Rusland - Russia

Rusland (Russies: Россия, Rossiya) is verreweg die grootste land ter wêreld en beslaan meer as een agtste van die aarde se bewoonde landgebied Oos-Europa en noordelike Asië, sowel as elf tydsones. Terwyl dit geografies meestal in Asië is, is die grootste deel van die Russiese bevolking in die Europese deel gekonsentreer, en op kulturele gebied is Rusland onmiskenbaar Europees. 'N Groot deel van die Asiatiese deel het egter meer gemeen met Kazakstan, Mongolië of Noordoos-China as met Oos-Europa. Rusland spog met 'n ryk geskiedenis en kultuur.

Streke

Rusland-streke - Kleurkode-kaart
 Sentraal-Rusland (Moskou, Ivanovo-oblast, Kaluga-oblast, Kostroma-oblast, Moskou-oblast, Ryazan-oblast, Smolensk-oblast, Tver-oblast, Tula-oblast, Vladimir-oblast, Yaroslavl-oblast)
Een van die historiese sentrums van die Russiese kultuur, oorheers deur skouspelagtige argitektuur en historiese geboue, sowel as die hoofstad, Moskou.
 Chernozemye (Belgorod-oblast, Bryansk-oblast, Koersk-oblast, Lipetsk-oblast, Oryol-oblast, Tambov-oblast, Voronezh-oblast)
Suid van Sentraal-Rusland en bekend vir sy ryk, diep, swart grond (Chernozem is Russies vir 'swart grond'), was dit 'n belangrike slagveld tydens die Tweede Wêreldoorlog.
 Noordwes-Rusland (Saint Petersburg, Arkhangelsk-oblast, Karelia, Komi Republiek, Leningrad-oblast, Murmansk-oblast, Nenetsia, Novgorod-oblast, Pskov-oblast, Vologda-oblast)
Die tuiste van die voormalige keiserlike hoofstad Saint Petersburg, ook bekend as die "noordelike hoofstad". Dit kombineer die pragtige landskap van die groot mere Ladoga en Onega, en middeleeuse forte van Pskov-oblast, met die streekstreke van Karelia, en is 'n poort vanaf Skandinawië.
 Kaliningrad-oblast (word dikwels beskou as deel van Noordwes-Rusland)
Die historiese Duitse streek van Oos-Pruise, oorgedra na die USSR na die nederlaag van Duitsland in Tweede Wereldoorlog, en nou Rusland se enigste ekslave, wat Rusland toelaat om grense mee te deel Pole en Litaue.
 Suid-Rusland (Adygea, Tsjetsjenië, Krim, Dagestan, Ingoesetië, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Krasnodar Krai, Noord-Ossetië, Rostov-oblast, Stavropol Krai)
Die gebiede aan die Swart See is die warmste in die hele land, met pragtige oordstede soos subtropies Sotsji, tesame met die koue, bergagtige en ontsteld republieke van die Noord-Kaukasus.
 Wolga-streek (Astrakhan-oblast, Chuvashia, Kirov-oblast, Mari El, Mordovia, Nizhny Novgorod-oblast, Penza-oblast, Samara-oblast, Saratov-oblast, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Ulyanovsk-oblast, Volgograd-oblast)
Die mees geïndustrialiseerde streek in die land, bekend vir die vervaardiging van grootskaalse militêre toerusting in stede soos Izhevsk, met 'n ryk kultuur en geskiedenis, insluitend die Tataarse hoofstad en "Derde hoofstad van Rusland", Kazan
 Oeral-streek (Basjkortostan, Tsjeljabinsk-oblast, Khantia-Mansia, Kurgan-oblast, Orenburg-oblast, Perm Krai, Sverdlovsk-oblast, Tyumen-oblast, Yamalia)
Een van die rykste streke, bekend vir die vervaardiging van baie van die bronne wat Rusland vandag benodig. Vernoem na die uitgestrekte Oeral-berge, wat ook die grens vorm tussen Europa en Asië.
 Siberië (Altai Krai, Altai Republiek, Burjatia, Evenkia, Irkutsk-oblast, Kemerovo-oblast, Khakassia, Krasnojarsk, Novosibirsk-oblast, Omsk-oblast, Taymyria, Tomsk, Tuva, Zabaykalsky Krai)
Die grootste gebied in die land - uiteenlopend in landskappe en jaarlikse temperature met die pragtige Baikalmeer, wêreld se langste riviere, en moerasse in die middel en noorde. Hierdie streek bevat baie Turkse, Mongoolse, Tunisiese en ander etniese groepe wat Siberië duidelik van Europese Rusland onderskei.
 Russiese Verre Ooste (Amur-oblast, Chukotka, Joodse outonome oblast, Kamchatka Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, Magadan-oblast, Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin-oblast, Yakutia)
Een van die koudste streke in Rusland, die tuiste van die koudste stad ter wêreld, Jakoetsk. Wêreldbekend vir nasionale parke, pragtige natuurskoon en berge, en die vulkane van Kamchatka. Ook 'n poort na Noord-Korea en Sjina.

Stede

Hier is 'n verteenwoordigende voorbeeld van nege Russiese stede met hul verengelsde en Russiese Cyrilliese name:

Die Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg
  • 1 Moskou (Москва) - Rusland s'n reusagtig hoofstad is een van die grootste stede ter wêreld en het eindelose besienswaardighede om 'n avontuurlike besoeker aan te bied
  • 2 Irkutsk (Иркутск) - die wêreld se gunsteling Siberiese stad, geleë binne 'n uur na Baikalmeer op die Trans-Siberiese spoorweg
  • 3 Kazan (Казань) - die hoofstad van die Tataarse kultuur is 'n aantreklike stad in die hart van die Wolga-streek met 'n indrukwekkende kremlin
  • 4 Nizhny Novgorod (Нижний Новгород) - Nizhny Novgorod is een van die grootste stede in Rusland, maar dit word dikwels oor die hoof gesien, maar dit is die moeite werd om te besoek vir sy Kremlin, Sakharov-museum en die nabygeleë Makaryev-klooster
  • 5 Saint Petersburg (Санкт-Петербург) - voorheen Leningrad genoem, die Russiese kulturele en voormalige politieke hoofstad is die tuiste van die Hermitage, een van die beste museums ter wêreld, terwyl die middestad 'n lewende opelugmuseum op sy eie is, wat hierdie stad een van die wêreld se beste reisbestemmings
  • 6 Sotsji (Сочи) - Rusland se gunsteling-strandoord in die Swart See was grotendeels onbekend vir buitelanders totdat dit die Olimpiese Winterspele in 2014 aangebied het
  • 7 Vladivostok (Владивосток) - dikwels na verwys as "Rusland s'n San Francisco, "vol heuwelagtige strate en slagskepe. Rusland se belangrikste stad in die Stille Oseaan is die eindpunt van die Trans-Siberiese snelweg en Trans-Siberiese spoorweg
  • 8 Volgograd (Волгоград) - voorheen Stalingrad genoem, hierdie stad was die toneel van miskien die beslissende stryd van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog, en nou die tuiste van 'n massiewe oorlogsgedenkteken
  • 9 Jekaterinburg (Екатеринбург) - die middestad van die Oeral-streek en een van Rusland se belangrikste kulturele sentrums is 'n goeie stop op die Trans-Siberiese spoorweg en 'n aankomepunt vir besoekers aan die Oeral, die tweede Russiese finansiële sentrum

Ander bestemmings

Baikalmeer, die diepste meer ter wêreld
  • 1 Grens van Europa en Asië - dit is duidelik omskryf naby Jekaterinburg, en 'n baie gewilde stop vir foto-ops wat oor die vastelande loop!
  • 2 Dombai - hoewel dit deesdae nie so internasionaal beroemd is of so goed gehou word nie, is dit die mooiste bergoordgebied van die Noord-Kaukasus
  • 3 Goue ring - 'n gewilde lus van mooi historiese stede en dorpe wat 'n ring noordoos van vorm Moskou
  • 4 Kamchatka - die streek van aktiewe vulkane, geisers, minerale fonteine ​​en bere wat in die strate loop.
  • 5 Kizhi - Kizhi-eiland aan die Onega-meer, een van die kosbaarste terreine in die hele Rusland, is bekend vir sy skouspelagtige ensemble van tradisionele houtkerke
  • 6 Komi Maagdelike Woude - diep afgeleë, en moeilik om te besoek, maar dit is verreweg die grootste wildgebied van Europa, met die grootste nasionale park van Europa, Yugyd Va
  • 7 Baikalmeer - die "pêrel van Siberië" is die wêreld se diepste en grootste meer in volume en 'n besonderse bestemming vir almal wat van die buitelewe hou
  • 8 Mamaev Kurgan - 'n massiewe monument en museum op en rondom die slagveld waarop die twintigste eeu se belangrikste stryd gespeel het: Stalingrad
  • 9 Solovetsky-eilande - ver noord in die Wit See en die tuiste van die pragtige Solovetsky-klooster, wat deur sy kronkelende geskiedenis as militêre vesting en gulag gedien het
  • Kaukasiese Dolmens - antieke geboue met 'n onbekende doel wat op baie plekke regoor die Kaukasus geleë is, kan selfs naby Groter Sotsji gevind word. Gidse in Lazarevskoe ('n streek van Groter Sotsji) kan u byvoorbeeld groot klipdolms in plaaslike woude wys. (Plaaslike inwoners wys soms, in ruil vir betaling, klein dolmens, maar hulle is meestal vals en van beton gemaak)

Verstaan

LocationRussia.png
KapitaalMoskou
GeldeenheidRussiese roebel (RUB)
Bevolking146,8 miljoen (2017)
Elektrisiteit220 volt / 50 hertz (Schuko, Europlug)
Landelike kode 7
TydsoneUTC 02:00
Noodgevalle112, 7-01 (brandweer), 02 (polisie), 7-03 (mediese nooddienste), 101 (brandweer), 102 (polisie), 103 (mediese nooddienste)
Rykantreg
wysig op Wikidata

Rusland kan mens nie verstaan ​​nie,
Meet ook nie aan die maatstaf nie.
Sy het 'n unieke bouvorm:
In Rusland glo jy net.

«Умом Россию не понять,
Аршином общим не измерить:
У ней особенная стать -
В Россию можно только верить.»,
Fjodor Tyutchev, 1866

Geskiedenis

'N Keiserlike mag

Sien ook: Russiese Ryk, Minderheidskulture van Rusland

Russiese identiteit kan herlei word na die Middeleeue, sy eerste staat wat bekend staan ​​as Kievan Rus en sy godsdiens is gewortel in die Bisantynse Christendom (dit wil sê Grieks-Ortodoks in teenstelling met Latyns-Katoliek), wat vanaf Konstantinopel. Dit word egter eers as die regering van tsaar Peter die Grote, wat tot 1725 regeer, as deel van die hoofstroom-Europa beskou. Hy was 'n toegewyde Europhile en die eerste tsaar wat 'Europa behoorlik' besoek het, nadat hy verskeie Europese lande as vakleerling besoek het terwyl hy incognito gereis het. voordat hy aan die bewind gekom het (daar is herdenkingsmonumente vir hom by Greenwich en 'n paar kolle in die Nederland, waar hy vlugtig woonagtig was).

Peter het die Russiese Ryk in 1721 gestig, alhoewel die Romanov-dinastie sedert 1613 aan bewind was. Een van Rusland se mees charismatiese en kragtige leiers, het Petrus die fondamente van die ryk gebou op 'n gesentraliseerde en outoritêre politieke kultuur en die 'verwestering' van die land gedwing. As deel van hierdie poging het hy die hoofstad van die Middeleeuse en insulêre stad Moskou na Sint Petersburg verskuif, 'n stad wat met geweld uit sy wil en krag van sy skatkis gebou is. Sint Petersburg, wat hoofsaaklik geskoei is op Franse en Italiaanse style, het bekend geword as Rusland se "Venster op die Weste" en die maniere en styl van die koninklike howe van Wes-Europa aangeneem, tot die punt dat Frans die voorkeurtaal is.

Die Russiese Ryk bereik sy hoogtepunt gedurende die laat 18de en vroeë 19de eeu en lewer talle kleurvolle en verligte figure soos Katarina die Grote, Dostojewski en Tolstoj op. Nietemin het die kloof tussen die outoritêre dinastie en sy onderdane by elke generasie duideliker geword. Terwyl Rusland al in die Groot Noordelike Oorlog (1700-1721) en die Sewejarige Oorlog (1756-1763) ten minste gelyk was aan sommige van die groot moondhede, was dit eers Napoleon se noodlottige inval dat die res van Europa het kennis geneem dat Rusland op gelyke voet met Frankryk, Pruise of Oostenryk tot 'n groot moondheid gestyg het. As gevolg van sy ultra-outoritêre reaksionêre regering, het hierdie magsposisie egter nie lank geduur nie. Teen die laat 19de eeu het politieke krisisse vinnig gevolg, met rebellie en onderdrukking wat 'n bose kringloop van dood en wanhoop opgesluit het. Die pogings van Romanovs en die bevoorregte klasse om die samelewing te hervorm en die toestand van die onderklasse te verbeter, het telkens misluk. 'N Bydraende faktor kan gewees het dat die (relatief) liberale en reformistiese "tsaarbevryder" Alexander II deur 'n anargis vermoor is weens sy probleme in 1881. Na sy dood was sy opvolgers nog minder bereid om te hervorm. Om sake te vererger, was Rusland ongelukkig in die buitelandse beleid en was die Krim- en die Russies-Japannese oorloë militêr, maar selfs meer polities, rampspoedig. Die rewolusie van 1905 - die laaste wat min of meer onderdruk kon word - is deels veroorsaak deur die skynbare 'nie-entiteit' (ten minste in Europese oë) van Japan wat die Russiese weermag verneder het.

Rusland het binnegekom Eerste Wêreldoorlog aan die kant van Brittanje en Frankryk, oënskynlik om Serwië te verdedig, soos ander Europese ryke met katastrofiese resultate vir homself. Tsaar Nikolaas II en sy vrou, 'n kleindogter van koningin Victoria, was gebrekloos, swak en afgelei deur persoonlike tragedies (soos die erfgenaam se hemofilie) en die laste van die oorlog. Terwyl die Russiese weermag aanvanklik sterker blyk te wees as wat Duitsland voorspel het en gedreig het om Duitsland (as) se vooruitgang aan die westelike front te ontken met oorwinnings in die ooste, het die gety na die Russiese nederlaag naby Tanneberg gedraai en teen 1917 was die moreel afgrondig. verlatenheid woeker en 'n algemene oproep tot vrede alomteenwoordig.

Die regering kon die Russiese revolusies van 1917 ('n burgerlike in Februarie en 'n Leninistiese in Oktober) nie weerhou nie. Terwyl die kortstondige voorlopige regering wat voortspruit uit die rewolusie van Februarie 1917 tevergeefs probeer veg het (deels op Franse en Britse aandrang omdat hulle gevrees het dat die troepe wat teen Rusland besig was om hulle te oorweldig), het die Bolsjewiki onder hul leier Vladimir Ilyich " Lenin "Ulyanov het vinnig brood, vrede en 'n einde aan die onregverdige verdeling van grond en rykdom belowe. Baie mense het Lenin se beloftes geglo en teen Oktober 1917 het die kommunistiese Bolsjewiki Moskou en Sint Petersburg oorgeneem (as Petrograd genoem en binnekort hernoem tot Leningrad) en dus die effektiewe beheer van die regering. Afgesit en onder huisarres gehou, is Nicholas, Alexandra en hul kinders - en saam met hulle die Romanov-dinastie - deur 'n geweervuur ​​gedood in opdrag van die nuwe regering onder Lenin in die kelder van 'n Jekaterinburg herehuis en begrawe in ongemerkte grafte, wat na die val van kommunisme gevind is en in die St. Paul en Peter-katedraal in Saint Petersburg.

Hoofkwartier van kommunisme

Sien ook: Soviet Unie
Die grootste Lenin-wêreld ter wêreld Ulan Ude

Eerste Wêreldoorlog die Russiese regering en maatskaplike instellings tot die breekpunt van die rewolusie in 1917 gespanne. Na 'n kort tussentydse regering onder leiding van die sosiaal-demokraat Alexander Kerensky, was die Bolsjewistiese faksie (vernoem na die Russiese "bolshoi") groot, omdat die faksie die meerderheid was in een interne besluit, hoewel hy in die minderheid was) van die Kommunistiese Party onder die marxistiese Vladimir Lenin, die mag aangegryp het, Rusland aan die oorlog onttrek het en 'n suiwering van geestelikes, politieke andersdenkendes, aristokrate, die bourgeoisie en die kulakklas van welgestelde onafhanklike boere en grondbesitters geloods het. 'N Brute burgeroorlog tussen die "Rooi Leër" van die kommunistiese leierskap en die "Wit leër" van die adel en die middelklasse duur tot laat in 1920. In die burgeroorlog het beide rooies en blankes (en verskillende ander, kleiner faksies) oorlogsmisdade gepleeg. en het die land baie verder verwoes as wat dit in die Eerste Wêreldoorlog gely het. In sy bewindsjare gebruik Lenin die Rooi Leër (georganiseer en opgebou deur Lev Trotsky, wat baie as sy aangewese opvolger gesien het), die interne veiligheidsapparaat en die leierskap van die Kommunistiese Party om die gevangenis of die ballingskap van miljoene politieke te vermoor. teenstanders, begin 'n terreurveldtog om streng kommunistiese ortodoksie te verseker, beheer oor die fragmente van die ou Romanov-ryk te beveilig, en om boere te boer "en te boer tot reusagtige staatsplase.

Die rewolusionêre staat is nie regstreeks deur die amptenare regeer wat die regering regeer nie, wat gestig is in die naam van die Unie van Sowjet-Sosialistiese Republieke (USSR). Die regering in die algemeen verstaanbare betekenis was in werklikheid sowel as in die Kommunistiese teorie grotendeels irrelevant gedurende die jare van Kommunistiese beheer. Die werklike mag was in die leierskap van die Kommunistiese Party, die Rooi Leër en die interne veiligheidsapparaat (geheime polisie).

Ballet word steeds bevoordeel. Swan Lake word byna weekliks in Rusland opgevoer.

Na die dood van premier Vladimir Lenin in 1924, het 'n magstryd onder die Bolsjewistiese leierskap gevolg, met Josef Stalin wat die nuwe leier van die Kommunistiese Party en diktator van die USSR was. Terwyl Lenin byna seker sou verkies dat Trotsky hom sou opvolg, het Stalin so ver gegaan as om homself saam met Lenin in foto's te plaas en ander te verwyder om sy aanspraak op mag "wettig" te laat lyk. Stalin se wrede heerskappy (1928–53) is gekenmerk deur golwe van 'suiwerings' waarin vermeende dissidente in die regering, die Party, die Rooi Leër en selfs die veiligheidsmagte op min of geen teregstelling na gulags (gevangeniskampe) tereggestel is. getuienis. Benewens die opvolging van Lenin se gedwonge kollektiwisering van die landbou en sy vernietiging van private eiendom en ekonomiese vryheid, het Stalin 'n genadelose ekonomiese stelsel ('sosialisme in een land') ingestel wat die USSR vinnig geïndustrialiseer het. Terwyl die dodetal afskuwelik was, het Stalin se eerste vyfjaarplan daarin geslaag om 'n swaar industrie bykans uit die niet te skep, 'n feit wat in die Tweede Wêreldoorlog deurslaggewend sou wees. Mao Zedong se latere "Groot sprong vorentoe" in China is volgens Stalin se plan geskoei met 'n nog hoër dodetal en minder meetbare ekonomiese sukses as gevolg daarvan. Stalin se teenstanders om Lenin op te volg, en kritici wat daarna ontstaan ​​het, het gewoonlik as slagoffers van die reinigings geëindig. Alhoewel hy minder as 'n idealis as sy voorganger gesien is, het Stalin die internasionale revolusie meedoënloos gevolg deur die Russiese Komintern-beheer oor die kommunistiese partye van buitelandse lande en deur buitelandse spioenasie. As u 'n idee wil kry oor Stalin se bewind, Diereplaas en 1984 deur George Orwell was grotendeels gebaseer op sy ontnugtering met kommunisme nadat hy gehoor het van Stalin se gruweldade.

