts. Florence is also the birthplace of opera: Jacopo Peri's Dafne (now lost), the first opera to ever be composed, was premiered at the Palazzo Corsi in 1598. Florence was also the birthplace of Francesca Caccini, whose opera La liberazione di Ruggiero (1625), which premiered in the Villa del Poggio Imperiale in Arcetri just to the south of the city centre, is the oldest surviving opera to have been composed by a woman.
Paganini's violin Il Cannone Guarnerius on display at the Palazzo Doria-Tursi in Genoa - 40 Genua, Italië. Birthplace of master violinist Niccolò Paganini, with a local museum that displays one of his violins. It's also home to the prestigious Teatro Carlo Felice, where Giuseppe Verdi, Igor Stravinsky and Richard Strauss, among others, conducted performances.
- 41 Legnago, Italy. The birthplace of Antonio Salieri (1739-1815), a contemporary of Mozart who was one of the main characters of the film Amadeus. In the film, he was portrayed as a mediocre composer who attempted to murder Mozart in a fit of jealousy, though this is a 19th-century fiction and there is no truth to it. The historical Salieri was in fact at his best a first-rate composer who enjoyed more success than Mozart in his time and collaborated with Mozart on numerous occasions, and was even the music teacher of Mozart's youngest son after Mozart died. The Teatro Salieri regularly stages performances of the composer's works in the town in an effort to rehabilitate his perhaps unfairly soiled reputation.
- 42 Le Roncole, Italy. Birthplace of Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901), a prolific opera composer known for many all-time classics such as Rigoletto (1851), Il trovatore (1853), La traviata (1853), Aida (1871) and Otello (1887), as well his setting of the Requiem Mass, all of which are often quoted today in advertising and film scores. Verdi's childhood home has been converted to a museum about his life and works.
- 43 Lucca, Italië. Birthplace of Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924), perhaps the last of the great opera composers, and the most famous exponent of the verismo style of Italian opera, with many of his works such as La bohème (1896), Tosca (1900), Madama Butterfly (1904) and Turandot (1926) being staples of the standard operatic repertoire today. The composer's birth house has been converted to a museum commemorating his life and works, and the city hosts the Puccini festival every summer with performances of his works.
- 44 Mantua, Italië. Claudio Monteverdi's favola in musica, L'Orfeo (1607), one of the earliest operas and the oldest one that's still much performed today, was written for the city's ruling Gonzaga family and premiered in one of the rooms of the Ducal Palace (which room is not known).
- 45 Milaan, Italië. La Scala is arguably the world's single most famous and prestigious opera house, where immortal names like Enrico Caruso and Maria Callas built their reputations.
- 46 Napels, Italië. Better known as the home of pizza, Naples was a very important centre of classical music from the 16th to early 20th century. The Neapolitan school of opera was founded by Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725), whose family members included other well-regarded composers such as his son, Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757), and his nephew or grandson, Giuseppe Scarlatti (1718/1723-1777). Though largely forgotten today, it was one of the most important schools of opera during the Baroque and Classical periods. Composers of this school who were famous during their lifetimes included Nicola Porpora, Johann Adolph Hasse, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Leonardo Leo, Leonardo Vinci (not to be confused with the Renaissance painter, Leonardo da Vinci), Domenico Cimarosa, Giovanni Paisiello and Giuseppe Sarti. Naples' 18th-century opera house, Teatro di San Carlo (founded in 1737), still hosts opera and other performances today.
- 47 Palermo, Italië. Its Teatro Massimo is an architectural and acoustical masterpiece, the third largest opera house in Europe, and served as scenery to the final scenes (which feature the opera Cavalleria Rusticana) of the film The Godfather Part III.
- 48 Pesaro, Italië. Birthplace of Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868), an opera composer who was one of the main exponents of the bel canto (literally "beautiful singing") style of opera and wrote such famous works as Il barbiere di Siviglia (1816) and La Cenerentola (1817). Rossini was also one of the pioneers of the French grand opéra style, with his final opera, the epic Guillaume Tell (1829), whose overture is still instantly recognisable to modern-day audiences, being one of the first compositions in that style. The composer's birth house has been converted to a museum commemorating his life and works.