Tweede Wereldoorlog, vanuit 'n Sowjet-perspektief, begin met Stalin wat skielik 'n nie-aggressie-verdrag met Nazi-Duitsland aangegaan het. Die Verdrag, wat Westerse regerings tot in hul diepste wese geskud en die Linkses in Europa en Amerika verstom het, het Hitler 'n vrye hand gewaarborg om oorlog teen Pole, Frankryk en die Verenigde Koninkryk te begin. Die verdrag het ook die USSR verlof gegee om die neutrale Finland binne te val en te verower en die hele Oos-Pole oor te neem na die Duitse inval in 1939. Uiteindelik in Junie 1941, nadat hy Frankryk en die grootste deel van die res van Wes-Europa verower het, het Hitler hom op sy voormalige bondgenoot gewend. en die USSR binnegeval het. 'N Verandering in 'n alliansie van noodsaaklikheid met die Westerse lande was instrumenteel in die nederlaag van Nazisme in 1945. Die Rooi Leër se bloedige veldtogte aan die Oosfront sowel as die moorddadige oorlogvoering en verwante misdade van die Nazi's het tot meer as 20 miljoen Russiese sterftes gelei, die meeste van hulle burgerlike slagoffers, of soldate wat in haglike landgevegte gegooi is. Beide kante het krygsgevangenes op 'n afskuwelike manier behandel en 'n groot aantal van hulle het aan albei kante gesterf. Die laaste Duitse krygsgevangenes het eers in die middel 1950's teruggekeer in ruil vir politieke erkenning deur Wes-Duitsland.

Aan die einde van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het die USSR vinnig beweeg om beheer oor almal te vestig Oos-Europa. Dit het die Baltiese state geannekseer en kommunistiese regimes in Oos-Duitsland, Pole, Tsjeggo-Slowakye, Hongarye, Bulgarye, Roemenië en Albanië geïnstalleer en politieke meningsverskil effektief vernietig. In Asië het dit ook gehelp om kommunistiese regerings in Mongolië, China, Noord-Viëtnam, Noord-Korea, Kambodja en Laos te installeer. Westerse kritici het die USSR en sy Europese en Asiatiese 'satelliete' beskryf as vasgekeer agter 'n 'Ystergordyn' van genadelose totalitarisme en bevelekonomie. Die Kommunistiese Party van Joego-Slawië het daarin geslaag om 'n mate van onafhanklikheid van Moskou te vestig, maar opstande in Hongarye (1956) en Tsjeggo-Slowakye (1968) is genadeloos deur die Sowjetleër verpletter.

Na die dood van Stalin in 1953 het die Sowjet-swaar nywerheid en militêre mag voortgegaan om te groei onder Georgy Malenkov (1953-1955) en Nikita Khrushchev (1955-1964), Stalin se opvolgers as Algemene Sekretaris van die Party. Alhoewel daar gepoog is om verbruikersgoedere te produseer, het die pogings gewoonlik misluk, en die USSR het voortgegaan om te sukkel onder die juk van kollektivisering en totalitarisme. In 1956 het Khrushchev afstand gedoen van die oormaat van Stalin se regime en sy eie suiwering begin om die ekonomie en die samelewing van die USSR te "de-staliniseer". Die resultate was gemeng en Khrushchev is afgesit. Soos hy later opgemerk het, kan hy egter afgesien word en nie vermoor word nie, 'n laat sukses van sy beleid wees. In die laat 1950's het die USSR die ruimtewedloop begin en was die eerste een wat 'n ding (Sputnik), 'n lewende ding (Laika die hond), 'n man (Yuri Gagarin) en 'n vrou (Valentina Tereshkova) die ruimte in laat loop het. Kort daarna het die briljante hoofontwerper Sergei Korolev in 1966 aan natuurlike oorsake gesterf, en 'n kombinasie van gevegte onder sy opvolgers, gebrek aan fondse en verkeerde tegnologiese en strategiese besluite het daartoe gelei dat die Sowjet-ruimteprogram daarna deur die VSA verbygesteek is. . Toe die maanlanding in 1969 bewys dat die Amerikaners nou aan die voorpunt was, is die fokus van die Sowjet-ruimteprogram in plaas daarvan verander na onbemande sondes en 'n ruimtestasie. Dit het gelei tot die uiters suksesvolle MIR (Russies vir vrede) en groot dele van die Internasionale Ruimtestasie wat saam met die Westerse Nasies gebou is na die val van die Sowjetunie. Die Sowjetunie het sy militêre, diplomatieke en industriële piek bereik tydens die laaste jare van Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982). Maar voortdurende korrupsie en ekonomiese ongesteldheid het onverbiddelik opgetrek na 'n krisis wat die hoofsekretaris Mikhail Gorbatsjof (1985–91) laat instel het glasnost (openheid) en perestroika (beperkte ekonomiese vryheid). Sy inisiatiewe het per ongeluk kragte vrygestel wat teen Desember 1991 die ryk versplinter het. Die Europese satelliete het deur die USSR en hul plaaslike kommunistiese leiers vrygelaat van bewind, en die USSR het in 15 onafhanklike lande ineengestort.

'N Ontluikende demokrasie en die opkoms van Vladimir Poetin

Millenium van Rusland monument, binne die Kremlin van Novgorod

Die Russiese Federasie het uit die Sowjetunie gekom, gepaard met 'n storm van probleme. Die eerste leier van die nuutgestigte nasie was Boris Jeltsin, wat aan bewind opgestaan ​​het deur op te staan ​​teen 'n poging tot putsk deur die KGB. Jeltsin het grotendeels daarin geslaag om die beheer oor die land van die ou Sowjet-elite na sy eie oligargiese apparaat oor te dra. Jeltsin was 'n charismatiese leier wat wyd deur die Weste ondersteun is, maar sy regering blyk onstabiel te wees en word beskadig deur korrupsie en Jeltsin se alkoholisme. 'N Golf van ekonomiese probleme het die Russiese ekonomie in puin gelê en die weermag onderbefonds en ongedissiplineerd gelaat. Gedurende hierdie tyd het die Russiese georganiseerde misdaad en die verhouding met die regering, wat nou algemeen as korrup en onbevoeg erken word, groter beheer oor die land oorgeneem, selfs terwyl politieke hervormings plaasgevind het. Ironies genoeg het Jeltsin, voordat hy aan die bewind gekom het, Rusland bestempel as die "grootste Mafia-staat ter wêreld".

Rusland was ook in 'n oorlog met Tsjetsjeense separatiste, wat verwoestende gevolge vir die reeds swak Russiese ekonomie gehad het. Wydverspreide korrupsie, armoede en grootskaalse politieke en sosiale probleme het Jeltsin uiteindelik gedwing om te bedank, en Vladimir Poetin het sy oorblywende termyn (Januarie - April 2000) as president gevul. 'N Oud-KGB-offisier onder die kommunistiese regime (wat 'n tyd lank in die buiteland in Oos-Duitsland diens gedoen het) en hoof van die herleefde Russiese spioenasiediens onder Jeltsin, het Poetin sy eie persoonlikheid en wil opgedoen aan die oproerige en kriminele dele van die land, maar het baie veroordeel vir sy outoritêre gedrag. Na sy grondwetlike beperkte termyne (2000-2008), het Poetin as president afgetree, maar hy het voortgegaan om die regering te beheer deur sy gesalfde opvolger, Dmitry Medvedev. Tot niemand se verbasing nie, het Poetin die presidentskap hervat toe hy weer in 2012 verkiesbaar was. In 2014 en 2015 het Rusland onder toenemende druk en kritiek gekom na talle buitelandse en binnelandse beleid, insluitend die manier waarop Poetin en sy party politieke opposisie en die nasionalistiese klankstukke in sommige van hom hanteer. beleid en toesprake. Die situasie in Krim en Oekraïne word gesê deur die EU en VSA om Poetin se skuld te wees alhoewel hy hulle ten minste gedeeltelik die skuld gee.

Sedert 2000, onder Poetin se direkte en indirekte bewind, het die ekonomie van 'n krisis teruggeslaan, danksy 'n vyfvoudige verhoging in die pryse van grondstowwe in Rusland. Inflasie het van die drievoudige syfers in eenhede afgeneem, armoede is verminder en Rusland het weer 'n dominante wêreldwye ekonomiese, politieke en militêre mag geword. Hierdie opvoering word dikwels die 'Russiese wonder' genoem. Hoewel Poetin steeds in die Weste baie veroordeel word as gevolg van die ekonomiese en militêre suksesse van Rusland onder hom, geniet hy 'n baie hoë vlak van gewildheid in Rusland, met sy binnelandse goedkeuringsgraderings wat ongekende vlakke bereik het te midde van 'n golf van nasionale trots na aanleiding van Rusland se anneksasie van die Krim.

Vandag moet die moderne Rusland nog heeltemal herstel van die slegte situasie wat die land sedert 2014 getref het, met inflasie wat pryse verhoog het, 'n toenemend onstuitbare las vir die bestryding van deurdringende korrupsie, 'n politieke mededinging onder mededinging, konflik in die Noord-Kaukasus, 'n demografiese krisis, en dalende ekonomiese mededinging. Russe staan ​​blykbaar ook voor die probleem om Poetin se suksesse met sy totalitêre en selfvergroterende impulse te versoen. Nietemin het Russe sedert die val van die USSR 'n baie hoër lewenspeil bereik. Maar toe die pryse van sommige kommoditeite, veral petroleum aan die einde van 2014 en vroeg in 2015, gedaal het, het dit die Russiese ekonomie swaar getref en die gevolge daarvan is steeds sigbaar. Of Rusland hierdie afhanklikheid van sy rykdom aan hulpbronne kan ontsnap, moet nog gesien word.

Terrein

Die terrein bestaan ​​uit breë vlaktes met lae heuwels wes van die Oeral; uitgestrekte naaldbos en toendra in Siberië; hooglande en berge langs suidelike grensstreke; bergagtige en vulkaniese regdeur 'n groot deel van die land Russiese Verre Ooste.

Klimaat

Rusland is 'n koue land, maar daar is altyd skakerings in die grys. Die kontras van die toendra se permafrost, wat 65% van die Russiese land en die eksotiese Swartseekus beslaan, het tussen die kontinentale klimaat, wat die mees bewoonde gebied van Europese Rusland, suidelike streke van Siberië en die Russiese Verre Ooste is. Die somers is altyd warm, met 'n goeie hoeveelheid warm dae wat swem in baie riviere, mere en die see.

Vakansies

Siberiese berkbos naby Novosibirsk

Rusland se vakansielys is verdeel in federale en streeksgebaseerde, etniese, historiese, professionele en godsdienstige. Die eerste twee soorte is 'n vakansie vir die hele land en moet in ag geneem word tydens die reis. Dit is amptelike vakansiedae in die Russiese Federasie:

  • Nuwejaarsvakansies (1–5 Januarie) word gereeld met Kersfees saamgevoeg en maak meer as 'n week af.
  • Ortodokse Kersfees (7 Januarie).
  • Vaderland Verdedigersdag (23 Februarie).
  • Internasionale Vrouedag (8 Maart).
  • Die dag van lente en arbeid (1 Mei).
  • Oorwinningsdag (9 Mei).
  • Dag van Rusland (12 Junie).
  • People's Unity Day (4 November).

Meeteenhede

Die Russiese metingstelsel is dieselfde as die res van die wêreld, afgesien van die VSA en Mianmar (Birma); die SI-stelsel. Verwag dat u grade Celsius, kilometers, kilogram, liter, ensovoorts sal ondervind. Die argaïese eenhede vir afstand is versta en vershok; vir gewig - pud.

Tydsones

Tydsones in Rusland. Klik om die sleutel te sien.

Vanaf 2021 strek Rusland oor elf tydsones, en sonlig word nie gebruik nie. Voorheen het die land met 'n kleiner aantal tydsones en met DST eksperimenteer.

Praat

Sien ook: Russiese frase-boek

Russies is die belangrikste taal van Rusland. Die taal is 'n lid van die Oos-Slawiese taalfamilie, en nou verwant aan Oekraïens en Belo-Russies. Ander Slawiese tale soos Bulgaars, Kroaties, Tsjeggies is nie onderling verstaanbaar nie, maar het nog steeds 'n effense ooreenkoms. Russies word beskou as een van die moeilikste Europese tale vir 'n Engelssprekende om te leer, meestal vanweë 'n baie ingewikkelde grammatika. U sal die taal nie binne 'n kort tydjie leer nie; konsentreer daarop om die sleutel te leer "hoflikheid" frases, en die Cyrilliese alfabet (bv. "ресторан" spel "restoran" in die Romeinse alfabet, wat "restaurant" beteken), sodat u die kans het om straatname, etikette en openbare tekens te herken. Om u vertroud te maak met Cyrillic is uiters nuttig, nie net vir Rusland nie, maar ook vir 'n aantal ander lande, en nie baie moeilik nie.

Om Russies te leer kan moeilik wees vir diegene wat nie 'n Slawiese taal praat nie. Die skrif, Cyrillic, gebruik baie letters van die Latynse alfabet, maar ken baie daarvan verskillende klanke toe. Die taal gebruik drie grammatikale geslagte (manlik, vroulik en onsydig), ses grammatikale gevalle en vryvalstres, wat almal saamwerk om dit 'n moeilike vooruitsig vir die moedertaal Engelssprekend te maak.

Drie-eenheidsklooster in Sergiev Posad—Die geestelike tuiste van die Russiese Ortodokse Kerk

Engels word 'n vereiste in die sakewêreld, en dit is die gewildste vreemde taal in die land. Alhoewel jonger, opgeleide Russe en diegene wat in die diensbedryf werk, genoeg Engels ken om 'n basiese gesprek te voer, word baie min daarvan gepraat, selfs in Moskou en St Petersburg. Sommige kennis van Russies is noodsaaklik vir die onafhanklike reisiger.

Enige kennis van Russies sal die plaaslike inwoners beïndruk, ongeag die vlotheid. Dit word gesê, Russe met kennis in Engels, sal in sommige gevalle aanbied om in Engels te kommunikeer, selfs as u in Russies met hulle probeer praat. Moenie hieroor skrik nie, want dit is nie bedoel om u pogings te ontmoedig nie; Russe beskou dit oor die algemeen nie as goeie maniere om met iemand te praat in 'n taal wat hulle nie verstaan ​​nie.

Omdat die kwaliteit van die onderrig van vreemde tale nie so goed ontwikkel is nie, kan diegene wat Engels praat, ontken dat hulle dit weet, uit vrees dat hulle verkeerd verstaan ​​of ontmoedig word. Die kans is groot dat u een van die min Engelse moedertaalsprekers is wat 'n Russiese inwoner ooit teëgekom het.

Rusland het honderde tale en beweer dat hy die meeste daarvan ondersteun. Sowjet-taalkundiges het hulle in die eerste paar dekades van die USSR gedokumenteer en seker gemaak dat hulle Cyrilliese skryfstelsels kry (behalwe Karelse, Veps, Ingrianus, Votic en Ter Sami). Sommige is plaaslike mede-amptelike tale gemaak. Suid-Rusland is gevoer met Turkse, Mongoolse en Tungusiese tale; die noordelike met Finniese en Samojeed-tonge. Die suidwestelike hoek het 'n verskeidenheid Kaukasiese tale; die noordooste het 'n paar Chukotko-Kamchatkan-tale.

Die Russiese Ortodokse godsdiens is een van die oudste vertakkings van die Christendom ter wêreld en het steeds 'n baie groot aanhang, ondanks die feit dat dit gedurende die kommunistiese periode onderdruk is, en word sedert Julie 2020 as die staatsgodsdiens erken. Die taal wat in Russies gepraat word Ortodokse kerkdienste is Ou kerkslawies, wat heelwat van die moderne Russies verskil.

Gaan in

ReiswaarskuwingVisumbeperkings:
Met beperkte uitsonderings, Kosovaan paspoorthouers is ontken toetrede tot Rusland weens die nie-erkenning van Rusland aan Kosovo.
Let opCOVID-19 inligting: Rusland het sy grense vir buitelanders gesluit op 17 Maart 2020.
(Inligting laas op 25 Maart 2020 opgedateer)
Visabeleid van Rusland, met lande in groen wat visumvrye toegang het; en lande in grys benodig gewoonlik 'n visum om Rusland binne te gaan

Visums

Visumvrye reis

Die burgers van die volgende lande het geen visum nodig nie:

Onbeperkte tydperk

90 dae

60 dae

30 dae

14 dae

Noorweërs woon binne 30 km van die grens:

  • Hierdie persone mag Rusland tot 15 dae binnekom sonder 'n visum, mits hulle minstens 3 jaar in die grensgebied woon en nie meer as 30 km van die grens af reis nie.
  • 'N Grensertifikaat, wat geldig is vir veelvuldige inskrywings, moet by die Russiese konsulaat in Kirkenes vooraf, dus moet u dit sien as 'n spesiale soort visum wat geldig is vir verskeie inskrywings gedurende tot vyf jaar. 'N Soortgelyke reëling bestaan ​​vir Pole wat naby die Kaliningrad-omgewing woon.
Sint Petersburg kan byvoorbeeld visumvry per cruiseskip besoek word

Daar is 'n paar gevalle wat dit toelaat visumvrye toegang:

  • Transito deur Moskou Sheremetyevo, Moskou Domodedovo- of Jekaterinburg Koltsovo-lughawens het nie 'n deurgangsvisum nodig nie, mits die reisiger 'n bevestigde vlug het, nie langer as 24 uur in die lughawe bly nie nie in vervoer na of van nie Wit-Rusland en Kazakstan (reis na en van hierdie lande gebruik binnelandse terminale). Ry deur die lughawe St. Petersburg Pulkovo benodig 'n transito (of ander) visum. In baie beperkte gevalle kan visums van konsulêre beamptes op die lughawens verkry word.
  • Reispassasiers wat per boot aankom en van Rusland vertrek, het geen visum nodig as hulle in Rusland vertoef nie minder as 72 uur. Voorbeelde hiervan is die Saimaa-kanaalvaart vanaf Lappeenranta (Finland) aan Vyborg en St. Peter Line se vaarte na St Petersburg from Helsinki, Tallinn or Stockholm. Check to what extent you must keep to your group. Do not overstay the visa waiver. If you do overstay, you need to apply for an exit visa, need to pay a fine of at least €500 and will not be able to enter Russia on a visa waiver for the next five years. The visa process in this case may take over a week, during which you need to pay for your stay and food.
  • Special events: the best known example was the "supporters visa" temporarily available for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. This was a less onerous visa process, but you had to have tickets for matches and booked accommodation, which meant paying top prices. That has come to an end but there are many other sporting and cultural events with a similar visa arrangement: upcoming events are listed on the Russian embassy website. Visitors with tickets to UEFA Euro 2020 games (in summer 2021) in St. Petersburg will be allowed to enter visa free under the same scheme.

eVisas

Nationalities eligible for eVisas in yellow (click to enlarge)

Since 1 January 2021, the free electronic visas entitling visitors to enter certain parts of Russia are discontinued. They've been replaced by eVisas costing $40, allowing you to travel freely around Russia for 16 days, for tourism, business and participating in events. One limitation is that you can only enter and leave Russia through certain checkpoints (as of February 2021, 40 checkpoints) including major airports (though very few in eastern Russia) and ports, and a few land crossings (mostly to the Baltic states and to/from Kaliningrad), and two railway crossings to North Korea and nearby to China. In a nutshell: overland travel to and from most countries, including almost all train crossings, as well as entry directly into most of Asian Russia by plane require a full normal visa.

Eligible nationalities for these eVisas are the EU countries, Bahrain, China, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Malaysia, Mexico, Monaco, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Philippines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, Vatican City.

The visa process

Everyone else requires a visa. And for those unfortunates the complexity of the process depends on the class of visa. Thirty-day tourist visas are fairly straightforward to acquire; 90-day (and more) business visas, less so. US citizens are eligible for 3-year multiple-entry business, homestay/private, humanitarian and tourist visas without an invitation (but with proof of booking arrangements). It is best to start the application process well in advance. While expedited processing is available to those who need visas quickly, it can double the application cost.

I want a tourist visa and I don't want to book any accommodation before I have my visa

Specialist Russian visa companies can do this for you and you don't have to worry about filing any paperwork with embassies. Just send them money, your passport and the relevant information.

However, it's cheaper (but slightly more work) to use these agencies to get you an invitation and then lodge your application at the embassy yourself.

Arranging a visa basically involves two steps:

  1. Getting an invitation and
  2. Applying for the visa.

You may arrive at any time on or after the start date of your visa's validity and may depart at any time on or before its expiry date. Normally, an exit visa is included in transit, private visit/homestay, tourist, and business visas so long as the visa is still valid. Other classes, such as student visas, still require a separate exit visa that can take up to three weeks to process.

Exit and re-entry during the validity period of your visa requires permits. Getting these permits is a Kafkaesque bureaucratic nightmare that is best avoided entirely by getting a double- or multiple-entry visa in the first place.

If you're in Russia and have lost your passport, your sponsor, not your embassy, must apply to the Federal Migration Service to transfer your visa to your replacement passport. Having a copy of your old visa helps with this, but is not sufficient to let you depart. An exception is for U.S. citizens, who only need show proof that they had not exceeded their duration of permitted stay in order to depart (but a visa would be required for a return to Russia).

An unaccompanied minor of Russian nationality needs, apart from the regular requirements for adults, a notarized statements in Russian signed by both parents. This statement can be requested at the Russian embassy or consulate. The child is likely able to get into Russia without this statement, but will most likely be prevented by the Russian border guards from getting out of Russia at the airport!

1. Getting an invitation

Russia's most striking border crossing—the Friendship Bridge between the castles of Narva en Ivangorod

The invitation type determines the visa. A tourist invitation gets you a tourist visa, a private visit invitation gets you a private visit visa, etc. Except for tourist visas, invitations are official documents issued by Russian government agencies and must be applied for by the person or organization inviting you.

Any invitation will include the intended dates of travel and the number of entries required (1, 2 or multiple). The dates on the invitation determine the period of the ensuing visa's validity. If in doubt of dates, ensure that the invitation covers a period longer than the intended stay: a tourist visa valid for 7 days costs the same as one valid for 30 days.

In the likely situation you have to buy your invitation, shop around globally: all invitations come from Russia and the company that gets it for you will have a base in Russia. It doesn't make a difference whether its website is based in Germany, the UK, the US or Eswatini. Many embassies and consulates only require a copy of the invitation; however this is not always the case so check with the embassy or consulate beforehand. If the original invitation is required, it will have to be flown from Russia anyway. It is only applying for the visa that generally requires the application to be made in the applicant's homeland.

A tourist invitation (ook genoem reservation confirmation) is a letter of confirmation of booking and pre-payment of accommodation and travel arrangements in Russia. It is accompanied by a tourist voucher. These two documents can be issued only by "government approved" tour operators, hotels, online hotel booking services or Russian travel agencies (several Russian travel agencies have offices outside Russia and are adept at facilitating visa applications). "Government approval" here is not an endorsement of quality; it means that the company is registered with the Russian government. An ordinary hotel booking is not sufficient to constitute an invitation. Some hotels charge a fee to issue the invitation. Booking one night in a hotel will get you an invitation valid for one day (maybe two) and hence the resulting visa will be valid for a very brief time.

For independent travellers planning to travel around Russia, it is best to get an invitation through an agency. For a fee, these agencies will issue the necessary invitations and vouchers to any passport holder in any country. They do this without actually collecting any accommodation prepayment (and without providing any accommodation, of course). Two big players in the online tourist visa support document business are Way to Russia, a company with a US base (invitation US$30), and Real Russia with a British base (invitation ₤15). While the strict legality of such is questionable, these companies are well established and do enough not to upset the authorities. Most importantly, their services do not lead to problems for the traveller. However, if your itinerary is confined to only one hotel, then it makes sense to obtain the invitation documents directly from the hotel as the service fee will be similar.

Consider getting a private/homestay visa if you have friends or relatives in Russia (they do not necessarily have to be Russian). They would need to seek an invitation through their local Passport and Visa Division of the Federal Migration Service (formerly OVIR). These invitations tend to take at least a month to process. The inviting individual also becomes solely responsible for all your activities while in Russia and can be penalized heavily if something were to go wrong. Because of this, personal invitations are usually not available for a fee through the net.

Business invitations are issued by the government. They are generally time-consuming and costly to acquire but they can be quickly arranged for exorbitant fees. Any registered company in Russia can apply for a business invitation. Travel agencies and visa specialists can also get them issued for you. Business visas have longer validity than tourist visas. Being a tourist on a business visa is permitted, so anyone wanting more than a 30-day stay should get one of these. As a rough guide, one UK company can arrange a business invitation for a single 90-day stay for various amounts between ₤38 (for 12 working day processing) and ₤121 (for 2 working day processing).

Invitations for student visas are issued by the educational institution where you plan to study. Most universities and language schools are familiar with the process.

Some Russian local governments have a right to invite foreigners for cultural exchanges by sending a message directly to the Embassy or Consulate of Russia overseas, requesting the visa be issued to a particular foreigner or group of foreigners. Such messages are used instead of an invitation. This is normally the way to go if you are invited by the government.

2. Applying for the visa

Different embassies and consulates have different requirements for visa applications. They may issue visas by mail, they may require application in person, they may accept a copy of the invitation, they may require the original. They may accept payment by card, they may insist on a money order. Check with the embassy or consulate beforehand - in most cases it will be on their website. Holders of U.S., Canadian, and British passports typically have to complete a longer application. Getting a Russian visa issued away from your country of nationality or one you have a residence permit valid for at least three months can be tricky. This can ruin plans for east-to-west trans-Siberian trippers. In Asia, success (no means guaranteed) is most likely to be found in Hongkong en Phnom Penh (if necessary, temporary Cambodian residence is simple to buy and only costs about US$100).

Visa service companies, for a fee, will double-check your application and invitation, go to the embassy for you, and return your passport to you. This service is nothing that you cannot do yourself (unlike arranging the invitation) but it can save time and frustration.

A single entry, 30-day tourist visa for citizens of EU-Schengen countries costs €35 and takes three working days for standard processing (€70 gets express service for next day collection). For UK citizens the price is ₤50 and processing takes 5 working days not 3 (express service is next day and costs £100). For citizens of the USA the price is US$160 with standard processing being at least 4 working days (express service is US$250 and stated to be 3 working days).

In some countries which have a busy trade in Russian visas (eg, UK and USA), the visa processing has been outsourced to private companies. These companies levy a further unavoidable application fee on top of the visa fees stated above. For applications made in the UK (by a citizen of any country) the application fee is ₤26.40 for standard service and ₤33.60 for express service. For applications made in the USA, the application fee is US$30.

An additional complication for UK citizens is the requirement to personally attend one of the visa application centres in London, Edinburgh or Manchester to have biometric data, that is fingerprints, taken.

The total cost of getting a visa usually has three parts: invitation fee, visa fee and application fee. If you're lucky, one or more of these may be zero but be prepared to be hit by all three. Take as an example a UK citizen applying for a 30-day, single entry tourist visa with standard processing in the UK (not the cheapest example and not the most expensive): invitation bought through an agency: ₤15, visa fee: ₤50, application fee: ₤26.40-91.40 .

Usually, tourist, homestay, and transit visas can allow one or two entries. Tourist and homestay visas have a maximum validity of 30 days. Transit visas are typically for one to three days for air travel and up to ten days for overland journeys. Business and other visa categories can be issued for one, two or multiple entries.

Any business visa can permit a maximum stay in any one visit of up to 90 days. However, a business visa generally only permits a total stay of 90 days in Russia in a 180-day period, regardless of how long it is valid for (whether it be 3, 6, or 12 months). If you stay in Russia for 90 days, you have to leave and your visa will not permit you to return for another 90 days. This means (give or take - a year isn't 360 days) that a six-month visa permits as long a total time in Russia as a three month visa!

Once you have your visa, check all the dates and information as it's much easier to correct mistakes before you travel than after you arrive!

Arrival and customs

Keep visa woes in perspective—it used to be even harder to travel around here.

On arriving in Russia, you'll have to fill out a landing card (usually filled out automatically by an immigration officer). As in most places, one half is surrendered on entry and the other portion should remain with your passport until you leave Russia. It is usually printed in both Russian and English though other languages may be available. If you lose it, then upon leaving Russia, you will be charged a nominal fine, and your departure may be delayed by an hour or two for the formalities.

Usually, you will be permitted to enter and remain in Russia for the term of your visa but it's up to the immigration officer to decide and they may decide otherwise, though this is unlikely.

Those who enter Russia with valuable electronic items or musical instruments (especially violins that look antique and expensive), antiques, large amounts of currency, or other such items are required to declare them on the customs entry card and must insist on having the card stamped by a customs officer upon arrival. Even if the customs officer claims that it is not necessary to declare such items, insist on a stamp on your declaration. Having this stamp may prevent considerable hassle (fines, confiscation) upon departure from Russia should the customs agent at departure decide that an item should have been declared upon entry.

Registration

Upon arrival to Russia and then subsequently upon arriving in any new city, you must be geregistreer within 7 business days of arriving. This law is a relic from the Soviet days of controlled internal migration. Today, even Russians are supposed to register if they move cities. The official line is that these expensive pieces of paper with blue stamps, help control illegal immigration from the poorer countries on Russia's southern borders in Sentraal-Asië, die Kaukasus, Sjina en selfs Noord-Korea.

Your host in that city (not necessarily the one who issued the invitation) is responsible for registering you. The proof of registration is a separate piece of paper with a big blue stamp on it. Registration can nowadays be done in any post office. You will also have visit a bank to pay the registration fee (about 300 руб).

All legal hotels will not let you check in without seeing your registration (at least if you've been in Russia for more than 7 business days) and police who insist that a lack of registration is your fault are more annoying and more expensive than paying the registration fee.

However, if you do not intend to stay at the hotels, you may, at your own risk, forego the registration procedure. Proofs of registration are nooit nie demanded by immigration offices at borders.

Overstaying a visa

If you overstay, even by a few minutes, you will likely be prohibited from leaving until you obtain a valid exit visa. Jy mag be able to obtain a visa extension from the consular officer at an airport against the payment of a fine if you overstayed for fewer than three days, but this is not guaranteed. Generally, though, obtaining an extension requires an intervention by your sponsor, a payment of a fine, and a wait of up to three weeks.

Be careful if your flight leaves after midnight and be aware of the time at which the train crosses the border. Border guards will not let you depart if you're leaving even 10 min after your visa expires!

If your overstay was due to reasons such as medical problems, the Federal Migration Service may instead issue a Home Return Certificate rather than an exit visa which is valid to depart Russia within ten days of issue.

Met die vliegtuig

The hammer and sickle flies on, Aeroflot

Moscow and Saint Petersburg are served by direct flights from most European capitals, and Moscow also has direct flights from many cities in East Asia, South Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and North America. Non-stop flights from the United States to Russia are offered by Delta (from New York and Atlanta to Moscow, Sheremetyevo), United Airlines (from Washington to Moscow, Domodedovo) and Aeroflot (from New York, Washington and Los Angeles to Moscow, Sheremeryevo).

There are four international airports in Moscow: Sheremetyevo SVO IATA in the northwest, Domodedovo DME IATA in the south Vnukovo VKO IATA in the southwest, and Zhukovskiy ZIA IATA. While first three have an express rail connection (500 руб) to a main railway station in the city, each of the stations are quite far apart which makes traveling between the airports quite challenging, so allow several hours between flights from different airports. A taxi between any of the airports should cost about 1500 руб (be prepared to negotiate hard). By public transport, costs range from roughly 200 руб for buses to just under 700 руб for the aeroexpress trains. The system is very user unfriendly so don't expect an easy, convenient or quick transfer.

Sheremetyevo Airport has five terminals in two clusters, and is the main hub of national carrier Lugdiens. Although Aeroflot had long been notorious for its poor safety record, things have improved greatly since the fall of the Soviet Union and today, it is just as safe as the major Western European airlines. Terminals B (the old Sheremetyevo-1) and C constitute the northern cluster and provide mostly domestic and charter services. New Terminals D and E, along with the older Terminal F (the old Sheremetyevo-2, built for the 1980 Moscow Olympics), form the southern cluster and serve international flights, mainly the SkyTeam alliance, and Terminal D also serves domestic Aeroflot flights.

Domodedovo is a high-class modern airport with a single spacious terminal. It serves domestic and international flights by most Russian and international companies, so you'd be better off choosing flights bound for it. It is the main hub for S7 Airlines, which also flies to numerous international destinations.

Vnukovo is a smaller airport and is generally operated by low-cost airlines.

Zhukovskiy is the latest addition to the Moscow aviation hub. It is a relatively small airport that mainly serves flights to Belarus and countries of Central Asia. However, it has the world's second-longest public-use runway that it shares with the adjacent Gromov flight research institute.

There are airports in all large cities in Russia. Some international services can be found in: Novosibirsk, Sotsji, Vladivostok, Kaliningrad, Ekaterinburg. International service to other destinations is much more limited.

Local airlines are listed in Kry rond.

Low-cost air-lines from Europe:

Van Duitsland:

  • Eurowings flies to Moscow (Vnukovo International Airport) from Berlin (Berlin Schönefeld), Cologne (Köln Bonn Airport), Hamburg (Hamburg Airport) and Stuttgart (Stuttgart Airport). There are also connections from Berlin (Berlin Schönefeld) and Cologne (Köln Bonn Airport) to Saint Petersburg (Pulkovo Airport). Approximate one-way price: US$100.

Van Griekeland:

  • Aegean Airlines flies to Moscow (Domodedovo International Airport) from Athens (Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport) from €155 return ticket, Thessaloniki (Macedonia Airport) from €177 return ticket. Aegean operates seasonally from Heraklion, Klamath, and Rhodes.

Van Italië:

Van Noorweë:

Van Spanje:

  • vueling seasonally files to Moscow (Domodedovo International Airport) from Barcelona (Barcelona Airport). One-way fare €110-180 if booked in advance.

Van die Verenigde Koninkryk:

Cheaper ways to get to Moscow from the Middle East, India, South-East Asia and Australia:

From/via Verenigde Arabiese Emirate

  • Emirates vlieg van Dubai to Domodedovo International Airport in Moscow and to Pulkovo Airport in Saint Petersburg. New jets, high quality, a little pricey but sometimes they have really cheap sales. A good option to connect if flying from India, South-East Asia or Australia.
  • Etihad vlieg van Abu Dhabi to Domodedovo International Airport. It offers one-way fares which are just slightly more expensive than a half of the return fare (also, return price generally does not become higher in case of a longer stay up to 1 year), the strategy otherwise employed almost exclusively by low-cost airlines. Offers very competitive rates also, especially for the connecting flights.

From/via Katar

Typical neoclassical grandiosity at the Krasnoyarsk Railway Station
  • Qatar Airways, another player on the Middle Eastern intercontinental connections market, files from Doha to Domodedovo International] airport. One of just 5 airlines of the world rated by Skytrax as 5-star. Nevertheless, connecting airfares from Asia are often quite modest.

Met die trein

Russian Railways RZhD (Russian: РЖД) runs reliable services across dizzying distances. Eastern and Central Europe are well connected to Moskou and to a lesser extent Saint Petersburg. Moscow is also connected to some surprising destinations throughout Western Europe and Asia.

New Swiss carriages run from Moscow to Lekker en Parys, but the international trains otherwise are of the same standard as the domestic trains (see Get around: By train). However, any international trains that pass through the Belarusian-Russian border are only for Russian and Belarusian citizens.

The Russian word for railway station (Vokzal, Вокзал) comes from the pleasure gardens (i.e. leisure complex) in Vauxhall, London. In the 1840s early days of railways, visiting Russian entrepreneurs were impressed by these, which created a destination for railway travel and boost to the local economy. Similar gardens were established in St Petersburg around the first Russian railway, and elsewhere, and "vokzal" used to mean such a complex before coming to mean a railway station. The London gardens meanwhile became notorious for thievery and prostitution, and went bankrupt (so, most unlike any big railway station, especially in Russia). The original Vauxhall in London was "Falkes Hall", the home of Sir Falkes de Breauté, who fought for King John against the rebellious Barons, who were furious that he was breaking the terms of Magna Carta. So "voksal" commemorates a 13th-century reactionary warrior against the birth of English democracy!

Europa

Wit-Rusland, Moldawië en Oekraïne are very well connected to Russia with many trains daily from cities throughout each country. Helsinki in Finland has four high speed trains daily to St Petersburg and one overnight train to Moscow. Riga in Latvia, Vilnius in Lithuania and Tallinn in Estonia each have at least one overnight or daytime train to Moscow and St Petersburg.

Kaliningrad has a short summer-only train connection to Gdynia en Gdańsk in Poland. The trains from Kaliningrad to Moscow and St Petersburg pass through Vilnius die middag.

Beyond Russia's immediate neighbours and former Soviet dominions, direct trains connect Moscow with Oostenryk, Bulgarye, Kroasië, Tsjeggiese Republiek, Frankryk, Duitsland, Hongarye, Italië, Monaco, Montenegro, Nederland, Pole, Roemenië, Serwië, Slowakye, en Switserland. Most trains from Central Europe to Moscow pass through Belarus, for which westerners need a transit or tourist visa, even if they're visa-exempt for Russia. The Belarus visa needs to be double-entry to return the same way. Although there are often rumours about westerners being blocked and turned off the train at the Belarus-Russia border, this rail route (as of summer 2018) has for some years been trouble-free, and alternative routes via Ukraine or Scandinavia add more bother than they save. It's the road route across that border where troubles sometimes occur.

Western Europe has a different track gauge from Russia, Finland and the CIS so bogies must be exchanged when the train crosses into the ex-Soviet countries (usually Oekraïne of Wit-Rusland). This adds a couple of hours to the long wait already encountered for immigration. You can stay on the train as the wheels are being changed so it won't disrupt your sleep too much.