- 49 Rome, Italië. The popes have been patrons of music for over 1,000 years. Famous composers in the Papal Court have included the Renaissance masters Josquin des Prez and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Giacomo Carissimi, a Roman composer in the early Baroque style of the early 17th century, is widely credited as being a seminal figure in the development of the oratorio, as he wrote opera-like compositions on Biblical themes for sacred concerts he directed at the Oratorio di Santissimo Crocifisso. In spite of the fact that the Church officially prohibited castration, nevertheless, due to the fact that women were banned from singing in public in the Papal States, Rome saw the rise of the castrati starting in the second half of the 16th century. From ear-witness reports, castrati were able to sing in ranges from alto to soprano like women, but with the tremendous lung power of a big man (as castrated men grow taller than non-castrated men), with the great Farinelli said to have had a range from tenor all the way up to high soprano, and to have been able to sing continuously for over a minute without taking a breath. The appeal of castrati spread beyond Rome to the rest of the continent (except France), with some castrati becoming sex symbols and superstars on the opera stage, such that the heroic roles in Italian Baroque operas were almost always assigned to castrati. Visitors to Rome can visit the Sistine Chapel where the castrati first rose to prominence, and also where the practice continued to survive long after the castrati lost their prominence on the operatic stage until Alessandro Moreschi, the last castrato, died in 1922. Rome was also the birthplace of Pietro Metastasio, perhaps the most celebrated librettist of Baroque opera. Today, Rome is home to the Santa Cecilia conservatory, which also hosts the Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, probably Italy's best symphony orchestra other than the RAI National Symphony Orchestra, which is based in Turyn.
- 50 Venesië, Italië. The Cathedral of San Marco was the workplace of great composers, and especially Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli. The Gabrielis were known for their music for antiphonal choirs of voices and instruments, which was produced by placing two choirs in choir lofts on opposite sides of the church for a stereophonic effect. The music also symbolized the unity of the church and state, whose representatives in those days sat on opposite sides of the pews. This contrast and unity of choirs with different tone colors and dynamics (piano en forte, as in Giovanni Gabrieli's Sonata pian'e forte, the first musical work to be notated with dynamic markings) helped to bring about the stilo moderno (modern style) in the late 16th and early 17th centuries that we now call the Baroque style. The 18th-century composer Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741), renowned in his day for his operas as well as his instrumental and sacred music, was another famous Venetian. The Venetian school, which included Vivaldi and other then-famous composers such as Francesco Cavalli, Antonio Caldara and Baldassare Galuppi, was one of the great schools of Baroque opera, rivalling the Neapolitan school. Venice was the home of the first large public opera house, built in 1642, and has since 1774 hosted the Teatro la Fenice, Venice's opera house which has been destroyed by fire and rebuilt three times. Venice was also the birthplace to two of Baroque opera's most celebrated librettists, Apostolo Zeno and Carlo Goldoni.
Nordiese lande
- 51 Bergen, Noorweë. Bergen was the home town of composer Edvard Grieg (1843–1907) and is the home of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, established in 1756 and now one of the oldest orchestras in world. The Bergen International Festival, held every year for two weeks in May-June, was modeled after the Salzburg Festival.
- 52 Järvenpää, Finland. Ainola, the home of Jean Sibelius (1865–1957). Other sites/events related to him are the Sibelius Monument and the International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition (with talented young violinists from around the world) in Helsinki, and the Sibelius Museum in Turku.
- 53 Reykjavík, Ysland. Home to the iconic Harpa concert hall on the waterfront, a marvel of 21st-century architecture that houses the Iceland Symphony Orchestra and Icelandic Opera.
- 54 Savonlinna, Finland. A small city in the Finnish Lakeland, housing the Savonlinna Opera Festival each summer, in the court of its medieval castle.
- 55 Stockholm, Swede. The Royal Swedish Opera is Sweden's premier venue for opera and ballet, and one of the finest classical opera houses in the Nordic countries. Another important opera performance venue is the Drottningholms slottsteater on the grounds of the Drottningholm Palace, which is one of the few theatres in the world with its original 18th-century stage machinery still functional.
Rusland
- 56 Moskou, Rusland. Another important city in the history of classical music where many Russian composers of the Romantic period worked. Home to the stately Bolshoi Theatre, whose Bolshoi Ballet is one of the best regarded in the world, and where Tchaikovsky's famous ballet Swaan meer (1876) premiered. During the Soviet era, it was also home to Aram Khachaturian, a Georgian-born Armenian composer who is best known for the Sabre Dance from his ballet Gayane, which premiered at the aforementioned Bolshoi Theatre in 1942. Moscow is also home to the prestigious Moscow Conservatory, which counts among its alumni many of Russia's pre-eminent musicians and singers, and hosts the prestigious International Tchaikovsky Competition for singers, pianists, violinists and cellists every four years.