Asië

Moscow is connected to all the former Soviet Central Asian countries: (Kazakstan, Kirgisië, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, & Oesbekistan) at least 2-3 times per week. Journeys take 4 or 5 days. For the Caucasus, there is a service from Moscow to Bakoe in Azerbaijan (3 days), but the Azerbaijan-Russia border is only open to CIS passport holders. There is also a service from Moskou via Sochi to Sukhumi in the disputed territory of Abchasië. Die Trans-Siberiese spoorweg spans the entire country and connects with Chinese cities such as Beijing en Harbin, sowel as Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia. There is a service at least twice a month from Moscow to Pyongyang in Noord-Korea, which is nowadays open to westerners with the correct paperwork. Its coaches attached to the Rossiya Moscow-Vladivostock train that are detached at Ussuriysk for the 36 hour onward haul into and across North Korea.

Met die motor

Sien ook: Driving in Russia

You can travel to Russia by car, but the driving experience there does differ from what you'd expect in most western countries; see get around below for details. Also, crossing the border by car is a peculiar entertainment.

Met die bus

Sotsji's Seaport

A few bus companies, most notably Eurolines, Ekolines en Lux Express, operate international coach services from a number of destinations to Moskou en Saint Petersburg. Tallinn, Helsinki, Riga, Vilnius, Warskou en Berlyn have regular services to Russia.

Per boot

Ferry services operate in the summer between Sotsji en Turkey'sTrabzon. In Vladivostok there is a scheduled roll-on, roll-off ferry to Busan and numerous lines to the different Japannees ports, however they are mostly oriented to the used Japanese car imports and less to tourism, there is also a weekly service in summer between Korsakov aan Sakhalin en Wakkanai on the Japanese island Hokkaido. Cruise ships are also call to Russian ports frequently. There is a boat connection from Lappeenranta, Finland aan Vyborg. There is now daily (overnight) service between Helsinki and St. Petersburg on St. Peter Line that does not require a visa for stays less than 3 days.If you join a cruise tour of St. Petersburg, then you don't need a Russian visa but you have to stay with the tour. Sien Russia#Visa free entry by ship.

Per fiets

There are two international cycling routes Eurovelo that pass through Russia including EV2 Capitals Route (from Ireland to Moscow) and EV10 Baltic Sea Cycle Route (Hansa circuit) interconnecting Saint-Petersburg with Estonia and Finland.

Kry rond

The enormous distances hamper all forms of transportation. While the Russian government has tried to make the vast space more accessible since tsarist times much of the country is still hard to reach and even where trains and roads go, travel time is often measured in days not hours. Consider flying for far-off destinations — domestic flight routes cover the country pretty well.

Met die trein

Due to the immense size of the country, and the poor road safety, the best way to get around through the entire country quickly is by train. Russia has an extensive rail network linking nearly every city and town. For intercity travel, the train is generally the most convenient option for trips that can be covered overnight. Although accommodations may not be the best, Russian trains have efficient and courteous staff as well as timely departures and arrivals that would impress even a German. The train is an option for longer trips (many Russians continue to use it for trips of 2 days or more), but mainly if you appreciate the nuances and experience of train travel in Russia. For the complete Russian rail experience, the one-week Trans-Siberiese spoorweg has no equal.

Russian trains are divided into types: Long-distance (дальнего следования dal'nevo sledovaniya) trains generally cover trips more than about 4 hours or 200 km (120 miles). Take a look at the Russian long-distance rail rooster. Shorter distances are covered by the commuter trains (пригородные prigorodnyye), which are popularly called электрички elektrichki. Most train stations (железнодорожный вокзал zheleznodorozhnyy vokzal) have separate areas for selling tickets for these types.

Transportation of bicycles

Transportation of a bicycle in a carriage is permissible for one ticket under condition of being compactly folded/dismantled and clean. Usually the bike is taken off its wheels and pedals, put into a bag and stored on the upmost shelf in the Platzkart carriage. The other class carriages have less space or shelves and the bike should be more compact.

Sleeper cars

Winter travel on the famous Trans-Siberiese spoorweg
Local train station in Udelnaya, a district of St.Petersburg

Almost all long-distance trains are set up for overnight travel. There are several classes of accommodation:

  • Deluxe – myagkiy (мягкий) – with private compartments for two adults and a child, with a private toilet and shower. Few trains have this posh class.
  • 1st class – spalnyy/lyuks (спальный/люкс) – with private compartments for two people. Most trains connecting major cities have a car of this class; tickets are quite expensive in comparison with European standards. Colloquially this class is commonly referred to as SV (es-veh, СВ). Frequently these compartments are the same as in kupe with the two upper beds stowed away.
  • 2nd class – kupe (купе) – with private compartments of four people. On some trains, compartments may be marked as male, female, or mixed-sex by the ticketing system.
  • 3rd class – platskart (плацкарт) – with unwalled compartments of fourfold out beds opposite two beds on the window wall. There is controversy on safety of these compartments. For some these compartments are generally less safe than other classes as they allow uncontrolled access. Others point out that in an open car full of witnesses the chances of becoming a victim of a crime or harassment are less. Anyway, they provide for a much more immersive experience. Nevertheless, they will be abolished slowly.
  • Sitting class – sidyachiy (сидячий) – sitting cars for shorter distance, with seat reservation. These are mostly met on slower regional trains.

Every car has its own attendant/conductor (provodnik of provodnitsa), which check your tickets at your boarding, provides you bedding, sells you tea or snacks and can lend you a mug and spoon for about 10 руб. The conductor will usually take your tickets shortly after boarding, they are returned shortly before you arrive at your destination. At the end of each carriage you will find a samovar with free hot water for making tea or soup. Most long-distance trains have dining cars.

Bottom-bunk berths (nizhnie – нижние) are slightly more comfortable than top-bunk berths (verhnie – верхние), because they have more place for baggage under them. There are also discounts sometime for top-bunk berths only (usually not in the tourist season and not in popular directions, which are from largest towns on Friday nights, and back on Sunday nights).

Train classes

Trains are classified according to their average speed:

  • skorostnoy (скоростной, numbered 151 to 178) – the fastest trains (seating only). Sapsan, Allegro and Lastochka trains fall here;
  • skoryy (скорый, numbered 1 to 148 all-year and 181 to 298 seasonal) – rapid trains with overnight accommodation;
  • passazhirskiy (пассажирский, numbered 301 to 399 all-year, 400 to 499 seasonal and 500 to 598 on specific dates only) – slower trains with more frequent stops;
  • mestnyy (местный, numbered 601 to 698) – the slowest trains serving most of the localities along the railways. Typically this kind of trains run shorter routes, often just overnight, for example between adjacent or next to adjacent regional centers, or sideline dead-end branches. A somewhat rough upper limit for route length is about 700 km. Colloquially sometimes called shestisotye of shest'sot-veselye trains, based on their numeration (6XX or 600-happy trains);
  • pochtovo-bagazhnyy/gruzopassazhyrskiy (почтово-багажный/грузопассажирский, numbered 901 to 998) – mainly used to deliver post and bulky baggage or goods. By railway regulation, depending on location and typically further from major centers, it may be possible to buy tickers on those trains. Where there is a choice of trains, they are inpractical, as they tend to have long stops on all major stations and thus being slower even comparing to 6XX trains. Expect a lot of police, when boarding and unboarding this kind of trains;
  • prigorodnyy express (numbered 800 to 899 and 7000 to 7999) - local express trains, both suburban, such as REXes and Sputniks and interregional, including even trains from Moscow to Saint-Petersburg. Colloquially can be called popugai (parrots) for their bright colors, though further from Moscow regular local trains can be used as expresses;
  • prigorodnyy/elektropoyezd (пригородный/электропоезд, numbered 6001 to 6998) – local or suburban trains mostly serving commuters in cities. Typically named elektrichka, or sometimes more informally sobaka (dogs). Although sometimes any kind of local trains are called elektrichka, even erroneously, their types are diverse, especially where rails are not electrified, including diesel-trains and railbuses, or short trains pulled by (usually) diesel or electric locomotive. Local trains, pulled by locomotives, also may be called kukushka (cuckoos).

Generally correspondence between numeration, speed and train types may be somewhat skewed, and trains from 'slower' category may actually be faster than trains from 'faster' category. Typically this occurs for various categories of rapid and express trains.

Service quality usually correspond to the class of train, but besides that, all-year trains usually have better service than seasonal trains, which are usually better than special dates only trains. Also according to their standards of service, some trains are promoted to firmennyy (фирменный) and given a proper brand and higher ticket price. The most distinguished trains use their special liveries.

Since 2011, dozens of local (prigorodny) trains are canceled each year due to lack of financing, and situation worsens each year. Cancellations occur everywhere over the country, except commuter zones of largest cities, such as Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Ekaterinburg and Irkutsk. Having latest news on cancellations may be essential for trip planning. Typical cancellation traits: most cancellations occur in the start of the year, sometimes some trains are returned into timetable, if local budgets find funds to sponsor them; some trains are cut at region borders, even when there are no roads over the border to the previous train destination; other local trains got cut to 1 a day or several a week, often with timetable, not convenient for tourists.

Kaartjies

"Lastochka" train ticket from Tver aan Moskou, September 2020

Reservations are compulsory on long-distance trains, so you need to plan specifically for each leg of your journey, you can't hop on and off. Previously, all Russian railways used only Moscow time in their schedules, which was very inconvenient and misleading, especially for traveling to the Far East, where the difference between the departure time indicated on the ticket and the actual departure time could be 7-8 hours.

On August 1, 2018, the Russian railways finally began indicating local time in their schedules.

Die kaartjieprys hang af van die treinklas en motorklas, asook van seisoen (kaartjies buite die spitstyd kan 2/3 van die piekdagkaartjies kos). U kan die kaartjieprys nagaan by Russiese spoorweë e-winkel.

Die beste manier om u kaartjie te koop, is aanlyn vanaf Russiese spoorwegwebwerf. Waar die aanlynstelsel die trein as ЭР (met 'n klein treinsimbool) toon, moet u hierdie kaartjie tuis druk, en dit hoef nie bekragtig te word voordat u aan boord gaan nie. Vir treine sonder ЭP moet u u kwitansie na 'n toonbank neem om u kaartjie op te laai, en dit kan slegs binne Rusland gedoen word. U kan dus nie die treine gebruik vir reise wat buite Rusland begin nie.

Alternatiewelik koop by die stasie: Kassovyi Zal (кассовый зал) beteken kaartjiesaal. Lyne wissel baie - sommige stasies is baie beter georganiseer as ander, en dit hang ook af van die seisoen. As u die lyne ondraaglik lank vind, is dit gewoonlik nie moeilik om 'n agentskap te vind wat treinkaartjies verkoop nie. Kommissiesyfers is oor die algemeen nie onbetaalbaar nie. As u byvoorbeeld u kaartjie van Moskou na Sint-Petersburg koop, is dit baie beter om 'n trappie van die gewone kaartjieskantoor af te stap - daar is geen rye bo nie en R140 is 'n klein premie om vir hierdie diens te betaal.

Daar is baie agentskappe wat Russiese treinkaartjies in die buiteland verkoop - RusTrains.com, TuTu.travel, Regte Rusland, Russiese treine, en RussianTrain. Hulle het webwerwe met vreemde tale (Engels, Spaans, ens.), Kan papierkaartjies na u huisadres plaas, klanteondersteuning bied en 'n groter aantal betaalmetodes aanbied, maar die pryse is 30-50% hoër.

Reiswenke

Reistyd kan wissel van 'n paar uur tot 'n paar dae. Daar is meer soorte treine tussen die twee hoofstede as tussen enige ander twee stede in Rusland. Afgesien van gewone treine, is daar sneltreine (Sapsan) wat slegs bedags loop en die 650 km tussen Moskou en Sint Petersburg binne 4 uur aflê. Sommige van die treine in die nag is redelik luuks - dit sluit die tradisionele in Die Rooi Pyl diens en die nuwer, vals-tsaristiese era Nikolaevsky Express, kompleet met dienaars in 19-eeuse uniforms. Lakens, handdoeke en voorverpakte ontbyte is by al die beter treine ingesluit. Gedeelde badkamergeriewe is aan die einde van die treinwa geleë. Daar is spesiale luike wat u kan gebruik om die deur van die kamer gedurende die nag van binne af vas te maak.

Sneltrein Moskou-Sint Petersburg neem 5 uur se reis en kos min. 2400 руб. Treine is slegs effens met lugversorging. Niemand in die treinstasie in Moskou praat Engels nie, dus as u nie genoeg vertroud is met Russies om u treinkaartjie persoonlik te koop nie, word voorgestel dat u dit aanlyn of via u hotelkonservator of reisagent koop voordat u vertrek. Die belangrikste tekens binne die treinstasie is in Russies en Engels. Die sneltrein se eetwa is mooi ingerig met regte tafellinne en 'n indrukwekkende spyskaart en wynlys, maar is 3 tot 4 keer duurder as om in die stad te eet voor en na u reis.

Bushalte in Lipetsk

Die duur van die stop kan baie anders wees, van so vinnig as een minuut (skaars genoeg vir passasiers om die trein te verlaat en te klim) tot so lank as 30 minute. Gaan die rooster aan die einde van die gang na. Tydens stop kan u verskillende maaltye en drankies by die plaaslike bevolking teen redelike pryse koop. Handelaars sal gereeld tussen die haltes deur die motors loop en alles verkoop, van breekware tot klere tot Lay's chips.

Die pendeltreine is meestal treinsitters met harde sitplekke. U kry nie 'n aangewese sitpleknommer nie - u vind net plek op 'n bankie. Hierdie treine het 'n berugte reputasie dat hulle oorvol is, maar dit het ietwat afgeneem. Die treine stop baie gereeld en is redelik stadig. Byvoorbeeld, 'n reis van 200 km na Vladimir duur ongeveer 3 uur en 30 minute. Hulle het wel (!) Toilette in die eerste en laaste motor, maar dit gaan 'n onvergeetlike ervaring wees (gebruik dit slegs in 'noodgevalle').

Kaartjies vir pendeltreine word in 'n aparte kamer van langafstandtreine verkoop en word soms verkoop vanaf stalletjies buite.

'N Paar baie gewilde roetes, meestal tussen Moskou en nabygeleë stede soos Vladimir, Jaroslavl, Tula en ander, het 'n sneltrein wat aansienlik gemakliker is. U kaartjie sal 'n aangewese sitpleknommer hê en die sitplekke is redelik gemaklik. Die treine ry direk na hul bestemming en is dus aansienlik vinniger.

Watter tydsone? Tot Augustus 2018 het alle treine in Rusland op Moskou-tyd gery, soveel as 7 uur af plaaslike tyd in die Verre Ooste. Dit kan surrealisties wees, aangesien u uit 'n trein-, perron- en stasiesaal gestrompel het wat 10:00 gewys het, om in die somberheid van 'n Siberiese aand te verskyn. Maar dit was ten minste konsekwent, 'n seën vir langafstandbeplanning. Deesdae gebruik die rooster egter plaaslike tyd en skuif dit altyd as u oos ry. Gaan kaartjies en roosters noukeurig na om te sien watter tyd in 'n spesifieke stad gebruik word.

Met die bus

Kaart van die Russiese federale snelwegnetwerk

Die meeste Russiese stede het busverbindings na stede so ver as 5-6 uur of verder. Alhoewel dit gewoonlik minder gemaklik is as die trein, is busse soms 'n beter opsie en is dit die moeite werd om na te gaan as die treintydperk nie by u pas nie. 'N Klein aantal stede, veral Suzdal, word nie per trein bedien nie, en dus is bus die enigste opsie behalwe 'n motor.

Die Russiese woord vir busstasie is Avtovokzal (Ahv-tuh-vahg-ZAHL). Die meeste stede het net een vir langafstandbusse en die staatsbusse vertrek daarvandaan. In Moskou en in ander Russiese stede is daar egter 'n aantal kommersiële busse beskikbaar, en hulle vertrek gewoonlik nie vanaf die busstasie nie. Dikwels sien u kommersiële busse naby treinstasies. Soms loop hulle volgens skedules, maar vir gewilde roetes (soos Moskou-Vladimir, Moskou / Jaroslavl, ens.) Wag die busse eenvoudig om vol te word. Op hierdie busse word die bestuurder gewoonlik betaal.

Russiese busse het bagasie stoor, maar as dit 'n ou oostelike blokbus is, kan u bagasie nat wees aan die einde van die reis. U moet normaalweg 'n "bagage" kaartjie vir bagasie betaal.

Marshrutka

Afgesien van gewone busse word daar ook privaat minibusse genoem marshrutka (маршрутка). Dit het na die val van die Sowjetunie na vore gekom as 'n alternatief vir die moribunde openbare vervoerstelsel. Wettiglik kan hulle gelisensieer word as taxi's of busse. Hulle het vaste roetes, maar gewoonlik geen roosters nie en geen gewone stasies nie. Die amptelike benaming vir hulle is Roetetaxi, (Russies: marshrutnoye taxi, Oekraïens: marshrutne taxi), vandaar die omgangstaal marshrutka).

Om aan boord van een daarvan te gaan, stop langs die pad en waai met die hand. As u gelukkig is en die minibus nie vol is nie, sal dit stop. In 'n stad sal dit in elk geval stop en u 'n opsie bied om in die paadjie te staan ​​of selfs in 'n hoek te gaan staan ​​en buig oor sitende passasiers. Dit is nie wettig of gerieflik nie, maar baie algemeen en aanvaarbaar. U kan met die bestuurder reël om by u bestemming te stop. As u moet afklim, moet u skree: "Остановите здесь!" (Astanaviti zdes, wat beteken "Stop hier!") So hard as moontlik sodat die bestuurder kan hoor. Marshrutka sal byna oral stop, selfs in die middel van die verkeer sonder om na die kant van die pad te beweeg. By die hoofhaltes kan die bestuurder wag en meer passasiers afhaal. Die wagtyd is onvoorspelbaar en hang af van die skedule, aantal passasiers, mededingende busse, ens. Daar is geen kaartjies nie, u betaal die bestuurder direk. Hy kan u 'n kwitansie gee, maar u moet dit eksplisiet vra.

Marshrutkas ry beide op die platteland (in hierdie geval is dit meer waarskynlik dat hulle roosters het) en as stadsvervoer. Soms lyk hulle soos gewone busse, wat hulle amper nie van amptelike busse onderskei nie. Op langafstandroetes het u ook die opsie om 'n plek per telefoon te bespreek en selfs vooraf 'n kaartjie te koop. Die stelsel is baie lukraak en op die vreemdste manier georganiseer. Dit is sterk aan te beveel om die bestuurders of ten minste met plaaslike inwoners wat die huidige situasie in hul stad moet ken, besonderhede oor spesifieke roete na te gaan. Vertrou nooit in die stede op die roetegetalle nie. Soms stem dit ooreen met dié van die amptelike openbare vervoer, maar soms nie.

Met die motor

Sien ook: Ry in Rusland

Terwyl treine, vliegtuie en busse u ook tussen groot Russiese stede en baie van die kleiner plekke sal bring, kan motorritte 'n goeie manier wees om buite die gebaande paadjie te gaan en in u eie tempo te reis. As u egter nie gewoond is aan plaaslike padtoestande en bestuurskultuur nie en nie Russies verstaan ​​nie, kan onafhanklike motorreise uitdagend en selfs gevaarlik wees. Paaie kan sleg gemerk wees, as dit hoegenaamd gemerk is, en swak onderhou word, veral buite die stede en dorpe. Padnommers is nie goed gemerk nie, en rigtingwysers is normaalweg slegs in Russies.