- 57 Saint Petersburg, Rusland. Former imperial capital of Russia, and also where many famous composers of the Romantic period such as Pyotr Tchaikovsky and Modest Mussorgsky worked for a significant amount of time during their careers. The city boasts the Mariinsky Theatre, home to the Mariinsky Ballet, one of the world's most renowned ballet companies, which was most notably the location of the premiere of Tchaikovsky's famous ballet, The Nutcracker (1892). Another notable venue is the Mikhailovsky Theatre, which while not as famous as the Mariinsky, is also known for having a world-class opera and ballet troupe.
- 58 Votkinsk, Russia. Birthplace of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, perhaps Russia's most famous composer, who is known for his prolific output including the ballets The Nutcracker (1892) and Swaan meer (1876), as well as other pieces such as the 1812 Overture, which is particularly notable for its use of cannons in the orchestration. The Tchaikovsky family's estate has been converted to a museum commemorating the composer's life and works.
Outside Europe
Asië
- 59 Beijing, Sjina. In addition to having a long history of traditional Chinese music, China's capital is home to a thriving European classical music scene. The iconic National Centre for the Performing Arts is Beijing's pre-eminent performance venue, and hosts both Chinese and European musical performances.
- 60 Hanoi, Viëtnam. The Hanoi Opera House was built by the French during the colonial era, and designed to resemble a smaller version of the Palais Garnier in Paris. Today, it remains one of the premier performance venues in the capital, and continues to regularly host ballets and other classical music performances, including newer compositions by Vietnamese composers.
- 61 Ho Chi Minh-stad, Viëtnam. Vietnam's largest city is home to the Saigon Opera House, today known as the Municipal Theatre, a beautiful structure built by the French during the colonial era. Today, it primarily hosts a modern acrobatics performance known as the AO Show, but still occasionally stages ballets and other classical music performances.
- 62 Hongkong. The Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra and Hong Kong Ballet perform at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre on the Kowloon waterfront. Hong Kong is also home to a second fully professional orchestra, the Hong Kong Sinfonietta, which performs in the Hong Kong City Hall.
- 63 Moembaai, India. India's largest city is home to the Royal Opera House, the country's sole surviving colonial opera house. Abandoned and left to decay for over 20 years, it was restored to its former glory in 2017, and today it once again periodically hosts classical music concerts, and even the occasional opera.
- 64 Seoel, Suid-Korea. Although Korea is better known for its own distinctive musical tradition, Seoul has a thriving classical music scene, with South Korea producing many of the world's top pianists, instrumental soloists and opera singers. Popular local orchestras include the Seoul Philarmonic Orchestra, Korean Symphony Orchestra and KBS Symphony Orchestra. Seoul also has numerous classical music venues, with perhaps the most pre-eminent ones being the Seoul Arts Center and the Lotte Concert Hall.
- 65 Sjanghai, Sjina. China's largest and most cosmopolitan city is home to a thriving classical music scene, and foreign orchestras touring Asia are virtually guaranteed to perform in Shanghai. The city boast four world-class classical music performance venues; the Shanghai Symphony Hall, Shanghai Grand Theatre, Shanghai Oriental Art Center and Shanghai Concert Hall. The Shanghai Symphony Orchestra is the oldest European-style orchestra in China, have been founded in 1879, making it even older than some of the pre-eminent European and American orchestras.
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- 66 Singapoer. Having been a centre for immigration for over two centuries, Singapore's classical music scene comprises of a mix of European, Chinese, Malay and Indian traditions. The main European-style ensembles in Singapore are the Singapore Symphony Orchestra and the T'ang Quartet. Singapore's premier performance venue is the iconic Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay, a modern state-of-the-art venue nicknamed "The Durian" due to the distinctive design of its roof. Another notable performance venue is the colonial-era Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall, which used to be Singapore's premier performance venue before the construction of the newer Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay.
- 67 Taipei, Taiwan. Although Taiwan has its own distinctive musical tradition, European-style classical music is also very popular in Taiwan. Taipei's pre-eminent performance venues are the National Theater and National Concert Hall, both of which are modern structures built in the traditional Chinese architectural style. The National Theatre regularly host performances by visiting ballet troupes, while the National Concert Hall regularly hosts visiting orchestras and pianists, as well as local orchestras like the National Symphony Orchestra and Taipei Symphony Orchestra. Both buildings are located opposite each other at Liberty Square, a stone's throw away from the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial.