Die meeste federale snelweë (gemerk as M-1, M-2, ensovoorts) word deur outomatiese stelsels waargeneem, maar klein paaie word gepatrolleer deur State Auto Inspection (ГИБДД of GIBDD, hoewel dit ook bekend staan ​​onder die voormalige naam GAI). GIBDD-padblokkades is binne elke federale distriksgrens (ongeveer elke 200 km). Dit is baie handig om 'n detector vir radarsnelheidsstrikke en 'n video-opnemer te hê. 'N Video-opname is u uiteindelike verdediging almal probleemgevalle met GIBDD.

As u as bestuurder in 'n botsing betrokke is, is die hoofreël om nie u motor te skuif en die toneel van die ongeluk nie te verlaat voordat 'n GIBDD-inspekteur 'n ongeluksplan opstel en u dit onderteken nie. Enige oortreding van hierdie reël kan u 15 dae vryheid kos. Alle ander vrae moet aan u versekeringsmaatskappy gerig word.

Nie alle snelweë in Rusland is gratis nie: op sommige snelweë versper tolhekke die weg, so die reisiger mag dit nodig hê 20-60 руб per tol (kan per kredietkaart betaal word).

In sommige streke kan petrol uiters sleg wees; dit is altyd beter om dit te vind gebrandmerk vulstasie.

Motorhuurdienste is duur. As u nie Russies verstaan ​​nie, is die gebruik van 'n privaat gelisensieerde gids een opsie. Gidse voorsien gewoonlik hul eie motors of bakkies en ken die paaie, gebruike en die platteland, wat dit moontlik maak om klein dorpies en historiese besienswaardighede te sien.

Met die vliegtuig

Die geweldige afstande van Rusland maak die reis van die vliegtuig baie wenslik as u van plan is om na sommige van Rusland se verre besienswaardighede te reis. Dit is die moeite werd om te oorweeg vir enige bestemming wat verder is as 'n treinrit per nag. Om per trein deur Rusland te ry, kan vreeslik romanties klink, maar dit is ook tydrowend en taamlik eentonig. Byna elke belangrike bestemming het 'n lughawe in die omgewing. Die meeste binnelandse vlugte is na / van Moskou, maar daar is ook ander dienste.

Die Russiese binnelandse lugdiensbedryf het in die negentigerjare 'n afskuwelike reputasie gehad as gevolg van onsekere veiligheidsrekords, onbetroubare roosters, verskriklike diens, ou vliegtuie en luukse lughawens. As gevolg van aansienlike verbeterings, het die lugdiensmark meestal internasionale standaarde gehaal. Afgesien van 'n paar vrystellings op nisvlugte, word alle vlugte deesdae met moderne toerusting met uitstekende veiligheidsrekords bestuur. Die tydige prestasie is ook baie goed, maar vertragings vind gewoonlik slegs plaas in ongunstige weersomstandighede. Aan die ander kant het die meeste Russiese vervoerders ook vervoerondernemings regoor die wêreld gekopieer rakende ekstra fooie vir verversings, etes, bagasie en sitplekkeuse.

Die meeste Russiese lughawens het nou ook internasionale standaarde. Die beveiligings- en inkloklyne is gewoonlik kort, maar verwag nie dat die personeel Engels sal praat nie. As u aanlyn- of mobiele inklok gedoen het (beskikbaar vir byna elke lugdiens), moet u 'n gedrukte instapkaart hê. Vir die passasiers wat met mobiele inskrywings besig is, is daar 'n klein selfdiens-kiosk op baie lughawens waarmee u 'n soort instapkaartplakker kan druk.

Gegewe die baie verskillende lugdienste wat binnelandse dienste bedryf, is dit 'n goeie idee om vlug-soekbladsye of (aanlyn) reisagentskappe te gebruik. Webwerwe wat algemeen in u tuisland voorkom, ken egter nie alle aanbieders nie of toon nie die laagste tariewe beskikbaar nie. Gebruik dus Russiese webwerwe soos Biletyplus en Agent.ru.

  • Lugdiens gebaseer op Sheremetyevo lughawe, Moskou, is die Russiese nasionale lugdiens, met sowel plaaslike as internasionale dienste. Pryse vir vlugte van Sint Petersburg terug na Moskou wissel, maar u kan dit vir ongeveer US $ 32 (Februarie 2016) kry en dit goedkoper en minder tydrowend maak as om die trein te neem. Aeroflot bedryf beide binnelandse en internasionale vlugte vanaf Terminal D langs die ou internasionale terminale (nou Terminal F) wat nie internasionale Aeroflot-vertrekke bedien nie. Baie internasionale vlugte en die meeste interne vliegvliegtuie word bestuur deur Boeing- en Airbus-vliegtuie, hoewel verskillende streeksroetes met die Russies vervaardigde Sukhoi Superjet 100's bestuur word.
  • S7-lugrederye (ex-Siberia of Sibir Airlines) Rusland se grootste binnelandse vervoerder met internasionale diens na baie stede in Duitsland, China en ex-Sowjet-republieke.
  • Rossiya Airlines het 'n groot netwerk in St. Petersburg Pulkovo lughawe na beide groot stede in Rusland en na Wes-Europa.
  • UTair bedryf die grootste vliegtuigvloot in Rusland en tel onder die vyf grootste Russiese vervoerondernemings volgens passasiersvolume.
  • Yakutia Airlines is 'n Siberiese / Verre Oosterse lugdiens met 'n uitgebreide vlugnetwerk rondom Siberië en die buiteland.
Rondkom via rendierstrooi in Nenetsia
  • Rusline
  • Rooi vleuels
  • Ural Airlines
  • Nordwind
  • Nordavia bedryf huishoudelike en streeksdienste hoofsaaklik in die Noordwes-streek
  • Aurora Die streeks-lugdiens in die Verre Ooste bedien ook internasionale vlugte na Japan en Suid-Korea
  • Pobeda Airlines laekostelugdiens bedryf binnelandse en internasionale vlugte vanaf die lughawe Vnukovo
  • Nordstar (Taimyr Air Company) binnelandse en internasionale lugdiens
  • Azimuth binnelandse en internasionale goedkoop vervoerder in Rostov aan die Don, en vir sommige van sy vlugte in Moskou

Baie van hierdie lugdienste is ontstaan ​​uit die eenmalige Aeroflot-operasie in hul tuisstad vanaf die Sowjet-tye toe die ou Aeroflot opgebreek is.

Vir afgeleë liggings, algemene lugvaart kan die vinnigste opsie wees.

Per boot

In die somer kom cruisebote gereeld op die riviere in Europese Rusland. Die mees gereelde reislyne is:

Naweek-vaarte, van Vrydag tot Sondag

  • Moskou - Uglich - Moskou
  • Sint-Petersburg - Valaam - Sint-Petersburg.
  • Moskou - Konstantinovo - Moskou via die Moskva-rivier

Langafstand vaarte

  • Moskou - Sint-Petersburg via Ladoga en Onega-mere, 6 nagte.
  • Moskou - Jaroslavl - Astrakhan met tussenstop in verskillende stede
  • Moskou - Yaroslavl - Rostov aan die Don met tussenstop in verskillende stede.
  • Moskou - Nizniy Novgorod via die Oka-rivier.

Dit is die hooflyne, sowel as ander, meer seldsame roetes. Sommige kruislyne, soos Moskou - Sint-Petersburg, word vir buitelandse toeriste verkoop. Die meeste vaarte is reto-retour, maar u kan ook cruiseschepe gebruik om tussen sommige stede te reis as u op soek is na seldsame eenrigtingroetes, soos Nizniy Novgorod - Moskou.

Deur duim

Rusland het 'n baie lewendige ryloop kultuur, met baie hitchhiking-klubs, is daar selfs 'n Academy of Hitchhiking. Daar is baie kompetisies. Ten spyte van horrorverhale oor slegte dinge wat in Rusland gebeur, is dit relatief veilig om te ry, veral op die platteland. In sommige streke verwag Russe 'n bietjie geld vir 'n rit.

Sien

Rusland is geweldig groot en besonders lank vir besoekers, hoewel baie in die moeilik bereikbare stukke van die mees afgeleë lande van die planeet lê. Die bekendste besienswaardighede is in en om die belangrikste stede van die land Moskou en Saint Petersburg.

Historiese besienswaardighede

Vesting by Derbent

Die geskiedenis van Rusland is die belangrikste rede waarom toeriste na hierdie land kom, na aanleiding van sy fassinerende, soms surrealistiese, dikwels wrede en altyd gevolglike nasionale sage.

Vroeë geskiedenis

Afbrekend, in die Kaukasiese Republiek van Dagestan, is Rusland se mees antieke stad, wat 5 000 jaar terug dateer. Die tuiste van die legendariese Poorte van Alexander, die ommuurde vestingstad, afwisselend beheer deur die Kaukasiese Albanië, Persiese ryke en die Mongole (tot sy agttiende eeuse verowering deur die Russiese Ryk) was vir 1500 jaar die sleutel tot die beheer van die handel tussen Wes-Rusland en die Midde-Ooste. Ander ou volke van Rusland het minder bewyse van hul beskawing gelaat, maar u kan spore vind van die Kurgan-bevolking van die Oeral, in die besonder die verwoeste heidense heiligdomme en grafheuwels rondom die ou hoofstad van Tobolsk en dwarsdeur die Republiek van Khakassia.

Van vroeë Rusland 'se stadstate, een van die bes bewaarde en interessantste insluit Staraya Ladoga, beskou as die land se eerste hoofstad, gestig deur die Viking Rurik, na wie die eerste linie van die tsare hul geslagslyn opgespoor het. Novgorod, gestig in 859, was die belangrikste stad van Kiëf-Roes in die moderne Rusland (met Kiev self in die moderne tyd Oekraïne), en die tuiste van Rusland se eerste kremlin.

Vroeë Middeleeuse Rusland twee belangrike beskawings gesien, dié van die onafhanklike Republiek Novgorod en die Mongoolse Ryk, wat die Russiese vorstedomme van die voormalige Vladimir-Suzdal (waarvan die aanvanklike hoofstad van Vladimir behou 'n uitstekende versameling van twaalfde-eeuse monumente en kremlin) en Kiëf-Roes. Terwyl die Mongole agterna meestal verwoesting van historiese terreine agtergelaat het, het die ryk handelsland in die noorde groot stede in die hoofstad van Novgorod ontwikkel, asook Staraya Ladoga, Pskov, en Oreshek (hedendaagse Shlisselburg), wat almal bestaan ​​uit Middeleeuse kremlins en 'n menigte pragtige vroeë Russiese Ortodokse kerke gevul met Middeleeuse kerklike fresko's.

Namate die Mongoolse mag afgeneem het, het die Groothertogdom Moskou aan bewind gekom, en veral onder die latere bewind van Ivan die Verskriklike, gekonsolideerde mag in die hele Wes-Rusland, insluitend die verowering van die Kazan Khanate (en die vestiging van nog 'n groot sitadel daar) en die konsentrasie van mag in Moskou, wat sy kremlin, die Sint Basil-katedraal en verskeie ander van Rusland se bekendste historiese terreine gebou het. Die stede van die Goue ring in die omgewing van Moskou, is daar ook in hierdie tydperk beduidende konstruksie ondervind. In die uiterste noorde van die land het die land 'n netjiese bestemming buite die gebaande pore tot prominente posisie gekry Solovetsky-kloostervesting op die eilande van die Wit See, wat as 'n vesting teen Sweedse vlootinslag gedien het.

Keiserlike geskiedenis

Die Grand Cascade in Peterhof
Sien ook: Russiese Ryk

Die bewind van Ivan die Verskriklike het geëindig in 'n tragedie, die tyd van probleme, wat slegs vernietiging en ondergang gesien het, en u sal min bewyse van beskawingsontwikkeling vind tot die stigting van die Romanov-dinastie in die vroeë sewentiende eeu. Na die konsolidering van die mag, het Peter die Grote begin met die bou van sy heeltemal nuwe stad Saint Petersburg aan die Golf van Finland, die Venster na die Weste. Sint Petersburg vanaf sy stigting tot in die neoklassieke tydperk het een van die wêreld se mooiste stede geword, en die lys van besienswaardighede is heeltemal te lank om hier bespreek te word. Die omliggende somerpaleise by Peterhof, Pavlovsk, en Poesjkin is ook ongelooflike weelderige besienswaardighede.

Die Russiese rewolusie was een van die belangrikste oomblikke van die twintigste eeu, en geskiedenisliefhebbers sal baie te sien kry in Sint Petersburg. Die twee bekendste terreine word aangetref by die Winterpaleis, waarheen die kommuniste storm om die tsaar Nicolas II af te lê, en die pragtige vesting Peter en Paul aan die Neva-rivier, wat talle revolusionêre liggame in sy koue, hopelose gevangenis gehuisves het. Vir diegene wat belangstel in die grimmige einde van die Romanov-familie van Nikolaas II, miskien geïnspireer deur die verhaal van Anastasia, moet u nie verder kyk as die Kerk op die Bloed in Jekaterinburg, gebou op die plek van sy gesin se teregstelling. Moskoudaarenteen het die beroemdste monument uit die rewolusionêre periode - Lenin s'n, met sy gebalsemde liggaam in die Rooi Plein (teen sy wense) uitgestal.

Sowjet-geskiedenis

Sien ook: Soviet Unie

Die Sowjet-era 'n drastiese verandering in die Russiese geskiedenis gesien, en die ontwikkeling van 'n feitlik splinternuwe beskawing. Massa-industrialiseringsprogramme het 'n nuwe estetiese etos gehad wat funksionaliteit (gekombineer met grootsheid) beklemtoon het. Die enorme konstruktivistiese geboue en standbeelde van die twintigste eeu word dikwels as lelike monsteragtighede belaglik, maar dit is skaars vervelig (terwyl die nywerheidskomplekse wat stede van die Belo-Russiese grens tot die Stille Oseaan besoedel, op die oog af is).

Albei Tweede Wereldoorlog en Stalin se skrikbewind het hul aanwesigheid sterk laat voel by Rusland se kulturele erfenis. Die bomaanvalle wat by eersgenoemde betrokke was, het feitlik enigiets van historiese belang in die uiterste weste van Rusland (die Chernozemye streek) en baie meer in die hele Europese Rusland beskadig. Dit het egter gelei tot die bou van monumente vir die oorlog in die hele land. Vir militêre liefhebbers, besoek Mamaev Kurgan, die museumkompleks in Volgograd (voormalige Stalingrad) is 'n uitstekende bestemming. Koersk, vir sy enorme tenkgeveg, en Saint Petersburg, terrein van die beleg van Leningrad, is interessante bestemmings.

Die Motherland Calls, bo-oor die slagveld van Stalingrad Mamayev Kurgan

Die hartseerste van die Sowjet-erfenisse is miskien die netwerk van gevangeniskampe wat bekend staan ​​as die Gulag-argipel. Die term Argipel neem regtig nie die omvang van lyding oor 10 000 kilometer koue steppe vas nie. Die interessantste webwerwe vir belangstellendes in hierdie erfenis is op die Solovetsky-eilande in die Wit See, en die verwoestend somber Kolyma gulag-stelsel van Magadan-oblast. As u gehoop het om te sien waar Alexandr Solzhenitsyn in die tronk was, moet u buite die Russiese grense reis om Ekibastuz in Kazakstan.

Kulturele besienswaardighede

Rusland het verskeie van die grootste ter wêreld museums, veral op die gebied van die visuele kunste. Die Hermitage-museum in Saint Petersburg is die ware ster, met 'n enorme versameling wat eers versamel is deur die ryk tsare (veral deur die stigter, Katarina die Grote) en later deur die Sowjetunie en die Rooi Leër (wat 'n enorme skat van die Nazi's aangegryp het, wat op hul beurt hul oorvloed aangegryp het van hul oorloë regoor die wêreld). Net so indrukwekkend is die gebou wat die versamelde versameling bevat, die manjifieke Winterpaleis van die Romanov-dinastie. Sint Petersburg se Russiese museum wat dikwels oor die hoof gesien word, moet ook 'n prioriteit wees, want dit het die land se tweede beste versameling suiwer Russiese kuns, vanaf ikone van die tiende eeu tot die moderne bewegings, waarin revolusionêre Rusland die aanklag voor die res gelei het. van die wêreld. Moskouse kunsmuseums, wat net minder bekend is, sluit die Tretyakov-galery (die premièreversameling van Russiese kuns) en die Pushkin Museum of Western Art.

Ander museumuitstallings wat beslis die moeite werd is om te soek, is die versamelings van oudhede in Sint Petersburg en Moskou, veral in die Hermitage-museum, en die wapenrusting in die Kremlin van Moskou. Vir militêre liefhebbers, Russies militêre museums is dikwels fantasties, werklik die beste ter wêreld, ongeag of u een van die belangrikste in Moskou is - die Sentrale Weermagmuseum, Kubinka-tenkmuseum, die Sentrale Lugmagmuseum, die Museum van die Groot Patriotiese Oorlog ( WO II), of weg in die provinsies. Die ander kategorie waarin Russiese museums die res van die wêreld oorskry, is in die literêr en musiekblyspel sfere. Nary, 'n stad wat Alexander Pushkin besoek het, al was dit net 'n dag, is sonder 'n klein museum wat toegewy is aan sy lewe en werke. Die beste van die groot stadsmuseums is die Bulgakov-museum in Moskou en die Anna Akhmatova-, Poesjkin- en Dostojewski-museums in Sint Petersburg. Groot avonture wag in stiller dele van die land by die somerhuis van Dostojevski in Staraya Russa, Tolstoj se "ontoeganklike literêre vesting" by Yasnaya Polyana, Chekhov se landgoed te Melikhovo, Tsjaikofski se huis in Klin of afgeleë tuisdorp van Votkinsk in Udmurtia, Rakhmaninov se somerhuis in Ivanovka, Pushkin se boedel te Pushkinskie Gory, of Turgenev se landgoed by Spasskoe-Lutovinovo naby Mtsensk. Die beste museums is op die platteland. Vir liefhebbers van klassieke musiek is die woonstelmuseums van verskillende komponiste van die negentiende en eeu in Sint Petersburg meer werd as net nostalgiese swerftogte - hulle het dikwels klein optredes deur ongelooflike musikante.

Kazanse Qolşärif-moskee

Alle toeriste in Rusland is besig om na baie kerke te kyk. Kerklike argitektuur is 'n belangrike bron van trots onder Russe, en die uiekoepel is sonder twyfel 'n vooraanstaande nasionale simbool. Die twintigste eeu het ongelukkig kulturele vandalisme in die vernietiging van genoemde argitektuur op ongekende skaal gesien. Maar die groot aantal pragtige ou kloosters en kerke het verseker dat 'n enorme versameling oorbly. Die bekendste is soos gewoonlik in Saint Petersburg en Moskou, in die besonder die ou barokkerk op die bloed, Alexander Nevsky Lavra, en die monumentale katedrale Kazan en Saint Isaac in eersgenoemde, en die basiliekatedraal en die massiewe kerk van die aankondiging in laasgenoemde. Die geestelike tuiste van die Russiese Ortodokse Kerk is te vinde in die Trinity Lavra van St. Sergius in Sergiev Posad op die Goue ring stroombaan (lavra is die benaming wat gegee word aan die belangrikste kloosters, waarvan daar net twee in die land is), hoewel die fisiese hoofkwartier van die kerk in die Danilov-klooster in Moskou is. Kirillo-Belozersky-klooster in Vologda-oblast word dikwels as die tweede belangrikste van Rusland beskou (en is 'n netjiese manier om van die gebaande voet af te kom). Ander veral bekende kerke en kloosters is te vinde in die Sint Sophia-katedraal in Novgorod, die katedraal van die aanname in Vladimir, die fassinerende ou katedraal van Königsberg (die tuiste van die graf van Immanuel Kant) in Kaliningrad, Novodevichy-klooster in Moskou, Optina Putsin (die basis vir vader Zossima se klooster in Die broers Karamazov), en Volokolamsk-klooster in Wes-Moskou-oblast. Kizhi Pogost aan die Onega-meer en die Valaam-klooster op Lake Ladoga is ook gewilde plekke, veral met diegene wat tussen Sint Petersburg en Moskou vaar.