- 68 Tokio, Japan. Although Japan is better known for its own distinctive musical tradition, it has emerged as one of the world's top markets for classical music over the 20th century, such that classical music is now ironically more popular among youths and young adults in Japan than it is in Western countries. In addition, Tokyo is also a hotbed for contemporary classical music composers, with contemporary classical music playing a large role in Japan's film, television and gaming industries. Tokyo is also home to several world class classical music venues such as Suntory Hall, the New National Theatre and Bunkamura, as well as eight full-time professional orchestras, namely the NHK Symphony Orchestra, Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra, Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra, Japan Philharmonic Orchestra, New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra and Tokyo Symphony Orchestra.
Noord-Amerika
- 69 Boston, United States of America. Best known for the Boston Symphony Orchestra, which plays in beautiful Symphony Hall, Boston is also the home of the oldest performing organization never to miss a season in the U.S.: the Handel and Haydn Society. It was founded in 1815, soon after Haydn's death, when premieres of some of Handel's works were still a living memory. It returned to its roots in the mid-20th century, dedicating itself since to historically informed performances of Baroque music.
- 70 Chicago, United States of America. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra is based in the Symphony Center along Michigan Avenue. Its great history of touring and recording started under Fritz Reiner and accelerated under Sir Georg Solti. Since Reiner's time, it has often been considered the best or one of the top two orchestras in the United States. Chicago is also home to the Civic Opera House, one of the finest Art Deco opera houses in the world, which in modern times is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago, one of the most renowned opera companies in North America.
- 71 Cleveland, United States of America. The Cleveland Symphony Orchestra is one of the most famous and highly regarded in the U.S. George Szell, who led them from 1946–1970, really put the orchestra on the map, shaping it into an extremely efficient organization through careful hiring and steady direction, and they recorded and toured extensively under his baton. The orchestra, which performs most of its concerts at the Art Deco Severance Hall on Cleveland's East Side, has maintained a high profile ever since. Cleveland is also home to the Cleveland Institute of Music, a respected conservatory.
- 72 Danbury, United States of America. Birthplace of Charles Ives (1874–1954), one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. His birth house has been preserved, and there are plans to convert it into a museum celebrating his life.
- 73 Havana, Cuba. Die Gran Teatro de La Habana is a beautiful early 20th-century Baroque revival structure known for the numerous sculptures on its exterior. It was built by Havana's Galician immigrant community on the site of the earlier Teatro Tacón, whose original theatre was preserved and incorporated into the newer building. Today it is the main home of the Cuban National Ballet Company, and hosts the Havana International Ballet Festival in even-numbered years.
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- 74 Los Angeles, United States of America. Los Angeles may not be the first city a traveler thinks of as a hotbed of classical music in the United States, but it is a major center of classical music, nonetheless. The Los Angeles Philharmonic, a great orchestra, performs its season at Disney Hall, a striking building downtown designed by Frank Gehry that is known for its acoustics. Also, don't overlook the absolutely crucial contribution of classical composers to Hollywood films. The sound of classic Hollywood film music was supplied by highly skilled European classical composers such as Wolfgang Korngold, Max Steiner, Dmitri Tiomkin and Miklós Rózsa — many of them refugees from fascism or communism in Europe — and also by various native-born Americans, quite a few of whom were trained either in Europe or by Europeans. Today, classical music is still of great importance to Hollywood, and though many names could be mentioned, that of John Williams suffices to make the point.
- 75 Mexikostad, Mexiko. Mexico's premier opera house is the Palacio de Bellas Artes, a beautiful 1930s building with an eclectic mix of architectural styles, consisting of a primarily Art Nouveau and Neoclassical exterior, and a primarily Art Deco interior. It continues to regularly host opera performances to this day.
- 76 Montreal, Kanada. Montreal Symphony Orchestra (French: Orchestre symphonique de Montréal, or OSM) performs in the Montreal Symphony House at Place des Arts. It is the only orchestra in the world that possesses an octobass.