Kerklike argitektuur eindig egter nie by die Russies-Ortodokse Kerk nie - Rusland het ook 'n magdom Islamitiese en Boeddhistiese argitektuur. Die belangrikste moskees van die land is die Qolşärif-moskee in Kazan (die grootste moskee in Europa) en die Blou Moskee in Sint Petersburg (oorspronklik die grootste moskee in Europa!). Die Moskouse katedraalmoskee, wat vroeër as die vernaamste moskee in die land beskou is, is veral nie op die lys afwesig nie, maar in 2011 baie omstrede gesloop is. Die belangrikste Russiese Boeddhistiese tempels is in beide Kalmykia—Europe se eensame Boeddhistiese republiek, en die gebiede nader aan Mongolië, veral rondom Ulan Ude in Burjatia en Kyzyl, Tuva.

Natuurlike besienswaardighede

Alhoewel die afstande groot tussen hulle is, is Rusland se natuurwonders indrukwekkend en is dit die moeite werd om na natuurliefhebbers te soek. Die grootste deel van die land is ryk aan Eurasiese wildlewe. Die bekendste bestemmings is ver in die ooste in Siberië, met Baikalmeer bekend as sy 'juweel'. Aan die uiterste oostelike punt van Rusland, amper tot in Japan en Alaska, is dit wild Kamchatka, waar u die Vallei van die Geisers, suurmere, vulkane en grizzlies in oorvloed sal vind.

Yugyd Va Nasionale Park, in die Komi Maagdelike Woude

Ander hoogtepunte van die Verre Ooste sluit die idilliese (as dit so koud is) in Kuril-eilande suid van Kamchatka, walviskyk langs die kus van die Noordpool Wrangel-eiland, die afstandbeheer Sikhote-Alin bergreeks, die tuiste van die Amur Tiger, en pragtig Sakhalin. Die natuurreservate in hierdie dele is ook skouspelagtig, maar almal benodig vooraf permitte en gespesialiseerde toere.

Die noordelike helfte van Rusland strek duisende kilometers van die Komi Republiek deur Kamchatka is basies leë wildernis, meestal bergagtig, en altyd mooi. Dit is problematies om na hierdie gebiede te kom, want die meeste word nie deur paaie, infrastruktuur of enigiets anders bedien nie. Rusland se groot noord-suid-riviere is die belangrikste are vir almal wat deur die gebied beweeg: die Pechora, Ob, Yenisey, Lena en Kolyma. Buiten dit, verwag om in kano's, helikopters en militêre jeeps te wees, is die enigste manier om rond te kom, en u sal waarskynlik met 'n gids wil saamgaan.

Rusland s’n ander bergagtige gebied is in sy uiterste suide, in die Noord-Kaukasus. Daar vind u die hoogste berge van Europa, wat hoog uitsteek bo die Alpe, met inbegrip van magtige Elbrus. Die gewildste Russiese oorde in die omgewing sluit dié in Sotsji (wat die Olimpiese Winterspele in 2014 aangebied het) en Dombai. As u verder oos gaan in die Noord-Kaukasus, word die landskappe al hoe meer dramaties, van die welige bosryke klowe en sneeubedekte pieke van Tsjetsjenië na die woeste berge van Dagestan, afwaarts skuins na die Kaspiese See.

Deur die hele land is daar meer as honderd nasionale parke en natuurreservate (zapovedniki). Eersgenoemde is oop vir die publiek, en aansienlik meer wild en onontwikkeld as wat u in byvoorbeeld die Verenigde State sou vind. Laasgenoemde word hoofsaaklik bewaar vir wetenskaplike navorsing en is dikwels nie moontlik om te besoek nie. Permitte word uitgereik vir sekere reservate, maar slegs deur gelisensieerde toeroperateurs. As u egter die geleentheid het, neem dit aan! Van die skouspelagtigste parke is in die bogenoemde Kamchatka, maar ook in die Oeral, veral in die Altaiberge (Altai Republiek en Altai Krai).

Reisroetes

Doen

Die weelderige Mariinsky-teater in Sint Petersburg
  • Musiek - Rusland het 'n lang musikale tradisie en is bekend vir sy komponiste en kunstenaars. Daar is geen twyfel dat u meer orkesuitvoerings sal vind nie, hoe groter die stad. Klassieke musiek word in verskillende teaters gespeel, waar huiskonserte en gaskonserte vir weke voorlê. Rusland het een van die wêreld se sterkste klassieke musiektradisies, wat aanleiding gegee het tot talle groot komponiste soos Tsjaikofski, Mussorgski, Rachmaninoff en Prokofiev, en selfs vandag nog word die Moskou Konservatorium as een van die beste ter wêreld beskou. Daarbenewens ondersteun die staat volksensembles in kleiner dorpe of selfs dorpe, en die sing van babushkas-byeenkomste is in baie gebiede steeds 'n gevestigde tradisie. In gebiede wat tradisioneel deur nie-Russiese etniese groepe bewoon word, kan u etniese musiek van alle moontlike klanke teëkom, soos keelsang Tuva of seldsame instrumente van Chukotka. Soms kan slegs spesialiste die kosakliedjies van die Oeral uit die Cossack-liedjies van Krasnodar. Professionele jazzspelers vergader om Jazz oor Volga fees in Jaroslavl. Deur op 'n Sondag langs die hoofstraat te stap, kan u beslis kitaar, saksofoon, harmonium of dwarsfluit in enige stad hoor.
  • Militêre parade op die Oorwinningsdag, wat op 9 Mei gevier word, is gewoonlik 'n hele Rusland-vakansie met stadsplein wat vol uniformmanne en militêre voertuie word, albei uit die Groot Patriotiese Oorlog / WO II en nuwes. Die Verdediger van Vaderlandsdag is 'n vakansie wanneer vroue in gesinne of by die werk hul mans en medewerkers gelukwens. Dit gebeur op 23 Februarie, net 'n paar weke voordat mans die guns aan dames teruggee Internasionale Vrouedag, 8 Maart.
  • Dans. Russiese klassieke ballet is bekend in die wêreld en sommige nasionale troepe bestaan ​​selfs in sulke afgeleë gebiede soos Dagestan of Yakutia. Die twee bekendste balletgeselskappe in Rusland, wat albei as een van die bestes ter wêreld beskou word, is die Bolsjoi-ballet in Moskou en die Mariinsky Ballet in Sint Petersburg. Lezginka is 'n lewendige volksdans wat altyd in die geheel opgevoer word Kaukasies gebeure. As u belangstel in volksstyl, kyk dan na 'n konsert van Igor Moiseyev Ensemble lewendig is eenvoudig 'n moet. Out of big cities you may easily find Irish dance, belly and Ball clubs, not to mention hip-hop and all.
  • Cinema festivals. The major movie event in Russia is Moscow International Film Festival held at the end of June during 10 days and boasting first-class stars from all over the world. Kinotavr van Sotsji, Moscow's Festival of Latin America and international film festival Zerkalo, named after Andrei Tarkovsky, in Ivanovo are also of interest for film fans.
  • Watch sports: - Yshokkie is the leading sport. 23 teams contest the KHL (Kontinental Hockey League), with four based in Moscow and one in St Petersburg; there are also teams from Helsinki, Riga, Minsk and Beijing.
- Football - 16 teams play soccer in the Russian Premier League, the country's top tier; five are based in Moscow and one in St Petersburg. The playing season is August-May with a three month mid-winter break. The national team don't have a fixed home stadium but move north or south with the seasons.

Buitelewe

What about an icebreaker cruise?

The association between Russia and its two biggest metropolises, Moscow and St Petersburg, is strong in the minds of tourists, but given its vast expanses and low population density, Russia is a nature lovers paradise as well. Russia has a network of exceptional natural areas, comprising 35 National Parks and 100 Nature Reserves (zapovednik) covering a total land mass larger than Duitsland.List of Russian Nature Reserves (in Russian) one can find hier

Some Russian Nature Reserves on the internet:

Provided your paperwork is in order, you may visit these areas independently. For those wishing to seek guidance, there are travel agencies specializing in ecotourism in Russia such as:

Whitewater rafting

Koop

Geld

Exchange rates for Russian ruble

As of September 2020:

  • US$1 ≈ 75руб
  • €1 ≈ 89руб
  • UK£1 ≈ 97руб
  • Japanese ¥100 ≈ 71руб
  • Chinese ¥1 ≈ 11руб

Wisselkoerse wissel. Huidige tariewe vir hierdie en ander geldeenhede is beskikbaar vanaf XE.com

The Moscow GUM—one of the world's most beautiful shopping malls, right on Red Square

Throughout its history Russia has had various versions of the ruble (рубль), which is divided into 100 kopeks (копеек). The latest manifestation, whose ISO code is RUB (replacing the RUR), was introduced in 1998 (although all notes and first issues of coins bear the year 1997). All pre-1998 currency is obsolete. The ruble is sometimes symbolised using ₽, but Wikivoyage will use руб to denote the currency.

Coins are issued in 1, 5, 10, and 50 kopek and 1, 2, 5 and 10 руб denominations. Banknotes come in 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 руб banknotes. The 5-ruble note is no longer issued or found in general circulation. The 10-ruble note ceased being printed in 2010 and will suffer the same fate, but as of 2018 is still found in circulation. Both remain legal tender. Kopeks are generally useless, with most prices given to the nearest ruble. The 1- and 5-kopek coins are especially useless: even places that quote prices in non -whole rubles will round to the nearest 10 kopeks or ruble.

All banknotes have special marks (dots and lines in relief) to aid the blind in distinguishing values.

Russian law forbids payments other than in rubles.

Travellers cheques are generally inconvenient (only some banks, such as Sberbank, will cash even American Express, though they do it without commission). So bring enough cash to last you for a few days, or rely on ATMs and credit card transactions.

Currency exchange offices (called bureaus in Saint Petersburg) are common throughout Russia in banks and, in the larger cities, small currency exchange bureaus. Banks tend to offer slightly worse rates but are more trustworthy. Hotels generally offer much worse rates but could be useful in an emergency. You need to show your passport to change money at a bank and fill in copious amounts of time wasting forms.

Take your time to count how much money you received; different ways are sometimes used to trick the customer, including better rates, prominently displayed, for large transactions and worse rates, difficult to find, for small transactions.

Branches of large banks can be found in any major city. Sberbank has a presence even in unexpectedly small villages.

US dollars and euros are generally better bought outside Russia and then swapped to rubles once in Russia as changing other currencies, while possible, will not attract great rates. You can check the rates that are being traded in Moscow aanlyn.

You will have an easier time changing clean, new banknotes. US dollars should be the current issues, although changing older versions shouldn't be impossible.

Don't change money on the street. Unlike during Soviet times, there is no advantage to dealing with an unofficial vendor. There are several advanced street exchange scams so better not to give them a chance.

OTM's, called bankomats (банкомат), are common in large cities and can generally be found in smaller cities and towns. Though some may not accept foreign cards. English language interface is available. Some may also dispense US dollars. Russian ATMs often have a withdrawal limit of around 100000—150000 руб. (US $1,500—$2,000) per day. Big hotels are good places to find them.

In Moscow and Saint Petersburg almost all shops, restaurants, and services take credit cards. Visa/MasterCard are more accepted than American Express; Discover, Diners Club and other cards are rarely accepted.

Museums and sightseeing places take cash and credit cards, with rare exceptions.

Train stations may accept plastic, even outside the big cities, be sure to ask as it won't always be obvious. Otherwise take plenty of cash. ATM machines at train station are popular and often out of cash, so stock up before going to the train station.

Huurmotors rarely accept credit cards even in large cities. This needs to be checked before boarding. Emphasize that you need a card-accepting cab accepting when ordering it through hotel concierge or a bell-boy. However in big cities there are a number of taxi services (such as Uber, Yandex Taxi or Gett) that accept online payments by cards and can be called by iOS or Android applications.

Like anywhere in the world, it's better to avoid street ATMs (or at least to be very careful), as sometimes swindlers attach spy devices to them, to get your PIN and card details; the safest option is the ATMs in hotels, banks or big shopping centres.

Tipping

Terwyl tipping was traditionally frowned upon in Russia it has been emerging after the fall of socialism. Tipping is not necessary, but expected. A tip exceeding 10% would be unusual. Some restaurants may include service into the amount, but that is very rare; if a service charge is included then a tip is not expected. Round up when paying your bill at a restaurant, particularly if it happens to be more or less like 10% above the total, and it mag be interpreted as a tip. If the service was particularly bad and you don't want to leave a tip, ask for your change. dit is impossible to write-in a tip into restaurant credit-card payment.

Tipping is not considered customary for taxis, in fact, you should negotiate and settle upon your fare before you get in the taxi.

Inkopies

In general, Russian-made items are cheap although Russia has become a major player in the luxury goods market, but products imported from the West are often expensive.

Kos

  • Chocolate (шоколад) — Russian chocolate is very good
  • Ice-cream (мороженое) - Russian ice-cream also especially good. In general check dairy products, you may like them.
  • Halva (халва) — it's different from the Turkish kind (in that it's made of sunflower seeds, rather than sesame), but Rot-Front products are really good
  • Liefie (мёд) — produced around the country; sorts and quality vary dramatically, but the higher-quality are worth seeking. Moskou hosts a honey market in Kolomenskoe some part of the year. A number of honey shops working all the year round can be found on VDNKh/VVTs grounds.
  • Red caviar (красная икра) — Before buying, examine or ask if it's "salmon caviar", because there is a risk of "knock-off" due to about 30 species of fish which give a caviar of red colour. And this knock-off caviar often tastes bad.
  • Black caviar (черная икра) — is still possible to buy. High risk of knock-off. But it is considered a delicacy and it is expensive.
  • Sturgeon meat (осетр, белуга) and meat of other fish of the sturgeon family. Considered one of the top delicacies in Russia. Very expensive but very tasty.
  • Hard cheese — mostly produced in Altai; occasionally available from there in large stores in Moscow
  • Sparkling wine (шампанское) — Sparkling wine, "Russian Champagne" is surprisingly good (Abrau-Durso is believed to be the best brand, yet there are other good ones, too). Make sure you order it "suKHOye" (dry) or Brut. Many restaurants serve it at room temperature, but if you request it "cold" they can usually find a semi-chilled bottle. The cost is surprisingly low also, about US$10

Ander

  • Matryoshka (матрёшка) — a collection of traditionally painted wooden dolls, each one stacking neatly within another
  • Ushanka (ушанка) — a warm hat with ears (ushi)
  • Samovar (самовар) — an indigenous design for brewing tea. If you are buying samovars of value (historical, precious gems or metal, etc.), it is wise to check with customs before attempting to take it out of the country
  • Winter coats in department stores are well made, stylish and excellent values
  • Military greatcoats (sheeNEL) available in hard-to-find stores of military equipment
  • Down pillows of very high quality are to be found
  • Skin-care products. While when it comes to make up, you'll find all the same products, that are popular on the West, a lot of people prefer locally produced skin-care products because of their superior price/quality combination. Brands to check: Nevskaya cosmetica (Невская косметика) and Greenmama
  • Gjel' (Гжель) — porcelain with cool authentic Russian ornaments.
  • Khokhloma (Хохлома) — wooden tableware with flower-like paintings, red,gold,black colors.
  • Luxury products— Russia has become the go-to place for people seeking luxury goods. For example you can buy limited edition IPhones made with rare materials. You can buy Faberge eggs.

Supermarkte

There are a number of cheap food/goods chains.

  • Billa. A bit more expensive than the others. 
  • Perekrestok (Перекресток). Also one of more expensive ones. 
  • Carousel (Карусель). 
  • Auchan (Ашан). A French supermarket chain. One of the cheapest, notorious for occasionally selling out-of-date food, so double-check expiry dates; however, it is mostly OK.
  • Magnit (Магнит). 
  • [dooie skakel]Pyatyorochka (Пятёрочка). 
  • Lenta. (Лента) 
  • Diksi. (Дикси) 
  • O'Kay. (О'Кей) 

Koste

Eet

Bliny buckwheat pancakes with salmon roe (ikra), sour cream (smetana) and chopped onion
Sien ook: Russian cuisine

The foundations of the Russian cuisine was laid by the peasant food in an often harsh climate, with a combination of fish, poultry, game, mushrooms, berries, and honey. Crops of rye, wheat, buckwheat, barley, and millet provided the ingredients for a plethora of breads, pancakes, cereals, kvass, beer, and vodka. Flavourful soups and stews centred on seasonal or storable produce, fish, and meats. Russia's renowned caviar is easily obtained, however prices can exceed the expenses of your entire trip. Dishes such as beef Stroganov and chicken kiev, from the pre-revolutionary era are available but mainly aimed at tourists as they lost their status and visibility during Soviet times.

Russia has for many decades suffered a negative reputation for its food, and Russian cuisine was known for being bland and overly stodgy. However, the food scene has improved in the past years and Russia has also been known and famous for delicacies like caviar.

Russian specialities include:

  • Ikra (sturgeon or salmon caviar)
  • Pelmeni (meat-filled dumplings, similar to pot-stickers, especially popular in Ural and Siberian regions)
  • Blini (thin white flour or buckwheat pancakes, similar to French crepes)
  • Black bread (rye bread, somewhat similar to one used by North American delis and not as dense as German variety)
  • Piroshki (ook bekend as Belyashi - small pies or buns with sweet or savoury filling)
  • Golubtsy (Cabbage rolls)
  • Ikra Baklazhanaya (aubergine spread)
  • Okroshka (Cold soups based on kvass or sour milk)
  • Schi (cabbage soup) and Green schi (sorrel soup, may be served cold)
  • Borsch (Ukrainian beet and cabbage soup)
  • Vinegret (salad of boiled beets, eggs, potato, carrots, pickles and other vegetables with vinegar, mustard, vegetable oil and/or mayonnaise)
  • Olivier (Russian version of potato salad with peas, meat, eggs, carrots, and pickles)
  • Shashlyk (various kebabs from the Caucasus republics of the former Soviet Union)
  • Seledka pod shuboy (fresh salted herring with "vinegret")
  • Kholodets (ook bekend as Studen' - meat, garlic and carrots in meat aspic)
  • Kvass (a fermented thirst-quenching beverage made from rye bread, sugar and yeast, similar to young low-alcohol beer)
  • Limonad (various soft drinks)
Pelmeni meat dumplings with three dipping sauces

Both Saint Petersburg and Moscow offer sophisticated, world class dining and a wide variety of cuisines including Japannees, Tibetan and Italiaans. They are also excellent cities to sample some of the best cuisines of the former Soviet Union (e.g., Georgian and Uzbek). It is also possible to eat well and cheaply there without resorting to the many western fast food chains that have opened up. Russians have their own versions of fast food restaurants which range from cafeteria style serving comfort foods to streetside kiosks cooking up blinis, shawerma/gyros, piroshki/belyashi, stuffed potatoes, etc. Although their menus may not be in English, it is fairly easy to point to what is wanted — or at a picture of it, not unlike at western fast food restaurants. A small Russian dictionary will be useful at non- touristy restaurants offering table service where staff members will not speak English and the menus will be entirely in Cyrillic, but prices are very reasonable. Russian meat soups and meat pies are excellent.