- 77 New York Stad, United States of America. New York has two major world-class halls: Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Opera House. Carnegie also has an excellent, smaller recital hall, Weill Recital Hall, where many debut recitals and chamber music concerts take place. The Metropolitan Opera is one of the most famous in the world and has a storied history. People interested in the way the opera works behind the scenes can sign up for backstage tours, which cover such things as the construction and maintenance of the house, the movement of sets on the stage, the construction of sets and costumes, the special loading dock for animals needed onstage and the rehearsal stage where the singer/actors can work on blocking. The New York Philharmonic performs at Geffen Hall, formerly called Avery Fisher Hall and like the Met, at Lincoln Center on the Upper West Side. Other major halls include Alice Tully Hall, where Chamber Music at Lincoln Center and Mostly Mozart have their seasons, and also the Kaufmann Center at the 92nd St. Y on Lexington Avenue on the Upper East Side and Merkin Hall on West 67th St., both of which among other things often feature contemporary classical music. New York also has several conservatories of music, the most famous of which is the Juilliard School, also at Lincoln Center. If you'd like to see historical instruments that were used to play classical music, go to the large, excellent musical instruments wing of the Metropolitan Museum, which is on the oostelike kant and not associated with the Metropolitan Opera. New York was also the birthplace of the famous composer, songwriter and pianist, George Gershwin (1898-1937), arguably (with Ives the most frequent alternative choice) America's greatest classical composer, who was also famous for his Broadway shows and popular songs, and as a jazz musician. New York is also generally considered to have succeeded Vienna as the center of the classical music world and especially musical Modernism for the remainder of the 20th century after the rise of Nazism in Europe. Charles Ives, Edgard Varèse and Béla Bartók are among the many Modernist composers who lived in New York.
- 78 Philadelphia, United States of America. The Philadelphia Orchestra is one of the most famous in the United States. The city also hosts the Curtis Institute, widely considered the country's foremost conservatory of music, which is free for all students who pass their extremely demanding audition.
- 79 San Francisco, United States of America. The San Francisco Opera, housed in the Beaux-Arts style War Memorial Opera House, is one of the premier opera companies in the United States. The San Francisco Symphony Orchestra is housed in the adjacent Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall.
- 80 San Jose, Costa Rica. Die Teatro Nacional de Costa Rica is the country's premier performing arts venue, and widely regarded as the finest historical building in the capital. Today, it is the primary home of Costa Rica's National Symphonic Orchestra, and continues to regularly host opera performances.
- 81 Toronto, Kanada. The Toronto Symphony Orchestra (TSO), founded in 1922, plays in Roy Thomson Hall, whose distinctive round glass shape makes it a Toronto landmark.
- 82 Vancouver, Kanada. The Vancouver Symphony Orchestra (VSO) performs at the Orpheum, and is the largest performing arts organization in Western Canada. It performs 140 concerts per season.
Suid-Amerika
- 83 Bogotá, Colombia. Colombia's national opera house is the Teatro de Cristóbal Colón, known for the beautiful frescoes of six muses on the ceiling of the main hall. Today, it remains Colombia's premier performance venue, regularly playing host to operas, ballets and other classical music performances.
- 84 Buenos Aires, Argentinië. Argentina's main opera house is the Teatro Colón, which has been widely ranked among the most beautiful opera houses in the world. Today, it continues to be one of the premier classical music venues in South America, and regularly plays host to opera, ballets and symphonic orchestral performances.
- 85 Manaus, Brasilië. Located in the heart of the Amazon Rainforest, the Amazonas Theatre in Manaus was inaugurated in 1896 and today is home to the Amazon Philharmonic Orchestra. The Amazonas Theater also hosts, since 1997, between April and May, the Amazonas Opera Festival.
- 86 Porto Alegre, Brasilië. Home of the Porto Alegre Symphony Orchestra (OSPA), founded in 1950, which performs at the Casa de Música da OSPA, in the neighborhood of Cidade Baixa. The city is also home of the impressive São Pedro Theatre, built in 1858, which hosts concerts by the São Pedro Theatre Chamber Orchestra.
- 87 Rio de Janeiro, Brasilië. Rio de Janeiro's opera house is the beautiful Theatro Municipal, whose design was inspired by that of the Palais Garnier in Paris. Today, it is the home of the Petrobras Symphony Orchestra and the Brazilian Symphonic Orchestra.
- 88 Santiago, Chile. Chile's premier opera house is the Teatro Municipal, which continues to regularly host operas, ballets and classical music concerts.