It is better not to drink the tap water in Russia and to avoid using ice in drinks, however bottled water, kvass, limonad, and Coca Cola are available everywhere food is served.

Stylish cafes serving cappuccino, espresso, toasted sandwiches, rich cakes and pastries are popping up all over Saint Petersburg and Moscow. Some do double duty as wine bars, others are also internet cafes.

Unlike the United States, cafes in Russia (кафе) serve not only drinks, but also a full range of meals (typically cooked in advance—unlike restaurants where part or whole cooking cycle is performed after you make an order).

Dining etiquette

Generally speaking, Russian table maners follow traditional European norms.

  • When having food with hosts, Do not get up until you are invited to leave the table. This is not considered polite.
  • The hosts might get quite persistent when offering an alcoholic drink. You will often have to be very firm if you want to reject that second (or third, fourth, tenth...) shot. Claiming problems with medicine or pregnancy is always an imperfect option. Simply and grimly stating that you are an alcoholic can do the job too, but will depress your hosts.
  • You will often be urged to take second helpings ad infinitum. If so, take it as a form of respect. Moreover, they really will love you if you keep eating.
  • Do not rest your elbows on the table. This is considered rude (especially for kids).
  • When a mixed group of people dine together, often the bill is split among the men, and the women are not expected to pay. This may not always be the case, so it's better to follow the example of your fellow diners.

Tipping in restaurants

Restaurant staff in Russia are not as dependent on tips as in the Verenigde State, but tipping is still encouraged, even if it is not common among the locals. A tip of 10% of the total bill, usually paid by rounding up the invoice amount, would be reasonably generous. Don't tip in cafeteria-like settings, where you travel along the counter with a tray and pay at the cash register. Drop a couple of 10-ruble coins (or the older notes) into the tip jar for staff. There is no way to leave a tip on your credit card so keep enough small notes in your wallet to hand to the staff.

Drink

Vodka, imported liquors (rum, gin, etc.), international soft-drinks (Pepsi, Coca- Cola, Fanta, etc.), local soft drinks (Tarhun, Buratino, Baikal, etc.), distilled water, kvas (sour-sweet non-alcoholic naturally carbonized drink made from fermented dark bread) and mors (traditional wild berry drink).

Bier (пиво) is cheap in Russia and the varieties are endless of both Russian and international brands. It is found for sale at any street vendor (warm) or stall (varies) in the centre of any city and costs (costs double and triple the closer you are to the centre) from about 17 руб aan 130 руб for a 0.5 liters (0.11 imp gal; 0.13 U.S. gal) bottle or can. "Small" bottles and cans (0.33 liters (0.073 imp gal; 0.087 U.S. gal) and thereabouts) are also widely sold, and there are also plastic bottles of 1, 1.5, 2 litres (0.22, 0.33, 0.44 imp gal; 0.26, 0.40, 0.53 US gal) or even more, similar to those in which soft carbonated drinks are usually sold — many cheaper beers are sold that way and, being even cheaper due to large volume, are quite popular, despite some people say it can have a "plastic" taste. Corner stores/cafés, selling draft beer (highly recommended) also exist, but you have to seek them out. The highest prices (especially in the bars and restaurants) are traditionally in Moscow; Saint-Petersburg, on the other hand, is known for the cheaper and often better beers. Smaller cities and towns generally have similar prices if bought in the shop, but significantly lower ones in the bars and street cafes. Popular local brands of beer are Baltika, Stary Mel'nik, Bochkareff, Zolotaya Bochka, Tin'koff and many others. Locally made (mainly except some Czech and possibly some other European beers — you won't miss these, the price of a "local" Czech beer from the same shelf will be quite different) international trademarks like Holsten, Carlsberg, etc. are also widely available, but their quality doesn't differ so much from local beers. Soft drinks usually start from 20-30 руб (yes, same or even more expensive than an average local beer in a same shop) and can cost up to 60 руб or more in the Moscow center for a 0.5 liters (0.11 imp gal; 0.13 U.S. gal) plastic bottle or 0.33 liters (0.073 imp gal; 0.087 U.S. gal) can.

Cheap beer (less than 50 руб per 0.5 liters (0.11 imp gal; 0.13 U.S. gal)) may not contain natural ingredients at all and can cause an allergic reaction.

High quality and popular domestic vodkas on the table: Russian Standard and Zelyonaya Marka

Street vendors usually operate mainly in tourist- and local-frequented areas, and many of them (especially those who walk around without a stall) are working without a license, usually paying some kind of a bribe to local police. Their beer, however, is usually okay, as it was just bought in a nearby shop. In the less weekend-oriented locations, large booths ("lar'ki" or "palatki", singular: "laryok" ("stall") or "palatka" (literally, "tent")) can be found everywhere, especially near metro stations and bus stops. They sell soft drinks, beer, and "cocktails" (basically a cheap soft drink mixed with alcohol, a bad hangover is guaranteed from the cheaper ones. Many of these alcohol cocktails contain taurine and large doses of caffeine and are popular with the nightlife fans) and their prices, while still not high, are often 20-40% more than those in supermarkets. The chain supermarkets (excluding some "elite" ones) and malls (mostly on bigger cities' outskirts) are usually the cheapest option for buying drinks (for food, the local markets in the smaller cities, but not in Moscow, are often cheaper). Staff of all of these (maybe except in some supermarkets, if you're lucky) do not speak or, at the best, speak very basic English even in Moscow. And furthermore, staff of many markets in Moscow and other large cities speak very basic Russian (its mainly migrants from Middle Asia).

Mixed alcoholic beverages as well as beers at nightclubs and bars are extremely expensive and are served without ice, with the mix (for example, coke) and alcohol charged for separately. Bringing your own is neither encouraged nor allowed, and some (usually dance-all-night venues oriented to the young crowd) places in Moscow even can take some measures to prevent customers from drinking outside (like a face-control who may refuse an entry on return, or the need to pay entry fee again after going out), or even from drinking the tap water instead of overpriced soft drinks by leaving only hot water available in the lavatories. Any illegal drugs are best avoided by the people not accustomed to the country — the enforcement is, in practice, focused on collecting more bribes from those buying and taking, rather than on busting drug-dealers, the people selling recreational illegal drugs in the clubs are too often linked with (or watched by) police; plain-clothes policemen know and frequently visit the venues where drugs are popular, and you will likely end up in a lot of problems with notoriously corrupt Russian police and probably paying multi-thousand-dollar (if not worse) bribe to get out, if you'll get caught. It really doesn't worth the risk here.

Wines (вино) from Georgia, Crimea and Moldova are quite popular. In Moscow and Saint Petersburg, most restaurants have a selection of European wines—generally at a high price. Russians prefer sweet wine rather than dry. French Chablis is widely available at restaurants and is of good quality. The Chablis runs about 240 руб per glass. All white wines are served room temperature unless you are at an international hotel that caters to Westerners.

Sowjet champagne (Советское Шампанское, Sovetskoye Shampanskoye) or, more politically correctly, just sparkling wine (Игристые вина, Igristie vina) is also served everywhere in the former Soviet Union at a reasonable price. The quality can be quite good but syrupy-sweet to Western tastes, as by far the most common variety is polusladkoye (semi-sweet), similar to Asti Spumanti, but the better brands also come in polusukhoe (semi-dry) and sukhoe (dry) varieties. Brut also exists but is rare. The original producer was Abrau-Dyurso, but Ukrainian brands like Odessa en Krymskoe, are also very popular. Among quality Russian brands, the best brands originate from the southern regions where grapes are widely grown. One of a quality Russian brands is the historic Abrau-Dyurso (200-700 руб for a bottle in the supermarket depending on variety); Tsimlyanskoe (150-250 руб) is also popular. The quality of the cheapest ones (from 85-120 руб, depending on where you buy) varies, with some local Moscow and St. Petersburg brands (produced out of Crimean and southern Russian grapes) being quite good. You can buy if you do want to have a try while not paying much, but it's wiser to stick to something better.

How it should be: a Soviet-made bochka dispensing kvass on a hot day in Kaliningrad

Good genuine kvass (квас) is non-trivial to buy. Non-refrigirated PET bottles typically contain an imitation of varying quality. A reasonably close to genuine product can be found in some supermarkets in refrigerators. The key difference is that it is specifically marked to store in a refrigerator or the bottle may explode.

In warm periods, genuine kvass can be bought from huge metal barrels on trailers (bochkas). Originally a symbol of soviet summertime, bochkas became rare after 1991. Soviet nostalgia and these trailers' no-nonsense good functionality have given them a revival. There are also modern, plastic, stationary, upright barrel-like dispensers but these may not sell the genuine article. Towards the end of an especially hot day, avoid genuine kvass from bochkas as it may have soured.

Medovukha (медовуха) aka mead, the ancient drink brewed from many a century ago by most Europeans was widespread among ancient Russians. It has semi-sweet taste based on fermented honey and contains 10-16% alcohol. You may see it sold in bottles or poured in cups in fast-food outlets and shops.

Tee (чай) is drunk widely in Russia. Most Russians drink black tea with either sugar, lemon, honey or jam.

Slaap

Gleaming towers, symbols of Volga natural gas wealth, in Samara

In most cities, quality hotels are really scarce: most were built in Soviet times decades ago and have been renovated in decor, but rarely in service and attitude. Even for a local, it's quite a problem to find a good hotel without a recommendation from a trusted person. For the same reason, it may be really hard to find a hotel during mass tourist-oriented events like St. Petersburg's anniversary.

Generally a chained-brand hotels provide better service than independents.

Hotels in Russia may be quite expensive in metropolises and touristy areas. If you do speak a bit of Russian and are not entirely culture shocked, it is much smarter to seek out and rent a room in a private residence. Most Russians are looking to make extra money and, having space to spare, will rent it out to a tourist gladly. Native Moscovites or residents of Saint Petersburg would rather rent out to tourists than their own countrymen: foreigners are considered more trustworthy and orderly. Expect to pay US$60-70 a night (usually with breakfast prepared by your host), and the accommodations will certainly be very clean and proper if not modern. When it comes to home/family life, Russian culture is very warm and inviting.

Another useful option is short-term apartment rental offered by small companies or individuals. This means that certain flats in regular living buildings are permanently rented out on a daily basis. The flats may differ in their location and quality (from old-fashioned to renovated), but in any case you get a one- or two-room apartment with own kitchen, toilet, and bath. Additionally, the hosts provide bed linen as well as cups, plates, and other kitchen equipment. The apartment rental provides great autonomy and flexibility (e.g., there is no strict check-out time). On the other hand, you do not get certain hotel facilities, such as breakfast, laundry service, etc. The price for the daily apartment rental normally does not exceed the price for the hotel of similar quality, so it is a very useful options, especially in large cities. The negotiations are usually quite official: the host collects the data from your ID, while you get a bill and a rental agreement.

A new phenomenon has been the development of "mini-hotels" in large Russian cities. Such hotels usually (but not necessarily!) provide clean modern rooms with private baths at far lower costs than conventional large hotels, approximately US$60 vs. well over US$150. These small hotels are located within existing apartment buildings and include one, two, or more floors located a story or two above street level. They also often serve breakfast. Saint Petersburg has quite a few with more opening all of the time and some are appearing in Moscow.

Couchsurfing is very popular in Russian cities.

Leer

The Moscow State University mammoth, one of the "severn sisters". Who said Stalinist architecture wasn't cool?

Russia has a long-standing tradition in high-quality education for all citizens. It also has one of the best mass-education systems in the world, with excellent results at international educational competitions. Moscow State University is Russia's most prestigious university, while the Moscow Conservatory is one of the world's foremost institutions for aspiring classical music performers.

One of the great attractions of education in Russia is the cost, especially when compared to the quality. Degree study tuition can range from US$2,000 to $8,000 per year, with other costs (room & board, books, etc.) ranging from US$1,500 to $5,000 per year, depending on location and spending habits.

The academic year lasts from September 1st to mid June everywhere, with long summer vacations from July 1st to August 31st. The year is divided at "autumn semester"(from 1st September to 25th January) and "spring semester" (from February to June)

Several universities and private schools offer Russies language courses with either individual or group tuition.

Werk

It is generally difficult to obtain a work permit, as Russia has a relatively strict immigration policy.

Bly veilig

ReiswaarskuwingWAARSKUWING: Many governments recommend against travel to the Noord-Kaukasus due to ongoing conflict within the region. It is not safe to travel with 10 km of the eastern border of Ukraine. Most countries do not recognize the annexation of Krim by Russia, and do not provide consular services there.
(Inligting laas opgedateer op Sep 2020)

Largely because of the transition from state socialism to market capitalism, Russia did experience a rise in criminal activity during the 1990s. As those who controlled capital through the state had to reconfigure their business operations towards a free enterprise rationality, profiteering and scams have increased. The truth is that crime was greatly exaggerated in the media, and for the average tourist Moscow, Saint Petersburg and the rest of Russia are actually just as safe as most major Europese stede. This, however, is not altyd the case.

Misdaad

Alas, there is a whole Lada police corruption in Russia.

Historically very high, the crime rate has fallen dramatically since the breakup of the Soviet Union, and is matig. Even though the crime issues are continuing to drop, assault, robbery, or pickpocketing are the most common crimes - more common in underground walkways, the subway, overnight trains, train stations, airports, markets, tourist attractions, and restaurants. Foreigners who have been drinking alcohol are especially vulnerable to assault and robbery in or around nightclubs or bars, or on their way home. Some travelers have been drugged at bars, while others have taken strangers back to their lodgings, where they were drugged, robbed and/or assaulted. Of significant note: nightclubs are vulnerable to acts of spiking drinks. The drug called GHB is gaining popularity in nightclubs, and it has been proven that this drug can knock you unconscious, give you amnesia, and can even kill you. Typically it's in the form of a capful of liquid mixed with a beverage.

The use of unmarked taxis is also a problem, as passengers have been victims of robbery, kidnapping, extortion, and theft. Although there are few registered taxi services in Russia, you should always use authorized services when arriving at a major airport, and it is best to ask which is registered before moving along. Bogus trolley inspectors, whose aim is to extort a bribe from individuals while checking for trolley tickets, are also a threat, if an increasingly rare one in the 2020s.

Russia's law enforcement are well-trained and are extremely professional in their jobs. Although being historically very inadequate since the Soviet Union's breakup, the government has fought police corruption fiercely with success. Policemen should not dare to bribe anyone, as they themselves will end up being fined huge amounts. While there is an ongoing effort to shape up the police force initiated by the government, some policemen still remain underpaid, and therefore corrupt.

If you intend to take a stroll during the night, have someone to accompany you — going alone can only make you a target for corrupt officials and maybe criminals.

Noord-Kaukasus

As a tourist, you are strongly discouraged to travel to the Noord-Kaukasus, as that region is the most dangerous in the entire country. The area has garnered a bad reputation for terrorism, crime and extremes of both corruption and lawlessness.

The safest region to access is Karachay-Cherkessia, as that region has encountered very little attacks in the past few years. If you really need to visit the more dangerous pockets of the region, it's best to contact your embassy before traveling to the area. Assistance will be limited, however.

If you are planning to see Mt. Elbrus, it's best to put it on hold until the situation in the region improves.

LGBT travellers

Male partners are strongly advised to avoid shows of affection and physical contact other than a handshake. Female partners can get away with non-sexual affection and physical contact, as it is considered acceptable. Cross-dressing is a strong no-no unless you know very well what you are doing.

Russia has seen a spike in homophobic activity, since the beginning of 2013 after a series of events that led to the adoption of a law establishing fines and deportation of foreigners for LGBT advocacy ("propaganda") directed towards minors. Though homosexuality is not illegal in Russia, you may have problems with the law if you participate in any LGBT advocacy activities where police would believe that minors can be involved. This effectively includes all public "outdoors" advocacy events, including gay pride parades and festivals, and may also be extended to public demonstration of your orientation and gender identification where minors are present. Participating in indoors LGBT activities, and allowed outdoors actions, where necessary precautions against participating of minors have been taken is legal, but there is still a threat of being hunted by homophobic activists during such events, as they specifically target them. Besides the events, general wisdom about keeping your orientation and gender identification secret will keep you safe in most situations, but if it is exposed, you may face harassment or violence from people, including hosts, if they didn't know beforehand, service workers, and more unpleasantly, lack of cooperation from police, if you'll have to turn to them seeking help against hate crimes.

Bestuur

City traffic in Russia (2016).

Driving by the majority of Russians is routinely reckless (hence the viral dashcam videos), and claimed almost 26,000 lives in 2016. Reckless driving habits, the lack of proper training, and a mixture of very old to old model cars all what contributes to a high death rate on roads. Drivers attack their art with an equal mix of aggressiveness and incompetence. Guidelines are lax and not always followed. As a pedestrian, take great care when crossing the roads, as pedestrian crossings are sometimes ignored. Most drivers are not very well trained and some have forged their licenses to avoid problems with the police. More importantly, the rapidly expanding economy has led to an increase in traffic density. Driving in the tunnels is perhaps even more dangerous than driving on the roads — the tunnels are improperly built as a result of underinvestment, and they claim even more casualties than on the roads.

When driving you must not be under the influence of alcohol. Russians have a zero tolerance to this, and the penalty is about two years imprisonment. If you are pulled over by the GIBDD (Russian Traffic Police), don't worry — they will simply check your papers. By law, the GIBDD should not try to solicit a bribe — if that happens, you are entitled to report it to the nearest police station. Under no circumstances try to run away from them — if you do, they will shoot your vehicle, even when you're not armed.

Racism

Russia is a multicultural nation, due to historical conquests and immigration from parts of the former USSR and other parts of the world. Racially-motivated violent crimes, once a major issue, have dropped steadily since 2009, and the common traveller is unlikely to face any major problems.

People from the Noord-Kaukasus are often viewed with distrust and contempt, and are often discriminated against by landlords. Similarly, individuals who aren't Russian and/or not from a Slavic-language speaking country can also be barred from renting homes in certain areas.

Interracial couples, particularly those in a relationship with a Russian local, may often attract unwanted stares and/or curiosity.

Identification papers

Beautiful frescoes in a Vologda church

There is a mistaken belief that everyone in Russia must carry identification papers. Dit is nie die geval nie. However, a lack of proper identification, while not punishable in itself, can lead to 3-hour detention "for identification purposes" (the law says "up to 48 hours" ). Formally, arbitrary document checks are not permitted, and the police officer that checks papers must introduce himself and explain the reason for checking. They however do still happen, though with far less frequency than previously, especially in the larger cities. Document checks are now more likely in places with little tourism – some police officers have very narrow notions of what should be appropriate for tourists.

Having no documents can lead to being held for up to 3h but not arrested. The detention should not be behind bars and you should not be deprived of your belongings (such as mobile phone): you can be taken to a police station, where you will end up sitting on a chair in a normal room while police "identify" you, but again, this rarely happens. Like most countries, you can be arrested if you are suspected of having committed a crime, but being unable to provide ID is not a crime and carries no penalty. No physical force can used in the detention, unless you apply it first. If you are stopped, be confident and remember that police officers are forbidden from shouting at you. The passport checks that do happen are primarily targeted at darker skinned people who are suspected of being illegal immigrants. Western-looking, Caucasian people are very rarely asked on the street for ID.