- 89 São Paulo, Brasilië. The largest city in Brazil is home to the São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra performs regularly at Sala São Paulo, inaugurated in 1999, located at the Julio Prestes Cultural Center, in the downtown of the city of São Paulo. The São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra performs free public concerts on some Sundays at 11am. You just have to pick up tickets at the ticket office on the Monday before the Sunday at which the concert will take place. The beautiful Theatro Municipal is São Paulo's opera house, and today hosts the São Paulo Municipal Symphony Orchestra, the Coral Lírico and the City Ballet of São Paulo.
Oseanië
- 90 Auckland, Nieu-Seeland. New Zealand's largest city is home to the Auckland Philarmonia Orchestra, one of only two fully professional orchestras in the country, which is based in the Auckland Town Hall.
- 91 Melbourne, Australië. With a reputation for being Australia's most cultured city, Melbourne is home to a significant classical music scene. The Arts Centre Melbourne is the city's pre-eminent performance venue, and regularly hosts top classical music acts such as the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and Opera Australia.
- 92 Perth, Australië. Home to the impressive His Majesty's Theatre, completed in 1904, which is also home to the West Australian Ballet and West Australia Opera.
- 93 Sydney, Australië. Home to the famed Sydney Opera House, one of the most recognisable landmarks in the world, and the only one to have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site during the lifetime of its architect. The opera house is home to Opera Australia, the Australian Ballet and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, all of which regularly stage performances. Sydney is also home to several chamber music ensembles such as the Australian Chamber Orchestra and Australian Brandenburg Orchestra, which play at multiple locations in the city such as the City Recital Hall, and the Centennial Hall located within Sydney Town Hall. The Sydney Conservatorium of Music, part of the University of Sydney, is the premier classical music conservatory in Australia.
- 94 Wellington, Nieu-Seeland. New Zealand's capital is home to its national orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, which performs at the Michael Fowler Centre. It is also home to the New Zealand String Quartet, the only professional string quartet in the country.
Gebeurtenisse
- Rheingau Musiekfees: 23 June – 1 September 2018 Rheingau. Jaarlikse kulturele byeenkoms, hoofsaaklik klassieke musiek, vind op 'n aantal plekke in die streek plaas, dikwels in historiese geboue of hul terrein. There are several concerts that fall outside the main season dates shown here. (datum moet opgedateer word)
- Bachfest Leipzig: 11–21 June 2020 Leipzig. International festival with more than 100 concerts of works by Johann Sebastian Bach and other composers. (datum moet opgedateer word)
- Festival d'Aix-en-Provence: 4–24 July 2018 Aix-en-Provence. One of the oldest and most famous festivals of classical music in France. (datum moet opgedateer word)
- Salzburg Festival: 20 July – 30 August 2018 Salzburg. For almost a century, Salzburg has hosted the world famous festival, with operas, concerts, and theater plays in different locations throughout the city. It was founded by Hugo von Hoffmansthal, Max Reinhardt and Richard Strauss in 1920. It takes place in July and August, the most famous piece is the "Jedermann" ("Everyman") by Hugo v. Hoffmansthal, being conducted in front of the Dom (Cathedral) every year. (datum moet opgedateer word)
- The Proms (The Henry Wood Promenade Concerts presented by the BBC): 17 July – 12 September 2020 Londen / Suid-Kensington-Chelsea. Orchestral concerts in the Royal Albert Hall, with cheaper admission for those standing (promenading) in front of the stage. The festival culminates in the Last Night of the Proms, which is known for the performance of British patriotic songs such as Rule, Britannia! by Thomas Arne (1710-1778), Jerusalem by Hubert Parry (1848-1918) and Land of Hope and Glory by Edward Elgar, and the accompanying flag waving by the audience. The last night includes outdoor events in Glasgow, Belfast en Swansea. (datum moet opgedateer word)
- Bayreuth Festival (Richard Wagner Festival): 25 July – 30 August 2020 Bayreuth. For 30 days every year in July and August, when his operas are performed at the Festspielhaus. During the festival, huge crowds flock to Bayreuth for a chance to see the performances. It is estimated that the waiting time for tickets is between five and ten years. For inquiries, contact the Tourist Information office for ideas on the best ways to obtain tickets. Sometimes (with a little luck), last minute tickets can become available. (datum moet opgedateer word)
- Lucerne Festival: 17 August – 16 September 2018 Lusern. Thrice a year, visiting world-class orchestras and star conductors. (datum moet opgedateer word)
- Glyndebourne Festival: 21 May – 30 August 2020 Oos-Sussex. An annual opera festival that lasts throughout the summer, held in an opera house built on the country estate of the Christie family. (datum moet opgedateer word)
- Edinburgh Internasionale Fees: 7–31 August 2020 Edinburgh. An annual arts festival, which has been running since 1947, which includes major performances by an international visiting orchestra, and finishes with an orchestra playing at a fireworks concert. The Festival Fringe (similar dates) includes some classical music in the enormous programme. (datum moet opgedateer word)
- East Neuk Festival: 1–5 July 2020 Fife. A classical music festival, with events in Anstruther and other small villages nearby. (datum moet opgedateer word)
- Boston Early Music Festival: 9–13 June 2021 Boston. A festival dedicated to renaissance and baroque music, including the staging of more obscure operas.
Respek
The experience of going to a classical concert is very different from going to a rots, hip-hop or jazz concert, and likewise with an opera or ballet from a musiekblyspel. Classical concerts vary in level of formality, and also somewhat by location and genre. This is only a rough guide of what to expect.
How to dress
People who have never been to a classical concert often ask what to wear. This varies. If you are going to Opening Night at La Scala, you've paid a lot of money and are probably expected to dress up. However, if you are in the cheap seats at the Metropolitan Opera House or Carnegie Hall, you are not going to get stared at for wearing jeans and a t-shirt. If you dress up, you are unlikely to be out of place anywhere, but you needn't worry, and you are virtually guaranteed entry as long as you aren't wearing rags or going topless or barefoot.
When to applaud
You are never required to applaud unless you want to. That said, if you go to a concert of purely instrumental music, such as a symphony orchestra or chamber music concert or a recital (performance by a solo instrumentalist or vocalist, with or without the accompaniment of a chord-playing instrument such as a piano or a small group of bass and chord-playing instruments called the basso continuo), you will generally be expected to clap only at the end of each piece, regardless of how many movements (discrete sections with subtitles such as tempo markings [e.g., Presto, Allegro, Andante, Adagio] or names of dances [e.g. Minuet, Gigue]) it has. However, it is not a horrible faux pas to clap at the end of a movement, and a polite performer may acknowledge the applause. Vocalists in recitals also often sing an entire song cycle, composed of a group of poems set to music, and likewise, you will normally be expected to clap at the end of the entire song cycle.
If you go to an opera, however, it is customary to applaud at the end of any discrete section you enjoyed listening to, including the overture and any aria, duet or ensemble, and not wait till the end of each act, though it wouldn't be normal to applaud the high note in the middle of an aria. Sometimes, audiences start applauding and cheering when the orchestra is still playing out the end of an aria.
In any kind of classical performance, if you feel particularly inspired, you may shout the Italian word "Bravo" while applauding, if the performer is a man, "Brava" if it's a woman, "Bravi" if it's both or more than one man and "Brave" if it's a group of women, although you may find "Bravo" used generically in some non-Italian-speaking countries. In some countries such as Italy or France, "Bis" (meaning "Again") may be shouted, instead, and the audience may be treated to a repeat of an aria or another short piece. In English-speaking countries, if you'd like to hear an additional short piece at the end of a solo recital or a concert by only one chamber group, you may shout "Encore", the French word for "More". It's not uncommon for 2-3 encores to be performed at the ends of recitals. They are not mentioned on the printed concert program but are usually announced by a performer before they are played. However, do not expect an encore at the end of an opera or orchestral concert.
At a liturgical performance of sacred music, applause is normally not appropriate at any time, except perhaps if the priest requests a round of applause for the musicians at the end.
Lengths of performances
This also varies. Purely instrumental concerts usually feature about 1 hour of playing, but how long they last also depends on the length of the intermission (called the interval in Britain and some other English-speaking countries). The same is true of opera performances, but running times for operas are usually 2½-4 hours, though some, such as Rossini's Guillaume Tell, Verdi's Don Carlos or Wagner's Götterdämerung can take over 5 hours. In some European countries such as Germany and the Netherlands, the intermission lasts at least 30 minutes, with the price of your ticket including a glass of good wine or beer (or at very informal recitals, at least some fizzy mineral water) at intermission and an opportunity to chat with other concertgoers and relax. In die Verenigde State is die tussenposes dikwels 15 minute, net genoeg tyd om van die badkamer af terug te kom as u gelukkig is, en verversings is dikwels te duur as dit aangebied word. Operas is gewoonlik in 2-5 bedrywe, met tussenposes tussen elke bedryf, alhoewel daar ook operasies met 1 bedryf is, wat gewoonlik op dieselfde program uitgevoer word as ander opera's (byvoorbeeld Giacomo Puccini's Trittico is 'n groep van drie baie kontrasterende opera's wat tipies een na die ander uitgevoer word, met tussenposes tussenin en Cavalleria rusticana deur Pietro Mascagni word gewoonlik uitgevoer op 'n dubbele rekening met Pagliacci deur Ruggero Leoncavallo).