To spare yourself of potential problems, you may choose to carry your passport, migration card and registration slip on you. If you do, keep a separate photocopy just in case. U kan ook kies om 'n fotokopie van die paspoort (ID en visum) en die immigrasiekaart saam te bring.

Om vir ID gestop te word, is nie noodwendig 'n voorwendsel vir omkoopgeld nie. Gewoonlik sal 'n polisiebeampte u paspoort groet en vra (luister na woorde soos 'paspart', 'veeza' of 'dokumenty'). Gee dit aan hulle, hulle sal daarna kyk, hulle teruggee en u salueer. Alhoewel dit 'n ontsettende ervaring vir toeriste vir die eerste keer is, is daar niks sinisters in nie.

'N Korrupte polisieman kan beweer dat daar probleme met u dokumentasie (paspoort, immigrasiekaart en verblyfregistrasie) is, en boete eis (omkoopgeld). U het drie opsies: u kan op 'n mooi, vriendelike en ferm manier verduidelik dat alles in orde is, dat daar geen probleem met u dokumente is nie en dat u bereid is om na die polisiekantoor te gaan om sake op te klaar; jy kan betaal (300 руб moet genoeg wees in metropolitaanse gebiede); dreig. Die eerste opsie is moeilik sonder Russiese vaardigheid (en soliede senuwees), maar sal gewoonlik werk. Die tweede opsie bied u vrede, maar moedig verdere korrupsie aan. Die derde opsie is meer konfronterend en vereis 'n bietjie senuweeagtigheid: haal 'n selfoon uit en dreig om u ambassade te bel. Dit kan werk en die polisie kan heel moontlik terugstaan.

Inkopies

Hou u geld gevou met klein note aan die buitekant en verberg die groter. Haal u kontant slegs uit as u dit regtig oorhandig. Hou groter bedrae apart en weggesteek van kleiner daaglikse geld.

Gevaarlike diere

Vergaderingspakkette van aggressiewe honde verdwaalde of op wagterrein, maar nie vasgeketting / ingeperk nie, is moontlik, veral buite die gebaande weë. Om kalm te bly en u tasse voor u te hou, kan voldoende wees. Volg ander advies uit die gekoppelde artikel as dit nie is nie.

Bly gesond

Mediese fasiliteite in die algemeen wissel. 'N Meerderheid van die hospitale is baie goed toegerus, skoon en beskik oor al die nuutste tegnologieë, terwyl daar sommige is wat baie minder is as die westerse standaarde, met 'n tekort aan medisyne en verwaarloosde toerusting.

Verseker dat al u inentings op datum is en dat u voldoende voorskrifmedisyne het. Apteke kom algemeen voor in groot stede en bevat westerse medikasie van gehalte.

Kwaliteit van kraanwater wissel in die land, en kan selfs veranderlik wees binne stede. In ou geboue kan kraanwater nie drinkbaar wees nie. In die groot stede van Europese Rusland is die water skoon van biologiese besoedeling, maar dit ly dikwels aan die teenwoordigheid van swaar metale as gevolg van verouderde loodgieterswerk. As u nie gebottelde water kan koop nie, kook water voordat u drink nie, of gebruik nog 'n spesiale filter vir kraanwater wat u in enige supermark kan koop. Gebottelde water kos slegs ongeveer 25-50 руб vir 2 liter (0,44 imp gal; 0,53 U.S. gal).

'N Redelik tipiese plattelandse kerk in die winter Staraya Ladoga

Behalwe plaaslike dokters (wat oor die algemeen van goeie gehalte is, maar dikwels in swak fasiliteite werk), is daar verskeie Westerse mediese sentrums in belangrike Russiese stede. Dit het almal verskillende polisse vir betaling (sommige neem kredietkaarte, sommige moet vooraf kontant betaal word, selfs as u 'n versekering het), moet u dus seker maak dat u weet waarvoor u betaal (en wanneer en hoe) voordat u tot enige dienste instem.

Wees versigtig om nie vals vodka te koop nie, wat gevaarlik kan wees (ernstig hier beteken 'gevaarlik' nie 'sterk' nie; dit kan metanol bevat). Koop slegs vodka in groot of gespesialiseerde winkels, met die plakker oor die pet en / of die streek se strepieskode aan die kant.

'N Aansienlike aantal voedselwinkels, waaronder voedsel- en voedselkettings, selfstandige voedselwinkels, kiosks en voedselmarkte, is bekend daarvoor dat hulle voedsel van slegte gehalte verkoop, insluitend verouderd of selfs verouderd, met die vervaldatum wat herdruk is met 'n later datum. Alhoewel die meeste van hulle redelik goed is, moet u die kwaliteit van die voedsel met visuele waarneming nagaan, indien moontlik, en vertrou nie veral die vervaldatum-etikette wat vervangbaar is nie. U kan ook let op wat ander koop, soms kan u selfs aan ander kopers vra watter produk beter is, dit word as normaal beskou. Dit kan u help om 'n goeie keuse te maak. Voorbeelde van voedsel wat gewoonlik van slegte gehalte verkoop word, is die meeste visprodukte, insluitend gerookte en gekruide sout (wees veral versigtig), voorafgemaakte slaaie, vars groente en vrugte, as u dit nie met die hand kan kies nie (kyk na die winkels na die markte) dit vir u gekies het, kan u gewoonlik diegene verander waarvan u nie hou nie, by winkels wat hulle gewoonlik nie mag verander nie, en gebruik om slegte goed in die sak te voeg), konserwatiewe groente word met afslag verkoop (en met ouer produksiedatum gewoonlik ) goedkoper suiwelprodukte, alhoewel dit minder konsekwent is, kan u hier help om na te gaan wat ander koop. Produsente van sappe kan nie hul produksie as 'n sap (rus: сок) as dit nie 100% sap is nie. Vandag is alle sappe van lae gehalte wat as nektar (rus: нектар) gemerk is, tot 50-70% water en 'vrugtedrankies' (rus: фруgmentый напиток) kan enigiets bevat!

Rusland s’n MIV voorkoms neem geleidelik toe, veral vir prostitute, jong volwassenes en dwelmgebruikers. Wees veilig.

Respek

Ortodokse Christendom is die godsdiens met die meeste volgelinge in Rusland

Russe is gereserveerde en goedgemanierde mense en is geneig om meer tradisioneel te wees as Wes-Europeërs.

Gebare

Om in Rusland te glimlag is tradisioneel gereserveer vir vriende, en om na 'n vreemdeling te glimlag, kan hulle selfbewus maak. Glimlag vir 'n Rus in die straat en waarskynlik sal hulle nie in natura reageer nie. 'N Outomatiese Amerikaanse-Amerikaanse of roman-Europese glimlag word algemeen as onopreg beskou. Alhoewel die tradisie stadigaan verander terwyl Rusland glimlag, is dit steeds baie skaars in kliëntediens. Daar word van verkoopsassistente, staatsamptenare en dies meer verwag om ernstig en saaklik te lyk. Vandaar die baie algemene wanopvatting oor Russe dat hulle 'n baie grimmige volk is en nooit glimlag nie - hulle doen dit sodra hulle u leer ken het, en raak baie verwelkomend en vriendelik.

Wanneer u 'n vreemdeling met 'n vraag nader, moet u eers Russies probeer gebruik en vra of hulle Engels praat. Russe is baie trots op hul taal en mense sal merkbaar meer afsydig wees as u hulle nader om Engels te praat. Selfs net die gebruik van die Russiese ekwivalente van 'asseblief' en 'dankie' sal 'n merkbare verskil vir mense maak.

Vroue word tradisioneel met ridderlikheid behandel. Vir vroulike reisigers is daar 'n goeie moontlikheid dat Russiese mansvriende hul rekeninge by restaurante kan betaal, elke deur voor hulle kan oopmaak, hul hand kan aanbied om hulle te help om daardie trappie af te klim of om iets swaarder as 'n handsak te dra - dit is nie bedoel as neerbuigend nie. Manlike reisigers moet verstaan ​​dat sommige Russiese vroue dit ook van hulle sal verwag.

Die "OK" -gebaar is goed.

Binne stemme

Fort Oreshek aan die Ladoga-meer - nie meer nodig vir verdediging teen die Sweedse vloot nie.

Russe het 'n wonderlike en intiem stille manier om in die openbaar met mekaar te praat. Dit is die beste om die voorbeeld te volg om te verhoed dat u soos 'n seer duim uitkom en dat almal rondom u oor die algemeen ongemaklik is - staan ​​'n bietjie nader aan u gespreksgenoot en vergemaklik die volume.

Sensitiewe kwessies

Baie sorg is nodig as daar oor die Tweede Wêreldoorlog en die Sowjetunie gepraat word. Daardie konflik was 'n groot tragedie vir Sowjets en elke gesin het ten minste een familielid onder die 25-30 miljoen mense wat gesterf het (meer as Wes-Europa en die Verenigde State saam) en die letsels van die konflik word vandag nog gevoel. Vermy ook die bespreking van die oorlog in Afghanistan gedurende die 1980's.

Vermy die bespreking van die betrekkinge met die Georgiërs of die Oekraïners. As u oor hierdie onderwerpe praat, kan dit lei tot vyandigheid en miskien selfs hewige debatte. Gespanne betrekkinge tussen buurlande het tot baie konflik gelei, en daar is 'n groot gevoel van nasionale trots oor die optrede van die Russiese regering in Georgië en Oekraïne.

Vermy ook die staatsgeborgde dopingskandaal en daaropvolgende verbod op Russiese atlete. Baie Russe beskou hulle as valse bewerings wat 'n doelbewuste foefie deur die Weste is om Russiese sportsoorte om politieke redes te diskrediteer.

Homoseksualiteit is 'n sensitiewe saak, met die amptelike regeringsbeleid wat die regte van die LGBT-gemeenskap toenemend beperk.

Politieke kwessies

Net so, hou u politieke opinies vir uself. Vra soveel vrae as wat u wil, maar vermy uitsprake of kommentaar oor die politieke en politieke situasie in die verlede. Rusland en die Sowjetunie het 'n dikwels gewelddadige geskiedenis gehad en die meeste Russiese mense is moeg om van Westerse mense te hoor hoe sleg die Sowjetunie was. Hulle het dit geleef, is trots op sy triomfies en tragedies, en hulle weet waarskynlik baie meer daaroor as jy. Daar is ook 'n groot mate van nostalgie vir die Sowjetunie onder Russe, en baie mense kyk trots en liefdevol terug na die tyd toe die Sowjetunie 'n wettige teenstander van die Verenigde State in mag en internasionale invloed was.

Vermy ook die kritiek op die konflik in Tsjetsjenië. Die oorlog in die Tsjetsjeense republiek was vir beide kante aaklig. Die separatistiese magte word beskou as Islamitiese terroriste na massa-terreuraanvalle in 2000-2005. Politieke menings in Rusland is baie gepolariseerd en politieke bespreking is altyd baie taai. Dit is beter om dit te vermy.

Hou ook in gedagte dat 'n beduidende deel van die samelewing skaam is vir die land se stagnasie tydens die West-vriendelike bewind van Boris Jeltsin, en is trots op die rol wat Poetin gespeel het om Rusland se internasionale invloed te herstel.

Die politieke status van die Krim is ook 'n onvanpaste gespreksonderwerp.

Huisetiket

  • Bring vir hom 'n klein geskenkie as hy by iemand se huis uitgenooi word as 'n vorm van respek. Die meeste sal egter uiteindelik betoog as 'n geskenk aangebied word. Antwoord dat dit 'n klein dingetjie is en bied die geskenk weer aan en dit sal hopelik oor die algemeen aanvaar word. Dit is redelik om 'n bottel alkohol saam te neem as u verwag om die aand op 'n minder formele manier deur te bring.
  • Moet nie geel blomme gee as u blomme saambring nie - In Rusland word hierdie kleur beskou as 'n teken van verneuk in liefde en skeiding en word dit veral nooit vir trouruikers gebruik nie. Nog 'n bygeloof wat verband hou met blomme, is die aantal blomme. Hierdie hoeveelheid moet altyd vreemd wees; dit wil sê drie, vyf, sewe, ensovoorts. 'N Ewe aantal blomme word altyd na begrafnisse gebring.
  • Moenie 'n baba geskenk gee voordat die baba gebore is nie aan 'n bepaalde gesin. Dit is sleg om dit vroeër te doen. Mondelinge gelukwense voor iemand se verjaardag word dikwels as 'n slegte teken beskou.
Kerk aan die bloed, Jekaterinburg, op die plek waar tsaar Nikolaas II en sy gesin deur die Bolsjewiste tereggestel is, wat die Romanof-dinastie beëindig het
  • As u by iemand aankom, moet u u buiteskoene uittrek, selfs al sê die gashere dat dit nie nodig is nie - dit is net 'n hoflikheid. U kan pantoffels kry om aan te trek.
  • In iemand se huis, Trek formele klere aan. Om goed aan te trek, toon respek vir u gashere. Hierdie reël kan egter nie onder jongmense werk nie.

Ander etiket

  • As u met die trein reis, kan u dit beter met ander in die omgewing deel, aangesien u dan beleefd sal word.
  • Wanneer mans kerke besoek, moet mans hul hoede uittrek, terwyl vrouens 'n sjaal moet bedek.

Verbind

Internet

Met ingang van 2014 is die Russiese regering besig om toegang tot openbare Wi-Fi te beperk op grond daarvan dat die internet 'n CIA-projek is en dat wette vereis word wat identiteitsdokumente vereis van almal wat toegang tot die netwerk wil hê, om ekstremisme en terrorisme te beveg. Dikwels benodig u nog net 'n Russiese telefoonnommer en kan u by gratis WiFi registreer, veral in treinstasies of banke. Selfs Wi-Fi by hotelle benodig dikwels 'n Russiese telefoonnommer, as u nie een hotelpersoneel het nie, kan u dit soms vir u doen en die SMS-kode vertel.

Sommige boodskaptoepassings (soos LINE) word geblokkeer, maar dit word maklik omseil deur enige gratis Skynprivaatnetwerk-app te gebruik, en dit word minder toegepas as in China.

Telefone

Die landkode vir Rusland (en Kazakstan as voormalige lid van die voormalige Sowjetunie) is 7.

Russiese telefoonnommers het 'n areakode met drie, vier of vyf syfers (volgens provinsie), gevolg deur 'n individuele nommer met onderskeidelik 7, 6 of 5 syfers, wat altyd 10 syfers in totaal lewer. Die driesyfer-kode 800 word gebruik vir tolvrye oproepe. Mobiele telefone het altyd 'n “sone” en sewe-syfer nommers.

Oproepe binne een areakode kan die areakode weglaat (behalwe in Moskou).

Inter-area kode oproepe binne Rusland: 8 (wag vir toon) volledige Russiese nommer insluitend areakode.

Die internasionale toegangskode vir skakelkode uit van Rusland is die volgorde van 8 (wag vir sekondêre toon en dan) 10

Internasionale oproepe aan Rusland vervang, soos altyd, die plusteken () in die internasionale telefoonformaat deur die plaaslike internasionale toegangskode vir die land waarvandaan u bel, gevolg deur Rusland se landkode van 7, gevolg deur die individuele Russiese telefoonnommer, insluitend die areakode.

Voorafbetaalde SIM-kaarte

Daar is 5 GSM-operateurs in Rusland, wat almal die 900/1800 MHz-standaard vir 2G, 900/2100 MHz-standaard vir 3G en 800/2600 MHz-standaard vir 4G / LTE gebruik, dieselfde as Europa en Asië. Maak seker dat u telefoon een van hierdie standaarde ondersteun voordat u dit na Rusland bring. Die vyf operateurs is Beeline, Megafon[dooie skakel], MTS, Tele2, en Yota. Daar is ook een CDMA-netwerk: Skylink maar u moet 'n Skylink-telefoon koop om hierdie netwerk te gebruik.

Alle diensverskaffers bied goedkoop SIM-kaarte met databeplanne wat altyd 'n beter alternatief vir die betaling van swerwingskoste is. Megafon word beskou as die beste dekking, maar Beeline word beskou as die goedkoopste. MTS laai nie verskillend tussen gebiede nie, soos ander meestal doen. Data is baie goedkoop in Rusland en u kan onbeperkte pakkette vir die hele Rusland koop.

As u 'n SIM-kaart in 'n winkel koop, benodig u u paspoort vir identifikasie. Dit sal ongeveer 5 minute neem om die vereiste papierwerk te voltooi. As u nie Russies praat nie, moet u iemand vind wat Engels praat. Alternatiewelik kan u 'n SIM-kaart by outomatiese kiosks in metrostasies koop. Oproepe na vaste telefone vanaf mobiele telefone is duurder as oproepe na ander selfone, veral die wat dieselfde netwerk gebruik. Inkomende oproepe is gratis. U kan waarde toevoeg tot u kaart in die winkels van die onderneming wat u gebruik, of by outomatiese kioskies of aanlyn. U kan 'n voorafbetaalde kaart koop vir internasionale oproepe, maar aanlyn dienste soos Skype is dikwels goedkoper.

As u u skootrekenaar of rekenaar aan 'n datanetwerk wil koppel, kan u ook goedkoop SIM-kaarte vir 'n USB-modem koop.

Nuttige slimfoonprogramme

Kaarte

  • Yandex.Maps (Яндекс.Карты): Yandex is die Google van Rusland en dit is hul kaarttoepassing. Dit bied 'n soekfunksie (ook per kategorie), inligting oor roete, verkeer en parkeerplek. In stede word die posisie en roetes van busse, marshrutki, ens. Op die regte tyd getoon. Die koppelvlak is beskikbaar in Russies, Engels, Oekraïens en Turks. Nie-Engelssprekendes moet Engels by hul telefoontale voeg, anders is die koppelvlak in Russies.
  • Maps.me is bekend vir sy vanlyn kaarte.

Vervoer

  • RZD Passasiers (РЖД Пассажирам): Met die amptelike app van die Russiese Spoorweë kan u langafstandkaartjies koop. Voorstedelike kaartjies moet by die stasie gekoop word, want buitelandse paspoorte word hiervoor nie as identiteitsdokument in die app aanvaar nie (Okt 2019). As u nie 'n treinverbinding vind nie, moet u die vertrek en die bestemming in Cyrilliese letters skryf.
  • Taxi-programme: Daar is verskeie taxi-apps, met Yandex.Taxi, City-Mobil, Uber en Gett die gewildste.
  • BlaBlaCar: Die app verbind bestuurders en passasiers wat bereid is om saam te reis tussen stede en die koste van die reis te deel.

Reisgidse

  • Vanlyn lesers soos Kiwix stel u in staat om Wikivoyage af te laai en dit vanlyn te gebruik.
  • izi.REIS: Verskeie Russiese museums en organisasies bied gratis klankgidse via hierdie platform aan.

Hanteer

Ambassades

Hierdie land reisgids vir Rusland is 'n buitelyn en benodig dalk meer inhoud. Dit het 'n sjabloon, maar daar is nie genoeg inligting aanwesig nie. As daar stede en Ander bestemmings genoem, is hulle dalk nie almal by nie bruikbaar status, of daar is dalk nie 'n geldige streekstruktuur en 'n "Kom in" -afdeling wat al die tipiese maniere beskryf om hierheen te kom nie. Duik asseblief vorentoe en help dit groei!