Die stiptelikheid van die begin van konserte verskil ook per land. In Switserland, verwag dat konserte betyds sal begin; in Duitsland, miskien 5 minute laat; in die Verenigde State, 10-15 minute laat; in Frankryk, miskien 15-20 minute laat; en in Italië, 20-40 minute of langer. Maar moenie so seker wees dat 'n konsert laat sal begin dat u dit mis nie! As u laat arriveer, sal u oor die algemeen nie toegelaat word tot die volgende pouse tussen stukke of bewegings nie, om te verhoed dat die kunstenaars en ander gehoorlede aandag aftrek. By operas, ballette of ander dramatiese vertonings sal u waarskynlik moet wag tot die volgende pouse om toegelaat te word.
Problematiese gedrag
By konserte in nagklubs is die musiek dikwels hard, en dit is normaal dat lede van die gehoor tydens die opvoering luidkeels jubel en op enige tyd foto's neem. Daarenteen kan ontydige uitbarstings of ongemagtigde fotografie jou uit 'n klassieke konsert laat val. Soos in sommige van die klassiekste jazzklubs, verwag klassieke konsertsale so na as moontlik totale stilte van die gehoor, behalwe as dit gepas is om toe te juig.
Selfs om te praat, hoesdruppels of ritselende papiere uit te pak, kan u aangeraak of hoorbaar laat voel, en as u selfoon tydens die fynste oomblik afgaan, sal mense regtig woedend raak. Al word dit nie aan die begin van die opvoering genoem nie, is dit wel altyd 'n goeie idee om u foon af te skakel (of dit heeltemal stil te maak - let op dat 'stil' nog steeds alarms en nie baie stille vibrasies kan toelaat nie). As u verkoue het of hoes, wil u dalk suigtablette saambring en aan die begin van die konsert of op 'n ander geskikte tyd uitpak, sodat u die drang na hoes kan onderdruk.
Lag is anders. Dit is goed om op 'n snaakse oomblik in die intrige van 'n opera of in 'n stuk instrumentale musiek te lag (byvoorbeeld: daar is baie snaakse oomblikke in Haydn-simfonieë), maar dit is baie onbeskof om te lag omdat jy 'n kunstenaar hoor mors. U mag dalk sien dat lede van die gehoor na u staar om vir musiek te lag omdat dit snaaks is, maar hulle is onkundig, en moet dit dus nie ter harte neem nie.
Die probleem van fotografie is anders, en dit geld nog meer vir ongemagtigde opnames (genaamd bootlegs): dit is 'n skending van die reg van die kunstenaars en die saal om wins te maak uit beelde en opnames van hul werk. Sommige plekke is baie streng hieroor: ongemagtigde opname in Carnegie Hall, byvoorbeeld, kan daartoe lei dat u toestel gekonfiskeer word en dat die geheue daarvan heeltemal gewis word. Op die minste kan personeel in sommige konsertsale u persoonlik 'n mondelinge vertelling gee of waarsku dat u sal moet vertrek as u voortgaan. In minder formele omgewings is baie kunstenaars egter bly om foto's en selfs opnames te neem as u toestemming vra.
Kinders
Kinders met 'n goeie gedrag is oor die algemeen welkom by enige soort klassieke konsert. As u u kind aan klassieke musiek wil blootstel, bring dit in elk geval. As hulle lastig is, kan u hulle net buite die saal neem, en as hulle kalmeer, sal u normaalweg weer kan inkom, alhoewel u dalk moet wag tot die einde van 'n beweging of aria.
Sommige organisasies, soos simfonieorkeste, het ook spesiale kinderkonserte waarin die dirigent waarskynlik met hulle sal praat en dinge oor musiek sal leer. Sulke konserte is geneig om korter te wees as gewone konserte en bevat hoofsaaklik stapelvoedsel van klassieke musiek vir kinders soos dié van Prokofiev Peter en die Wolf of Britten s'n Jonggids vir die orkes wat die rolle en vermoëns van verskillende orkesinstrumente demonstreer en 'n verteller insluit.